Odwracalne ciecze emulsyjne o wysokim stężeniu fazy wewnętrznej (HIPR)

Invert muds are the most commonly used oil-based drilling muds. The oil to water phase ratio in invert drilling muds ranges from 65/35 up to 90/10, with the most common ones ranging from 70/30 to 80/20. At these oil to water phase ratios, the drilling mud is characterized with high stability and appropriate rheological and structural parameters allowing to adjust drilling mud density in a wide range. One of the disadvantages of invert muds is their cost (due to oil content) and environmental problems associated with waste and management of oily drill cuttings. Taking into account the properties of oil-based muds, the article presents laboratory tests aimed at developing the composition of an invert mud with a limited oil phase content and high internal phase ratio (HIPR). Drilling muds with an o/w ratio less or equal to 50/50 vary from conventional inversion muds in terms of their composition and properties. Due to the higher concentration of the dispersed inner phase, muds have reduced stability and high rheological and structural parameters. Maintaining the appropriate rheological and structural parameters of the drilling mud and its high stability is possible only through the use of appropriate chemicals adapted to the emulsion system with a specific oil to water phase ratio. In the drilling muds of this type it is also possible, due to the higher concentration of the internal phase, to partially adjust the density of the mud with the water phase, such as salt solutions, thus limiting the solids content (weighting agents) in the mud. The developed mud system should be more economical, have a reduced toxicity, while maintaining the operational advantages of invert mud. These types of muds can be used during the drilling of reactive shale formations, salt layers, gypsum and anhydrite layers, as well as for drilling productive horizons and for reconstruction works carried out in oil and gas wells.

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Drilling mud with addition of new hydration inhibitor for clay rocks

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20187100013 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 71 ◽

pp. 00013

Author(s):

Sławomir Wysocki ◽

Magdalena Gaczoł ◽

Marta Wysocka

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Water Contact ◽

Chemical Agents ◽

Effective Inhibition ◽

Rock Disintegration ◽

Clay Rocks ◽

Drilling Muds ◽

New Formula

While drilling through clay rocks using water-based mud, number of challenges need to be faced in view of hydration and swelling of this type of rock. Those phenomena consist in the fact, that clay mineral grows in volume due to water contact. In order to limit hydration phenomenon, for clay rocks drilling are used drilling muds with addition of chemical agents called hydration inhibitors. The article describes studies, which resulted in development of new formula of drilling mud with addition of a new short-chained amino polymer developed in Drilling, Oil and Gas Faculty AGH-UST Krakow. For the developed mud, tests of technological parameters were conducted according to API RP 13B-1 as well as specialist examinations: linear swelling of Miocene shale and clay rock disintegration. Studies also consists of syntheses of polyampholyte and short-chained cationic polymer. Based on performed studies, it was found that studied mud is characterized by good and easy to regulate technological parameters as well as effective inhibition of hydration, swelling and disintegration of clay rocks.

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Modification of DS-01 Drilling Fluid to Reduce Formation Damage

Journal of Earth Energy Science, Engineering, and Technology ◽

10.25105/jeeset.v2i3.6389 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Winarto S. ◽

Sugiatmo Kasmungin

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Laboratory Research ◽

Formation Damage ◽

Drilling Fluids ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Initial Flow ◽

Lost Circulation ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Drilling Muds

<em>In the process of drilling for oil and gas wells the use of appropriate drilling mud can reduce the negative impacts during ongoing drilling and post-drilling operations (production). In general, one of the drilling muds that are often used is conventional mud type with weighting agent barite, but the use of this type of mud often results in skin that is difficult to clean. Therefore in this laboratory research an experiment was carried out using a CaCO3 weigting agent called Mud DS-01. CaCO3 is widely used as a material for Lost Circulation Material so that it is expected that using CaCO3 mud will have little effect on formation damage or at least easily cleaned by acidizing. The aim of this research is to obtain a formula of mud with CaCO3 which at least gives formation damage. Laboratory experiments on this drilling mud using several mud samples adjusted to the property specifications of the mud program. Mud sample consists of 4, namely using super fine, fine, medium, and conventional CaCO3. First measuring mud properties in each sample then testing the filter cake breaker, testing the initial flow rate using 200 ml of distilled water and a 20 micron filter disk inserted in a 500 ml HPHT cell then assembled in a PPA jacket and injecting a pressure of 100 psi. The acidification test was then performed using 15% HCL and then pressured 100 psi for 3 hours to let the acid work to remove the cake attached to the filter disk (acidizing). Laboratory studies are expected which of these samples will minimize the formation damage caused by drilling fluids.</em>

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Investigation of Non-Linear Rheological Characteristics of Barite-Free Drilling Fluids

Fluids ◽

10.3390/fluids6090327 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (9) ◽

pp. 327

Author(s):

Ekaterina Leusheva ◽

Nataliia Brovkina ◽

Valentin Morenov

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Rheological Parameters ◽

Drilling Fluids ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Gas Wells ◽

Oil And Gas Wells ◽

Fluid Properties ◽

Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽

Drilling Muds

Drilling fluids play an important role in the construction of oil and gas wells. Furthermore, drilling of oil and gas wells at offshore fields is an even more complex task that requires application of specialized drilling muds, which are non-Newtonian and complex fluids. With regard to fluid properties, it is necessary to manage the equivalent circulation density because its high values can lead to fracture in the formation, loss of circulation and wellbore instability. Thus, rheology of the used drilling mud has a significant impact on the equivalent circulation density. The aim of the present research is to develop compositions of drilling muds with a low solids load based on salts of formate acid and improve their rheological parameters for wells with a narrow drilling fluid density range. Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide of different molecular weights was proposed as a replacement for hydrolized polyacrylamide. The experiment was conducted on a Fann rotary viscometer. The article presents experimentally obtained data of indicators such as plastic viscosity, yield point, nonlinearity index and consistency coefficient. Experimental data were analyzed by the method of approximation. Analysis is performed in order to determine the most suitable rheological model, which describes the investigated fluids’ flow with the least error.

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A novel oil-in-water drilling mud formulated with extracts from Indian mango seed oil

Petroleum Science ◽

10.1007/s12182-019-00371-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 196-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Saket Kumar ◽

Aarti Thakur ◽

Nitesh Kumar ◽

Maen M. Husein

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Polymer Concentration ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Oil In Water ◽

Wide Range ◽

Mango Seed ◽

Drilling Muds

Abstract Drilling muds with less environmental impact are highly desired over conventional diesel-based mud systems, especially in light of the emerging strict environmental laws. In this article, a novel oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion drilling fluid formulated with a methyl ester extracted from Indian mango seed oil was evaluated. The effect of the weight percent of different constituents of the emulsion/suspension including the oil phase, bentonite, and polyanionic cellulose polymer on the rheology and the fluid loss was examined. The methyl ester oil phase/mud system displayed superior physical, chemical, rheological and filtration properties relative to the diesel and the mango seed oil. Eco-toxicity of the methyl ester and diesel (O/W) emulsion mud systems was assessed using the acute lethal concentration test. The Indian mango methyl ester (O/W) emulsion mud displayed much less impact on fish population. Flow characteristics collected from the flow model at 85 °C suggested excellent shear thinning behavior of the Indian mango methyl ester (IMME) (O/W) emulsion mud. Moreover, the IMME (O/W) emulsion displayed strong pseudoplastic behavior, an attractive feature in a drilling mud, with increasing clay content and polymer concentration. The methyl ester mud was thermally stable over a wide range of the constituent concentrations. Furthermore, a particle size analysis revealed that engineered drilling muds targeting suspension of particles with certain size range can be formulated by changing the volume fraction of the methyl ester in the mud system.

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Development of a Weighted Barite-Free Formate Drilling Mud for Well Construction under Complicated Conditions

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13244457 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 4457

Author(s):

Valentin Morenov ◽

Ekaterina Leusheva ◽

Tianle Liu

Keyword(s):

Alkali Metals ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Drilling Fluids ◽

Formation Pressure ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Organic Salts ◽

Clay Rocks ◽

Solids Content ◽

Drilling Muds

Construction of oil and gas wells at offshore fields often involves high formation pressure and the presence of swellable clay rocks in the section. In addition, productivity preservation is also an important aspect. For this purpose, it is necessary to reduce the solids content of the drilling mud. The purpose of this work is to develop, improve, and study compositions of weighted drilling muds with low content of solids, on the basis of organic salts of alkali metals and polymers for the construction of wells prone to rock swelling and/or cavings, as well as drilling fluids for drilling-in the formation. In order to achieve the set goal the following is required: Analysis of existing drilling muds of higher density for drilling wells in unstable rock intervals and for drilling in the productive formation; analysis of experience in using drilling systems on the formic acid salts base and substantiation of requirements for flushing fluids during well construction; development and investigation of drilling mud compositions on the formate base; and the evaluation of inhibiting effect of systems containing organic salts, polymer reagents, and calcium carbonate on clay samples. The developed drilling mud is characterized by a high inhibiting ability that allows minimized mud-weighting by the natural solid phase. This reduces the volume of prepared mud and facilitates the regulation of its properties by reducing the dispersion of drilled cuttings; it eliminates problems related to hydration and the swelling of active clay rocks; and stabilizes unstable argillites prone to caving. The low solids content, low filtration rates, and inhibitory nature of the mud allows high stability of the rheological properties of the mud, and preserves oil and gas reservoir productivity under conditions of elevated formation pressure.

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Analiza możliwości podwyższenia stabilności termicznej płuczek wiertniczych poprzez dobór środków chemicznych

Nafta-Gaz ◽

10.18668/ng.2021.03.02 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 152-163

Author(s):

Bartłomiej Jasiński ◽

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Thermal Waters ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Irreversible Damage ◽

Graphene Flakes ◽

Drilling Muds ◽

The Impact

Drilling deep holes or drilling to provide access to thermal waters places increasingly high demands on the properties of the drilling muds. Due to the very high temperature, it may be difficult to maintain the appropriate rheology of the drilling fluid during drilling, especially when an inflow of highly mineralized brines occurs. High temperatures significantly reduce the effectiveness of most of the polymeric agents currently used in the drilling muds technology, in extreme cases causing complete and irreversible damage to their structure. Polymers with ether bonds, which include starches and cellulose, are the most vulnerable. Based on the literature data, it can be concluded that the disadvantages of these polymers can be effectively compensated by the addition of synthetic polymers, e.g. sulfonated polymers. Another direction in improving the thermal resistance of drilling muds indicated in the literature is the use of carbon nanoparticles: graphene flakes and nanotubes. The article presents an analysis of the possibilities of improving thermal stability of drilling muds by using chemical agents that allow to maintain appropriate rheological and structural parameters and filtration at temperatures up to 130°C. During the tests, three types of chemicals were added to the polymer-potassium drilling mud at different concentrations. The impact of these modifications on technological parameters of the drilling mud was tested. Then, samples modified by the addition of selected agents were exposed to the temperature of 130°C for a period of 24 hours. After this time, the samples were cooled to 20°C, then their technological parameters were measured and compared with the results obtained before aging at high temperature, and based on the obtained results, the effectiveness of individual agents was assessed. Among the agents tested to protect drilling mud against the adverse effects of high temperature, the most beneficial effect was shown by potassium formate in combination with PoliAMPS.

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Importance of $${{d}}_{{{xy}}}$$ orbital and electron correlation in iron-based superconductors revealed by phase diagram for 1111-system

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-89231-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tsuyoshi Kawashima ◽

Shigeki Miyasaka ◽

Hirokazu Tsuji ◽

Takahiro Yamamoto ◽

Masahiro Uekubo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Correlation ◽

Weak Coupling ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Structural Flexibility ◽

Superconducting Transition ◽

Iron Based Superconductors ◽

Wide Range ◽

Band Filling ◽

Iron Based ◽

Correlation Strength

AbstractThe structural flexibility at three substitution sites in LaFeAsO enabled investigation of the relation between superconductivity and structural parameters over a wide range of crystal compositions. Substitutions of Nd for La, Sb or P for As, and F or H for O were performed. All these substitutions modify the local structural parameters, while the F/H-substitution also changes band filling. It was found that the superconducting transition temperature $$T_{\text{c}}$$ T c is strongly affected by the pnictogen height $$h_{Pn}$$ h Pn from the Fe-plane that controls the electron correlation strength and the size of the $$d_{xy}$$ d xy hole Fermi surface (FS). With increasing $$h_{Pn}$$ h Pn , weak coupling BCS superconductivity switches to the strong coupling non-BCS one where electron correlations and the $$d_{xy}$$ d xy hole FS may be important.

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Design of a high-stability heterogeneous clock system for small satellites in LEO

GPS Solutions ◽

10.1007/s10291-021-01134-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Damon Van Buren ◽

Penina Axelrad ◽

Scott Palo

Keyword(s):

Low Power ◽

High Stability ◽

Time Frame ◽

System Stability ◽

Small Satellite ◽

Crystal Oscillator ◽

Small Satellites ◽

Clock System ◽

Wide Range

AbstractWe describe our investigation into the performance of low-power heterogeneous timing systems for small satellites, using real GPS observables from the GRACE Follow-On mission. Small satellites have become capable platforms for a wide range of commercial, scientific and defense missions, but they are still unable to meet the needs of missions that require precise timing, on the order of a few nanoseconds. Improved low-power onboard clocks would make small satellites a viable option for even more missions, enabling radio aperture interferometry, improved radio occultation measurements, high altitude GPS navigation, and GPS augmentation missions, among others. One approach for providing improved small satellite timekeeping is to combine a heterogeneous group of oscillators, each of which provides the best stability over a different time frame. A hardware architecture that uses a single-crystal oscillator, one or more Chip Scale Atomic Clocks (CSACs) and the reference time from a GPS receiver is presented. The clocks each contribute stability over a subset of timeframes, resulting in excellent overall system stability for timeframes ranging from less than a second to several days. A Kalman filter is used to estimate the long-term errors of the CSACs based on the CSAC-GPS time difference, and the improved CSAC time is used to discipline the crystal oscillator, which provides the high-stability reference clock for the small satellite. Simulations using GRACE-FO observations show time error standard deviations for the system range from 2.3 ns down to 1.3 ns for the clock system, depending on how many CSACs are used. The results provide insight into the timing performance which could be achieved on small LEO spacecraft by a low power timing system.

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Crystallographic and structural characterization of heterometallic platinum complexes Part VI. Heterohexanuclear complexes

Open Chemistry ◽

10.2478/s11532-014-0558-7 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1101-1126 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Milan Melník ◽

Peter Mikuš ◽

Clive Holloway

Keyword(s):

Metal Ion ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Bond Distance ◽

Transition Element ◽

Platinum Complexes ◽

Hard Metals ◽

Wide Range ◽

Platinum Clusters ◽

Soft Metal ◽

Independent Molecules

AbstractThis review classifies and analyzes heterohexanuclear platinum clusters into seven types of metal combinations:Pt5M, Pt4M2, Pt3M3, Pt2M4, PtM5, Pt2M3M′, and Pt2M2M2′. The crystals of these clusters generally belong to six crystal classes: monoclinic, triclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal and cubic. Among the wide range of stereochemistry adopted by these clusters, octahedral and capped square-pyramidal are the most common. Although platinum is classified as a soft metal atom, it bonds to a variety of soft, borderline and hard metals. Nineteen different heterometal ions are involved in hexanuclear platinum clusters. The shortest Pt-M bond distance in the case of M being a non-transition element is 2.395(4) Å for germanium and for M being a transition metal ion it is 2.402(2) Å for Cobalt. The shortest Pt-Pt bond distance observed in these clusters is 2.532 Å. Several relationships between the structural parameters are identified and discussed. Some clusters exist in two isomeric forms and some show crystallographically independent molecules within the same crystal. Such isomers and independent molecules are examples of distortion isomerism.

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Influence of Drilling Muds on the Primary Chemosensory Neurons in Walking Legs of the Lobster, Homarus americanus

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f81-038 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 268-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Charles D. Derby ◽

Jelle Atema

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Homarus Americanus ◽

Normal Activity ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Behavioral Deficits ◽

Chemosensory Neurons ◽

Petroleum Fractions ◽

Food Odors ◽

Normal Feeding ◽

Drilling Muds

The effects of whole drilling muds on the normal activity of walking leg chemosensory neurons of the lobster, Homarus americanus, were examined using extracellular neurophysiological recording techniques. Exposure of legs for 3–5 min to 10 mg/L drilling mud suspended in seawater altered responses to food odors of 29% of the chemoreceptors examined (data pooled for the two drilling muds tested); similar exposure to 100 mg/L drilling mud resulted in interference with 44% of all receptors studied. The effects of both of these concentrations are statistically significant, although they are not different from each other. Interference was usually manifested as a marked reduction in the number of action potentials in a response. In one preparation, the exposure to drilling mud caused a change in the temporal pattern of the spikes without affecting the total number of spikes. Other chemosensory neurons were excited by 10 mg/L drilling mud itself. However, not all chemoreceptors are inhibited by these drilling muds since responses to feeding stimuli were recorded from the legs of lobsters that had been exposed to drilling mud for 4–8 d before the neurophysiological experiments.Antennular and leg chemoreceptors are important in eliciting normal feeding behavior in lobsters. Although behavioral assays have demonstrated that feeding behavior is altered following exposure to drilling muds and petroleum fractions, there is no conclusive proof for a causal relationship between chemoreceptor interference and behavioral deficits. The two techniques complement each other as pollution detection assays, perhaps reflecting a common interference mechanism.Key words: chemoreception, drilling mud, feeding behavior, lobster, pollution, neurophysiology

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