EFFECTS OF LISTENERS' EXPECTATIONS OF SPEAKERS' NATIVENESS: IDENTIFICATION OF PHONEMIC VOWEL LENGTH

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1106-1115
Author(s):  
Wael Zuraiq ◽  
Moh'd Al-Omari ◽  
Sabri Al Shboul ◽  
Anas Al Huneety ◽  
Bassil Mashaqba
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Arabic Speakers ◽  
Minimal Pairs ◽  
Native Arabic Speakers

Purpose of the study: This study is to describe an experiment in which native Arabic listeners identified phonemic vowels in Arabic words. Native Arabic speakers from a variety of dialects and non-native Arabic speakers spoke the words. The main objective of the present study is to understand the neglected role of the native listeners in making communication successful or impeded when native listeners lack adequate information about the non-native speaker and when the top-down processing is absent. Methodology: The present study examined real Arabic minimal pairs (short versus long vowels) uttered at a regular speaking rate by both native speakers of Arabic (NSA) as a control group and non-native speakers of Arabic (NNSA) as a test group. First, we told the listeners that they would hear speakers from various countries, and we did not tell them that the stimuli had non-native words. In the subsequent part of the experiment, we told native listeners that they would hear both native speakers and non-native intermediate speakers. Main Findings: The major outcome of the present study is that listeners made slower and less correct identifications when they knew that some of the speakers were non-native. The finding of the experiment confirms the hypothesis that the processing of non-native productions is influenced by native listeners' negative expectations about non-native speakers with the absence of adequate facilitating details. Applications of this study: The study contributes to the psycholinguistic understanding of the role of the native listeners' expectations and attitudes towards non-native speakers and contributes to the understanding of the interaction between native listeners and non-native speakers. The study can help linguists in understanding the role of listeners in communication impediments within the top-down approach. Novelty/Originality of this study: This work adopts a new approach where we tested the same listeners twice, first with no information about non-native speakers and second with information that they will hear non-native speakers in the stimuli. Such an approach intends to improve our perception towards language communication within listeners' attitudes as associated with foreign speakers when information about the context of stimuli is inadequate.

scholarly journals Determination of the Turkish Language Sounds that Arabic Native Speaker Students Experience Problems With and Proposed

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Yusuf Sülükçü
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Arabic Speakers ◽  
Native Arabic Speakers ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Gender Factor ◽  
Turkish Language ◽  
Practical Demonstration

The present study aimed to identify Turkish language sounds that Arabic native speakers experience pronunciation difficulties with when learning Turkish and make various suggestions on how to resolve this problem. Qualitative research method and observation technique were used in the study. The data were collected in 2016 and the second half of 2017. The study population included native Arabic speakers who learned Turkish as a foreign language in Turkey, the study sample included 20 students attending Necmettin Erbakan University Turkish Instruction Application and Research Center (KONDIL) and 15 students attending a private course. It was determined that the students experienced difficulties in pronouncing the following sounds in Turkish alphabet: "ç, e, g, ğ, h, ı, j, k, l, o, ö, p, r, s, ş, t, ü, v, z". It was also determined that it was possible to correct certain pronunciation mistakes in the above-mentioned sounds easily while correction of others took longer. It was found that the educational level of the student before learning Turkish was not effective in the pronunciation of the sounds, speaking a foreign language other than Turkish decreased the number of sounds where the students experienced problems and the gender factor had no impact on pronunciation of the sounds. It was determined that the comparison of the articulation points in the native language of the student and Turkish and practical demonstration of these articulation points and repetition of a large number of sounds resolved the problem to a great extent. It was recommended to focus more on the determined sounds in the instruction of the sounds in Turkish.

Second language acquisition and Binding Principle B: child/adult differences

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia White
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Adult Learners ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Processing Capacity ◽  
Knowledge Processing ◽  
Pragmatic Knowledge ◽  
Value Judgement

L1 acquirers experience considerable delays in mastering properties related to Binding Principle B, performing inaccurately with respect to possible antecedents for pronouns well after the age of 6. Most accounts attribute this delay to performance phenomena (lack of pragmatic knowledge, processing capacity, etc.). In this article, I show that adult learners do not exhibit the same kinds of problems with Principle B. Intermediate-level adult learners of English as a second language (French and Japanese speakers), as well as a native-speaker control group, were tested using a truth value judgement task to determine their interpretations of pronouns. The L2 learners performed like native speakers in disallowing local antecedents for pronouns, suggesting that Principle B is not problematic in adult acquisition, in contrast to child acquisition.

Lexical and discourse factors in the second language acquisition of Spanish word order

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy Jandrey Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Advanced Learners ◽  
Spanish Word ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
Beginning Learners

This study investigates the acquisition of Spanish word order by native speakers of English. Specifically, it considers the development of sensitivity to the distinct interpretations of subject-verb (SV) vs. verb-subject (VS) order, as determined by lexical verb class (unaccusative and unergative verbs) and discourse structure.Participants included a native speaker control group and learners at four proficiency levels. Results from a contextualized production task indicate that beginning learners transferred the SV order of English for all structures. Intermediate learners showed a gradual increase in the production of lexically and discourse-determined inversion, although their data was also characterized by indeterminacy and variability. The advanced learners demonstrated a sensitivity to the word order effects of unaccusativity and discourse factors, but also tended to overgeneralize inversion to unergative verbs in a neutral discourse context.

THE ROLE OF EXPOSURE CONDITION IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPLICIT CORRECTION

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yucel Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exposure Condition ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Group Assignment ◽  
Communication Games ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
And Control

This article reports on a study that investigated the effects of two feedback exposure conditions on the acquisition of two Turkish morphemes. The study followed a randomized experimental design with an immediate and a delayed posttest. Forty-two Chinese-speaking learners of Turkish were randomly assigned to one of three groups: receivers, nonreceivers, and control. All learners performed three communication games with a Turkish native speaker in which their errors on the Turkish plural and locative morphemes were treated according to their group assignment. The receivers’ errors were corrected through explicit correction. The nonreceivers were allowed to hear the feedback provided to the receivers; however, they did not receive feedback on their own errors. The learners in the control group neither received feedback on their own errors nor were allowed to hear the feedback other learners received. Results indicated that feedback exposure condition has an effect on the extent to which learners benefit from feedback but that this effect may be moderated by linguistic structure.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS COOPERATIVE LEARNING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN (STUDI PADA MAHASISWA SEMESTER 1 FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS X)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Ninawati Ninawati ◽  
Monika Monika
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Peer Tutoring ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Student Teams ◽  
Network Pattern ◽  
Junior Students

Cooperative learning is learning that occurs when students work in small groups to help one another in learning. In cooperative learning there are various approaches, one of wich is used this program si the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD). In this progam a peer tutoring methos is carried out, namely the role of senior students who guide their junior students, as well as the role of peers in achieving progam goals, namely increasing the value of Child and Adolescent Developmental Psychology Subyects. This research was conducted on first semester students of the Faculty of Psychology, Universty X. The result showed that the interventions for two groups were not yet effective, this happened because there was ahigh likelihood of interaction between the test group and the control group. While based on the network pattern, it can be seen the changes in relations and interactions between students in each group and some students who become opinion leaders and there are students who become isolated. Cooperative learning adalah pembelajaran yang terjadi ketika siswa atau mahasiswa bekerja dalam kelompok kecil untuk membantu satu sama lain dalam belajar. Pada cooperative learning terdapat berbagai pendekatan, salah satu di antaranya yang digunakan dalam program ini adalah Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD). Pada program ini dilakukan metode peer tutoring, yaitu adanya peran kakak asuh yang membimbing adik asuhnya, serta peran teman sebaya dalam mencapai tujuan program, yaitu meningkatkan nilai Mata Kuliah Psikologi Perkembangan Anak dan Remaja. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada mahasiswa semester 1 Fakultas Psikologi Universitas X. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan intervensi untuk kedua kelompok belum efektif, hal ini diduga terjadi karena interaksi antara kelompok uji dengan kelompok kontrol. Berdasarkan pola jaringan terlihat perubahan relasi dan interaksi antar mahasiswa pada masing-masing kelompok. Berdasarkan penelitian ditemukan beberapa mahasiswa menjadi pemuka pendapat dan beberapa menjadi pemencil.

scholarly journals The Role of Tuan Guru on Improving Iron Intake and Minimalizing Food Restriction Behavior among Pregnant Women with Anemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Sabi'ah Khairi ◽  
Lalu Muhammad Harmain Siswanto ◽  
Heri Bahtiar ◽  
Ristrini Ristrini
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Post Intervention

Introduction: Anemia in pregnancy is an indirect cause maternal mortality. One of causes anemia during pregnancy is deficit of nutrient especially intake of iron. The aim of this study was to know that the role of religious leaders that called “Tuan Guru” as agent of change to improving iron intake among anemia pregnant women.Methods: This study was quasi-experimental with pre and post-test group design. 86 participants pregnant women with anemia have been recruited in this study with purposive sampling technic. They were divided in intervention group (47 participants) and control group (39 participants). This study involved Tuan Guru as main intervention to give health promotion about nutrition during pregnancy. This study used food recall as an instrument tool that it used to measure nutrient intake especially intake of iron both pre and post intervention and also used questonare to measure food restriction behaviour among anemia pregnant women. Statistical test used paired t-testResults: This study show that there were effect of religious leaders to improving the iron intake among pregnant women with anemia with p=0.01. This study also found that the habits of food restriction among pregnant women are decline between before and after intervention with p=0.00.Conclusion: Tuan Guru has a strong influence in helping to increase nutritional intake and is able to minimize the food restriction behaviour among anemia pregnant women. The result of this study can be a basis for government to make a policy related to involvement of religious leaders in health promotion.

scholarly journals A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON ROLE OF VITAMIN E SUPPLEMENTATION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavithra D ◽  
Praveen D ◽  
Vijey Aanandhi M
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Vitamin E Supplementation

Aim and Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of Vitamin E supplementation in Type II diabetes mellitus (DM), to determines whether people with Type II DM treated with hypoglycemic agents alone, with or without Vitamin E, to determines the drug interaction in such treatment regimen, and to evaluates the Safety of the regimen.Methods: Type II DM patients with or without complications were included in this study along with serum glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration between 7.5% and 9.5%. They are divided into test group (which received hypoglycemic agent along with Vitamin E 4000 IU) and control group. Body mass index (BMI) status, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and post-prandial blood sugar (PPBS) were noted once in a month, HbA1c percentage, total cholesterol level (TC), and serum Vitamin E level were estimated and noted for every 3 months at total 9 months of this study. Patients with other comorbid conditions were prominent in this study.Results: It is perceptible with the analysis of obtained data that FBS, PPBS, HbA1c percentage, TC level, and BMI status of the patients were declined gradually in test group (patients with Vitamin E supplementation along with their hypoglycemic agents). Thus, antioxidant therapy is highly propitious whereby delaying the onset of complications in patients with DM. This development would be highly helpful for diabetic patients.

Effects of speech rate, phonetic background and gender on vowel reduction in the speech of nonnative speakers of English

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogna Brzezicha ◽  
Małgorzata Kul
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Nonnative Speakers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vowel Reduction ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
Nonnative Speakers Of English ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThe paper reports the results of a study investigating vowel reduction in the speech of non-native speakers of English. The aim was to unravel the links between reduction and speech rate, phonetic training and gender. We hypothesized that (i) Polish speakers of English reduce vowels; (ii) they speak slower than native speakers; (iii) the higher the rate, the higher the reduction degree; (iv) speakers with phonetic training reduce less than those lacking it; (v) male subjects reduce more than the female ones. In order to realize these aims, an acoustic analysis of vowels was performed on 2 hrs 42 mins of speech produced by 12 Polish speakers of English. The subjects were di-vided into an experimental group consisting of 6 students of English and a control group with 6 speakers who had no phonetic training. The obtained results positively verify that non-native speakers reduce vowels and cast some doubts on whether they speak slower than native speakers. The role of rate and gender could not be established due to statistical and methodological issues. The group with no phonetic training outperformed the group which underwent phonetic training, pointing instead to the role of exposure and perhaps music training in acquiring native-like reduction patterns.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF ACOUSTIC CUES AND LISTENER PROFICIENCY IN THE PERCEPTION OF ACCENT IN NONNATIVE SOUNDS

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Anna Eger ◽  
Eva Reinisch
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
First Language ◽  
Production Quality ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Accented Speech ◽  
Minimal Pairs

AbstractThe speech of second language learners is often influenced by phonetic patterns of their first language. This can make them difficult to understand, but sometimes for listeners of the same first language to a lesser extent than for native listeners. The present study investigates listeners’ awareness of the accent by asking whether accented speech is not only more intelligible but also more acceptable to nonnative than native listeners. English native speakers and German learners rated the goodness of words spoken by other German learners. Production quality was determined by measuring acoustic differences between minimal pairs with “easy” versus “difficult” sounds. Higher proficient learners were more sensitive to differences in production quality and between easy and difficult sounds, patterning with native listeners. Lower proficient learners did not perceive such differences. Perceiving accented productions as good instances of L2 words may hinder development because the need for improvement may not be obvious.

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