Occurrence and Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli in Street-Vended Kebab in Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia

Background: Kebab is one of the popular ready-to-eat foods in Indonesia and sold as a street food. The purpose of this study was to determine occurrence and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli in street-vended kebab in Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia. Methods: Totally, 43 samples of kebab meat were collected from street food kebab vendors. Examinations on Total Plate Count (TPC), and total E. coli using Most Probable Number (MPN) method were referred to the Indonesia National Standard. The antibiotic resistance test was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: The mean of TPC in kebab samples was 5.3 log10 Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/g. Based on TPC, 13 out of 43 (30.2%) of kebab samples did not comply with the Indonesia National Standard with maximum acceptable level of 5 log10 CFU/g. E. coli was identified in 5 out of 43 samples (11.6%) with mean of 39.2 MPN/g ranged from 7.4 to 150 MPN/g which were higher than standard level (0.5 log10 CFU/g). Four out of 5 E. coli isolated from kebab samples were resistant to gentamycin. All E. coli isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate and chloramphenicol. Conclusion: The occurrence of antibiotic resistant E. coli in ready-to-eat kebab in this area of Indonesia could cause the health problem in consumers. The local government should conduct the monitoring and surveillance on the occurrence of pathogens and the antibiotic resistance in food chain.

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A Preliminary Study: Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus Species from Wildlife Species Subjected to Supplementary Feeding on Various South African Farms

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10030396 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 396 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michaela Sannettha van den Honert ◽

Pieter Andries Gouws ◽

Louwrens Christiaan Hoffman

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Supplementary Feeding ◽

Health Concern ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Wildlife Species ◽

Human Contact ◽

Resistance Patterns

Studies have shown that antibiotic resistance among wild animals is becoming a public health concern, owing to increased contact and co-habitation with domestic animals that, in turn, results in increased human contact, indirectly and directly. This type of farming practice intensifies the likelihood of antibiotic resistant traits in microorganisms transferring between ecosystems which are linked via various transfer vectors, such as rivers and birds. This study aimed to determine whether the practice of wildlife supplementary feeding could have an influence on the antibiotic resistance of the bacteria harboured by the supplementary fed wildlife, and thus play a potential role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance throughout nature. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus were isolated from the faeces of various wildlife species from seven different farms across South Africa. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2018 guidelines. The E. coli (F: 57%; N = 75% susceptible) and Enterococcus (F: 67%; N = 78% susceptible) isolates from the supplementary fed (F) wildlife were in general, found to be more frequently resistant to the selection of antibiotics than from those which were not supplementary fed (N), particularly towards tetracycline (E. coli F: 56%; N: 71%/Enterococcus F: 53%; N: 89% susceptible), ampicillin (F: 82%; N = 95% susceptible) and sulphafurazole (F: 68%; N = 98% susceptible). Interestingly, high resistance towards streptomycin was observed in the bacteria from both the supplementary fed (7% susceptible) and non-supplementary fed (6% susceptible) wildlife isolates. No resistance was found towards chloramphenicol and ceftazidime.

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Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli from tropical estuary, south India

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.5627 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (05) ◽

pp. 496-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Divya Sukumaran ◽

Abdulla A Mohamed Hatha

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Virulence Factor ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Virulence Factor Genes

Introduction: Escherichia coli strains can cause a variety of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains have the ability to cause severe extraintestinal infections. Multidrug resistance among ExPEC could complicate human infections. Methodology: Escherichia coli strains were isolated during the period of January 2010 to December 2012 from five different stations set at Cochin estuary. Susceptibility testing was determined by the disk-diffusion method using nine different antimicrobial agents. A total of 155 strains of Escherichia coli were screened for the presence of virulence factor genes including papAH, papC, sfa/focDE, iutA,and kpsMT II associated with ExPEC. Results: Among the 155 E. coli isolates, 26 (16.77%), carried two or more virulence genes typical of ExPEC. Furthermore, 19.23% of the ExPEC isolates with multidrug resistance were identified to belong to phylogenetic groups B2 and D. Statistically significant association of iutA gene in ExPEC was found with papC (p < 0.001) and kpsMT II (p < 0.001) genes. ExPEC isolates were mainly resistant to ampicillin (23.07%), tetracycline (19.23%), co-trimoxazole (15.38%), and cefotaxime (15.38%). The adhesion genes papAH and sfa/focDE were positively associated with resistance to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and cefotaxime (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Co-occurrence of virulence factor genes with antibiotic resistance among ExPEC poses considerable threat to those who use this aquatic system for a living and for recreation.

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Enumeration of Total Aerobic Bacteria and Escherichia coli in Minced Meat and on Carcass Surface Samples with an Automated Most-Probable-Number Method Compared with Colony Count Protocols

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-69.10.2500 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 69 (10) ◽

pp. 2500-2503 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

P. PAULSEN ◽

E. SCHOPF ◽

F. J. M. SMULDERS

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Bacterial Flora ◽

Colony Count ◽

Plate Count ◽

Most Probable Number ◽

Probable Number ◽

E Coli ◽

Plate Count Agar ◽

Two Samples ◽

Minced Meat

An automated most-probable-number (MPN) system for the enumeration of total bacterial flora and Escherichia coli was compared with plate count agar and tryptone-bile-glucuronide (TBX) and ColiID (in-house method) agar methodology. The MPN partitioning of sample aliquots was done automatically on a disposable card containing 48 wells of 3 different volumes, i.e., 16 replicates per volume. Bacterial growth was detected by the formation of fluorescent 4-methylumbilliferone. After incubation, the number of fluorescent wells was read with a separate device, and the MPN was calculated automatically. A total of 180 naturally contaminated samples were tested (pig and cattle carcass surfaces, n = 63; frozen minced meat, n = 62; and refrigerated minced meat, n = 55). Plate count agar results and MPN were highly correlated (r = 0.99), with log MPN =−0.25 + 1.05·log CFU (plate count agar) (n = 163; range, 2.2 to 7.5 log CFU/g or cm2). Only a few discrepancies were recorded. In two samples (1.1%), the differences were ≥1.0 log; in three samples (1.7%), the differences were ≥0.5 log. For E. coli, regression analysis was done for all three methods for 80 minced meat samples, which were above the limit of detection (1.0 log CFU/g): log MPN = 0.18 + 0.98·log CFU (TBX), r = 0.96, and log MPN =−0.02 + 0.99·log CFU (ColiID), r = 0.99 (range, 1.0 to 4.2 log CFU/g). Four discrepant results were recorded, with differences of >0.5 but <1.0 log unit. These results suggest that the automated MPN method described is a suitable and labor-saving alternative to colony count techniques for total bacterial flora and E. coli determination in minced meat or on carcass surfaces.

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Antibiogram of Escherichia coli isolated from semi-closed system farmed Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea)

Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) ◽

10.47253/jtrss.v8i1.160 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 24-27

Author(s):

Wanikda Eh Chuan ◽

Akrimah Yusof ◽

Aweng Eh Rak ◽

Shareef Mohd Hafiz Mani ◽

Seong Wei Lee

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Plate Count ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Asian Clam ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity Test ◽

Clam Corbicula

In the present study, antibiogram of Escherichia coli isolated from farmed Asian clam, Corbiculafluminea was characterised. Asian clam or locally known as ‘etak’ is processed to became smokedclam and consumed as snack by Kelantanese. However, there are many diarrhoea cases afterconsuming smoked clam. Furthermore, there are also insufficient information about the E.coli levelin Asian clam farm and effective antibiotic in controlling the bacteria in the litereature. Hence, thisstudy was carried out to provide information of antibiogram of E.coli to be reference in the future.Eosin Methylene Blue agar (EMB) was used to isolate E. coli. A total of 100 isolated bacteria weresubjected to antibiotic sensitivity test using disk diffusion method. A total of 18 types of antibioticsnamely novobiocin (30µg/disk), fosfomycin (50 µg/disk), tetracycline (30µg/disk), lincomycin(15µg/disk), flumequine (30µg/disk), sulphamethoxazole (25 µg/disk), amoxycillin (25 µg/disk),chloramphenicol (30 µg/disk), oleandomycin (15 µg/disk), spiramycin (100 µg/disk), ampicillin(10 µg/disk), oxytetracycline (30 µg/disk), doxycycline (30 µg/disk), nalidixic acid (30 µg/disk),florfenicol (30 µg/disk), erythromycin (15 µg/disk), kanamycin (30 µg/disk) and oxolinic acid (2µg/disk). The findings of the present study showed total plate count of E. coli was 6.45 x 103 colonyforming unit (CFU/100g) of sampled Asian clam. Hence, the clam is needed to be under cleansingtreatment before can consider safe for human consumption. Antibiotic results showed 51 % wasrecorded as antibiotic resistance case, 44 % antibiotic sensitive case and 5 % as antibioticintermediary sensitive case. None of the tested antibiotics was successfully inhibited the growth ofthe present bacterial isolates indicating more antibiotics are needed to be screen in the future studyto find out the most effective antibiotic in controlling isolated E. coli.

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Beasat Hospital in Sanandaj, West of Iran

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i130392 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 32-36

Author(s):

Nasrin Bahmani ◽

Noshin Abdolmaleki ◽

Afshin Bahmani

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli

Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most frequent infectious diseases which is caused by Gram-negative bacteria especially Escherichia coli. Multiple resistance to antimicrobial agents are increasing quickly in E. coli isolates and may complicate therapeutic strategies for UTI. The propose of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns and the multidrug-resistance (MDR) phenotypes in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). Materials and Methods: A total of 153 UPEC isolates were collected from both hospitalized patients (95 isolates) and outpatients (58 isolates) from March to October 2018. In order to determine the MDR among UPEC isolates, we have tested 15 antimicrobial agents on Muller Hinton agar by the disk diffusion method. Results: The percentage of MDR isolates (resistant to at least three drug classes such as fluoroquinolones, penicillins and cephalosporins) was 55.5% in the hospitalized patients and the outpatients. Antibiotic resistance to ampicillin, ceftazidime, nalidixic acid and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole was higher than 60%. Meropenem, Imipenem and norfloxacin indicated markedly greater activity (93.3%, 80% and 85.6%, respectively) than other antimicrobial agents. Conclusions: Urinary tract infection due to MDR E. coli may be difficult to treat empirically due to high resistance to commonly used antibiotics, so, empirical antibiotic treatment should be reviewed periodically at local studies.

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Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profile of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheal samples

Iranian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.18502/ijm.v12i4.3931 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Farzad Esavand Heydari ◽

Mojtaba Bonyadian ◽

Hamdallah Moshtaghi ◽

Masoud Sami

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Profile ◽

E Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Profile

Background and Objectives: Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes bloody and non-bloody diarrhea, intestinal infection and extraintestinal complications in humans. This study aimed to isolate and evaluate the prevalence of E. coli O157: H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and identify the virulence genes (stx1, stx2, hly and eaeA) from patients with diarrhea. Also, the antibiotic resistance profile of the isolated strains was evaluated. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 stool samples were collected from patients with acute diarrhea referring to the hospital and clinics in Isfahan County, Iran. Phenotypic tests and PCR assay were used for detection of E. coli O157: H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. The presence of virulence genes (stx1, stx2, hly and eaeA) were identified by PCR. The antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates was determined using the agar disk diffusion method. The results were analyzed descriptively by Sigma stat version 4 software. Results: Seventy - eight out of 100 samples (78%) were contaminated with E. coli. E. coli O157 was isolated from five samples (6.4%), of which only two strains (2.56%) were identified as E. coli O157: H7. According to the results, out of two E. coli O157: H7 isolates, one (50%) isolate contained eaeA and two isolates (100%) contained Stx1, Stx2, hlyA genes. Out of three (3.84%) E. coli O157: HN, one of the isolate (33.3%) contained stx1 and, two isolates (66.7%) were positive for hlyA genes. Also, the results revealed that six strains (7.69%) were non-O157: H7 STEC, of which two isolates (33.3%) contained stx1 and four isolates (66.7%) were positive for stx2 and hlyA genes. The results of antibiogram tests revealed that all of the STEC isolates (100%) were sensitive to imipenem followed by kanamycin, gentamicin and nitrofurantoin (91%). High resistance (54.5%) to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin was observed among the STEC isolates. Conclusion: The results of the current study showed that although the prevalence of E. coli O157: H7 was low among patients with diarrhea, the other STEC strains with relative resistance to antibiotics are more prevalent.

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Examination of Escherichia coli Bacteria in Blood Cockle Satay (Anadara granosa) Sold at Surabaya Traditional Market, Indonesia

World s Veterinary Journal ◽

10.54203/scil.2021.wvj11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 79-84

Author(s):

Uswatun Khasanah ◽

Gunanti Mahasri ◽

Rahayu Kusdarwati

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

National Standard ◽

Observational Research ◽

Most Probable Number ◽

Probable Number ◽

E Coli ◽

Two Samples ◽

Traditional Market ◽

Blood Cockle ◽

Anadara Granosa

Cockle satay is one of the Surabaya local food made from the blood cockle (Anadara granosa). Blood cockle, commonly known as a filter feeder, is found in many Surabaya traditional markets. However, it potentially accumulates pollutant substances, both heavy metal or microbial so that improper handling and processing can cause pathogenic bacteria contamination. The present study aimed to investigate the contamination of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in blood cockle satay (Anadara granosa) sold at Surabaya traditional market. The current study used a descriptive observational research design with a quantitative approach. A total of 11 samples were employed using cluster sampling. The obtained data were compared with those of Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology and Indonesian national standard. Based on the obtained results, five samples included E. coli with negative Methyl Red (MR) characteristics, negative Voges-Proskauer (VP) negative citric and positive indole. The Most Probable Number test for six samples indicated a value of <3.0 mpn/gr for one sample, 3.0 mpn/gr for two samples, and 3.6 mpn/gr for three samples. It can be concluded that the blood cockle satay samples sold at Surabaya traditional market (Indonesia) were contaminated with E. coli bacteria.

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Comparison of culturable fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli enumeration in freshwaters

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w07-033 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 798-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Tamara Garcia-Armisen ◽

Josué Prats ◽

Pierre Servais

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Fecal Coliforms ◽

Quality Data ◽

Plate Count ◽

Most Probable Number ◽

Tetrazolium Chloride ◽

Probable Number ◽

E Coli ◽

Glucuronidase Activity

Fecal coliforms (FC) counts were compared with Escherichia coli counts in differently contaminated freshwater samples (n = 166). FC were enumerated by plate count on triphenyl 2,3,5-tetrazolium chloride Tergitol medium. Escherichia coli were enumerated by the most probable number microplate method based on the detection of glucuronidase activity. FC and E. coli counts were highly correlated; an average E. coli/FC ratio equal to 0.77 was found, meaning that on average, 77% of FC were E. coli. Knowing the E. coli/FC ratio allows us to convert the historical microbiological quality data expressed in FC counts into E. coli abundance and thus to compare with present and future monitoring data that are (or will be) based on E. coli enumeration.

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Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Broiler Chickens

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.2478/fv-2019-0021 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

M. Sciberras ◽

M. Pipová ◽

I. Regecová ◽

P. Jevinová ◽

S. Demjanová

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Phenotypic Resistance ◽

E Coli ◽

Mueller Hinton Agar ◽

Almost All

Abstract The purpose of this study was to detect the antibiotic resistance of forty-one Escherichia coli isolates from the intestinal contents of slaughtered broiler chickens using the disk diffusion method according to Kirby-Bauer. Mueller-Hinton agar plates were inoculated with 0.1 ml overnight broth cultures of individual E. coli isolates and the disks with the following concentrations of antibiotics were applied onto them: ampicillin (10 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), streptomycin (10 μg), azithromycin (15 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (30 μg) and levofloxacin (3 μg). After the incubation at 37 °C for 16—18 hours, the inhibition zones were measured and interpreted in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) zone diameter breakpoints. Almost all E. coli isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (92.68 %), most of them were resistant to gentamicin (75.61 %) and levofloxacine (70.73 %). Phenotypic resistance to tetracycline was further confirmed with the help of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) procedure focused on the presence of specific tet(A) and tet(B) genes. These genes were detected in all 41 E. coli isolates. On the contrary, E. coli isolates were highly susceptible to both azithromycin and streptomycin. In conclusion, the study highlighted the role of commensal E. coli bacteria isolated from the intestines of broiler chickens as an important reservoir of tetracycline resistance genes.

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Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Processing of Brewery Waste with the Addition of Bulking Agents

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su131810174 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (18) ◽

pp. 10174

Author(s):

Katarzyna Wolny-Koładka ◽

Marek Zdaniewicz

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bulking Agents ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases

The aim of the study was to determine the drug resistance profile and to assess the presence of genes responsible for the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolated from energy-processed hop sediment with the addition of bulking agents. Antibiotic resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method and the PCR technique to detect genes determining the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) mechanism. A total of 100 strains of E. coli were collected. The highest resistance was found to aztreonam, tetracycline, ampicillin, ticarcillin, and ceftazidime. The bacteria collected were most often resistant to even 10 antibiotics at the same time and 15 MDR strains were found. The ESBL mechanism was determined in 14 isolates. Among the studied genes responsible for beta-lactamase production, blaTEM was the most common (64%). The study revealed that the analysed material was colonised by multi-drug-resistant strains of E. coli, which pose a threat to public health. The obtained results encourage further studies to monitor the spread of drug resistance in E. coli.

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