scholarly journals The Prospect of Stem Cells for HIV and Cancer Treatment: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khandaker Nujhat Tasnim ◽  
Sumiya Haque Adrita ◽  
Shahadat Hossain ◽  
Shahrukh Zaman Akash ◽  
Shazid Sharker
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Stem Cell Transplant ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Cell Engineering ◽  
Cell Transplant ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
Hiv And Cancer

Background: The news regarding the successful treatment of uncured diseases is extremely exciting. Recently, the study of stem cells has been widely considered. Objectives: The stem cells have the potential to be converted to all specialized functional cells. Methods: Advances in cell engineering and genetic reprogramming of the stem cells have contributed to novel approaches that may bring hope to HIV and cancer patients. Results: In this regard, HIV patients recently received a stem-cell transplant that replaced their white blood cells with HIV-resistant versions (obtained from stem cells). However, only a few clinically successful approaches are available on new stem cells. Conclusion: This review includes two parts; in the first section, the reader can obtain a basic idea about stem cells, whereas the second part emphasizes new opportunities and directions in translating stem cells basic research to the clinical applications.

scholarly journals Stem cell transplant: From cell harvesting to cryopreservation

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Bela Balint ◽  
Milena Todorovic ◽  
Ivana Urosevic ◽  
Mirjana Pavlovic
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Stem Cell Transplant ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Transplant ◽  
Proliferative Capacity ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Cell Harvesting ◽  
Blood Stem Cells

Stem cells could be defined as cells capable for self-renewal with high proliferative capacity and extensive potential to differentiate into blood cells or some somatic cell types - ?plasticity? due to ?trans-differentiation? - such as osteocytes, chondrocytes, hepatocytes, myocytes, cardiomyocytes and even endothelial cells. Recent increasing clinical use of various cell-mediated therapeutic approaches has resulted in amplified needs for both stem cells and operating procedures to get a minimized cell damages during collection, purification and cryopreservation. The aim of cell harvesting procedures is to obtain the best stem cells yield, high purity and good viability/clonogenicity. The goal of optimized cryoinvestigation protocols is to minimize cell injuries during the freeze/thaw process (cryoinjury). Despite the fact that different stem cells collection protocols and cell freezing practice are already in routine use, a lot of questions related to the optimal blood stem cells harvesting, purification and cryopreservation are still unresolved.

scholarly journals The expanding role(s) of eosinophils in health and disease

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (19) ◽  
pp. 3882-3890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Jacobsen ◽  
Richard A. Helmers ◽  
James J. Lee ◽  
Nancy A. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Graduate School ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Medical Graduate ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Consensus Opinion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Healthy Persons

Abstract Surprisingly, the role(s) of eosinophils in health and disease is often summarized by clinicians and basic research scientists as a pervasive consensus opinion first learned in medical/graduate school. Eosinophils are rare white blood cells whose activities are primarily destructive and are only relevant in parasitic infections and asthma. However, is this consensus correct? This review argues that the wealth of available studies investigating the role(s) of eosinophils in both health and disease demonstrates that the activities of these granulocytes are far more expansive and complex than previously appreciated. In turn, this greater understanding has led to the realization that eosinophils have significant contributory roles in a wide range of diseases. Furthermore, published studies even implicate eosinophil-mediated activities in otherwise healthy persons. We suggest that the collective reports in the literature showing a role for eosinophils in an ever-increasing number of novel settings highlight the true complexity and importance of this granulocyte. Indeed, discussions of eosinophils are no longer simple and more often than not now begin with the question/statement “Did you know …?”

scholarly journals Rapid and sustained hematopoietic recovery in lethally irradiated mice transplanted with purified Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ hematopoietic stem cells

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 3758-3779 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Uchida ◽  
HL Aguila ◽  
WH Fleming ◽  
L Jerabek ◽  
IL Weissman
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dose Dependence ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Hematopoietic Recovery

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are believed to play a critical role in the sustained repopulation of all blood cells after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). However, understanding the role of HSCs versus other hematopoietic cells in the quantitative reconstitution of various blood cell types has awaited methods to isolate HSCs. A candidate population of mouse HSCs, Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ cells, was isolated several years ago and, recently, this population has been shown to be the only population of BM cells that contains HSCs in C57BL/Ka-Thy-1.1 mice. As few as 100 of these cells can radioprotect 95% to 100% of irradiated mice, resulting long-term multilineage reconstitution. In this study, we examined the reconstitution potential of irradiated mice transplanted with purified Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ BM cells. Donor-derived peripheral blood (PB) white blood cells were detected as early as day 9 or 10 when 100 to 1,000 Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ cells were used, with minor dose-dependent differences. The reappearance of platelets by day 14 and thereafter was also seen at all HSC doses (100 to 1,000 cells), with a slight dose-dependence. All studied HSC doses also allowed RBC levels to recover, although at the 100 cell dose a delay in hematocrit recovery was observed at day 14. When irradiated mice were transplanted with 500 Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ cells compared with 1 x 10(6) BM cells (the equivalent amount of cells that contain 500 Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ cells as well as progenitor and mature cells), very little difference in the kinetics of recovery of PB, white blood cells, platelets, and hematocrit was observed. Surprisingly, even when 200 Thy1.1lo Lin-Sca- 1+ cells were mixed with 4 x 10(5) Sca-1- BM cells in a competitive repopulation assay, most of the early (days 11 and 14) PB myeloid cells were derived from the HSC genotype, indicating the superiority of the Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ cells over Sca-1- cells even in the early phases of myeloid reconstitution. Within the Thy-1.1lo Lin-Sca-1+ population, the Rhodamine 123 (Rh123)hi subset dominates in PB myeloid reconstitution at 10 to 14 days, only to be overtaken by the Rh123lo subset at 3 weeks and thereafter. These findings indicate that HSCs can account for the early phase of hematopoietic recovery, as well as sustained hematopoiesis, and raise questions about the role of non-HSC BM populations in the setting of BMT.

scholarly journals Circulating stem cells in mice treated with cyclophosphamide

Blood ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 264-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
CF Craddock ◽  
JF Apperley ◽  
EG Wright ◽  
LE Healy ◽  
CA Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Autologous Transplantation ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Macrophage Colony

Abstract Chemotherapy has been used clinically to mobilize hematopoietic progenitor cells into the peripheral blood so that they can be harvested for autologous transplantation. In humans, this is demonstrated by the presence of circulating granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFU-GM) and CD34-positive cells, but it has not been possible to confirm the presence of marrow-repopulating stem cells. In this study, we treated mice with 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CY) and measured the numbers of white blood cells, day 12 CFU-S (CFU- S12), and CFU-GM in the peripheral blood. There was a peak in the numbers of CFU-S12 and CFU-GM 8 days after treatment with cyclophosphamide. Peripheral blood cells taken at this time rescued lethally irradiated mice and engraftment of donor cells was confirmed after 140 days in sex mismatched recipients using a Y chromosome- specific probe. In vitro culture of the blood cells harvested after cyclophosphamide showed that they proliferated in suspension cultures for at least a year in the presence of interleukin-3. The cultured cells rapidly lost their abilities to rescue irradiated mice and to form colonies in vitro, but they did not become leukemic. Also, CY- treated mice were irradiated with a leukemogenic dose of x-rays to coincide with peak circulating cell numbers but these animals did not develop an excess of leukemias over mice given irradiation alone.

scholarly journals A review of the treatment landscape in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: where are we now and where are we going?

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 263300402095934
Author(s):  
Morag Griffin ◽  
Richard Kelly ◽  
Alexandra Pike
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria ◽  
Complement Cascade ◽  
Future Treatments

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is an ultra-orphan disease, which until 15 years ago had limited treatment options. Eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits C5 in the terminal complement cascade, has revolutionised treatment for this disease, near normalising life expectancy and improving quality of life for patients. The treatment landscape of PNH is now evolving, with ravulizumab a second longer acting intravenous C5 inhibitor now licenced by the FDA and EMA. With different therapeutic targets in the complement cascade and difference modalities of treatment, including subcutaneous, oral and intravenous therapies being developed, increasing independence for patients and reducing healthcare requirements. This review discusses the current and future therapies for PNH. Lay summary Review of current and future treatments for patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria What is Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria? Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is a very rare disease. It arises from PNH stem cells in the bone marrow. In a normal bone marrow these are inactive; however, if there has been a problem in the bone marrow, the PNH stem cells can expand and make PNH red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The problem with these cells is that they lack the cell surface markers that usually protect them. Red blood cells are broken down in the circulation rather than the spleen, which gives rise to PNH symptoms such as abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, erectile dysfunction and red or black urine (known as haemoglobinuria). The white blood cells and platelets are ‘stickier’ increasing the risk of blood clots. Previously life expectancy was reduced as there were limited treatment options available. What was the aim of this review? To provide an overview of current and future treatment options for PNH Which treatments are available? • Eculizumab is an treatment given through a vein (intravenous) every week for 5 weeks then every 2 weeks after this, and has been available for 13 years, improving life expectancy to near normal. • Ravulizumab is a newer intravenous treatment similar to eculizumab but is given every 8 weeks instead of every 2 weeks. In clinical studies it was comparable with eculizumab. • Future Treatments - There is new research looking at different methods of treatment delivery, including injections under the skin (subcutaneous) that patients can give themselves, treatments taken by mouth (oral) or a combination of an intravenous and oral treatment for those patients who are not optimally controlled on eculizumab or ravulizumab. What does this mean? PNH is now treatable. For years, the only drug available was eculizumab, but now different targets and drug trials are available. Ravulizumab is currently the only second licenced product available, in USA and Europe, there are other medications active in clinical trials. Why is this important? The benefit for patients, from treatment every 2 weeks to every 8 weeks is likely to be improved further with the development of these new treatments, providing patients with improved disease control and independence. As we move into an era of more patient-friendly treatment options, the PNH community both physicians and patients look forward to new developments as discussed in this article.

Platelet Release Occurs in the Bone Marrow Sinusoids and Spleen but Not in the Lungs Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in the Mouse.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 1710-1710
Author(s):  
Deanna Kreinest ◽  
Martha Sola ◽  
Xiao-Miao Li ◽  
Ronald Sanders ◽  
Marda Jorgensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant ◽  
Stem Cell Transplant ◽  
Cell Transplant ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Platelet Recovery ◽  
Platelet Release

Abstract The steps that lead to platelet production are poorly understood. Current theories suggest that megakaryocytes mature under the influence of contact with sinusoidal endothelium, and release platelets either in the sinusoids or in the lungs. We hypothesized that platelet release would be accentuated following hematopoietic stem cell transplant, and that sites of platelet release would be apparent during the period of platelet recovery. We transplanted highly purified hematopoietic stem cells based on lack of expression of markers for mature lineages (Linneg) and expression of Sca-1, c-kit, and Thy-1.1 (KTSL cells), and subfractionated these cells based on low expression of Rhodamine 1-2-3, into lethally irradiated hosts expressing an allelic version of glucose phosphate isomerase to identify donor and host-derived platelets. We collected bones, lungs, livers and spleens on day 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-tranplant, and stained formalin/fixed tissue with anti-Von Willebrand Factor antibody to identify megakaryocytes (5–10 animals per cohort, 2 separate experiments). We scored megakaryocytes based on their location relative to endothelial cells, and whether they were releasing platelets based on extension of proplatelet processes into the vascular spaces. Almost every megakaryocyte was associated with the endothelium during the period of platelet recovery, and we did not identify megakaryocytes that were migrating to the endothelium. We saw numerous megakaryocyte releasing platelets in both the bone marrow and the spleen during the time of platelet recovery, which occurred on days 13–28 following transplant of purified stem cells. Some of these megakaryocytes had disrupted the endothelium and were incorporated into the sinusoidal wall. Others were completely within the sinusoidal spaces. Between 30 and 50% of megakaryocytes were releasing platelets in the spleen and bone marrow at any given time following transplant, and platelet release did not correlate with the platelet counts. These levels were similar to levels of platelet release seen in healthy control mice. In contrast, we saw no identifiable megakaryocytes in the liver and lung during the period of platelet recovery. Our results suggest that in the mouse, the bone marrow and spleen, and not the lung, are major sites of platelet release following stem cell transplant.

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