Drilling mud with addition of new hydration inhibitor for clay rocks

While drilling through clay rocks using water-based mud, number of challenges need to be faced in view of hydration and swelling of this type of rock. Those phenomena consist in the fact, that clay mineral grows in volume due to water contact. In order to limit hydration phenomenon, for clay rocks drilling are used drilling muds with addition of chemical agents called hydration inhibitors. The article describes studies, which resulted in development of new formula of drilling mud with addition of a new short-chained amino polymer developed in Drilling, Oil and Gas Faculty AGH-UST Krakow. For the developed mud, tests of technological parameters were conducted according to API RP 13B-1 as well as specialist examinations: linear swelling of Miocene shale and clay rock disintegration. Studies also consists of syntheses of polyampholyte and short-chained cationic polymer. Based on performed studies, it was found that studied mud is characterized by good and easy to regulate technological parameters as well as effective inhibition of hydration, swelling and disintegration of clay rocks.

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Development of a Weighted Barite-Free Formate Drilling Mud for Well Construction under Complicated Conditions

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13244457 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 4457

Author(s):

Valentin Morenov ◽

Ekaterina Leusheva ◽

Tianle Liu

Keyword(s):

Alkali Metals ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Drilling Fluids ◽

Formation Pressure ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Organic Salts ◽

Clay Rocks ◽

Solids Content ◽

Drilling Muds

Construction of oil and gas wells at offshore fields often involves high formation pressure and the presence of swellable clay rocks in the section. In addition, productivity preservation is also an important aspect. For this purpose, it is necessary to reduce the solids content of the drilling mud. The purpose of this work is to develop, improve, and study compositions of weighted drilling muds with low content of solids, on the basis of organic salts of alkali metals and polymers for the construction of wells prone to rock swelling and/or cavings, as well as drilling fluids for drilling-in the formation. In order to achieve the set goal the following is required: Analysis of existing drilling muds of higher density for drilling wells in unstable rock intervals and for drilling in the productive formation; analysis of experience in using drilling systems on the formic acid salts base and substantiation of requirements for flushing fluids during well construction; development and investigation of drilling mud compositions on the formate base; and the evaluation of inhibiting effect of systems containing organic salts, polymer reagents, and calcium carbonate on clay samples. The developed drilling mud is characterized by a high inhibiting ability that allows minimized mud-weighting by the natural solid phase. This reduces the volume of prepared mud and facilitates the regulation of its properties by reducing the dispersion of drilled cuttings; it eliminates problems related to hydration and the swelling of active clay rocks; and stabilizes unstable argillites prone to caving. The low solids content, low filtration rates, and inhibitory nature of the mud allows high stability of the rheological properties of the mud, and preserves oil and gas reservoir productivity under conditions of elevated formation pressure.

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New Drilling Muds for Drilling in Clay Rocks

Volume 8: Polar and Arctic Sciences and Technology; Petroleum Technology ◽

10.1115/omae2017-61476 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Sławomir Wysocki ◽

Rafał Wiśniowski ◽

Magdalena Gaczoł

Keyword(s):

Side Chains ◽

Atomic Mass Unit ◽

Cationic Polymers ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Mass Unit ◽

Water Based ◽

Amine Groups ◽

Clay Rocks ◽

Drilling Muds ◽

Selection Of

The paper describes studies on the development of the new formulas of water-based drilling mud for drilling in clays and shales. The research were undertaken as a part of the OPTIDRILTEC project. First stage of the project included studies related to selection of ionic inhibitors of hydration. The tests of inorganic agents with various concentrations influence on technological parameters of the developed drilling muds was undertaken. The disintegration and linear swelling tests under influence of developed muds with different ionic inhibitors were conducted on the rock samples. Miocene shale was used as the model rocks. Within a framework of the project, it was conducted selection of the polymeric inhibitors of hydration. Subsequently, different polymers were tested for the influence on technological parameters of drilling muds as well as on disintegration and linear swelling of model rocks. Studies also consists of synthesis of short-chained cationic polymers (with primary amine groups in the side chains) and cationic-anionic polymers (with, apart amine groups, sulfonic amine groups). Synthesized polymers are characterized by low molecular masses (about 10.000 – 20.000 atomic mass unit) and small steric hindrance of side chains. The studies allowed development of new water-based mud formulas for drilling in clay rocks. Developed drilling muds are characterized by good technological parameters, resistance to temperature and to salts along with effective preservation against disintegration and swelling of clay rocks. Moreover, based on the research results it can be observed that synthesized cationic polymers are efficient inhibitors of clay rocks hydration. Newly developed drilling muds could be successfully applied in the oil and gas industry causing improved drilling conditions and decreased drilling costs.

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Modification of DS-01 Drilling Fluid to Reduce Formation Damage

Journal of Earth Energy Science, Engineering, and Technology ◽

10.25105/jeeset.v2i3.6389 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Winarto S. ◽

Sugiatmo Kasmungin

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Laboratory Research ◽

Formation Damage ◽

Drilling Fluids ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Initial Flow ◽

Lost Circulation ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Drilling Muds

<em>In the process of drilling for oil and gas wells the use of appropriate drilling mud can reduce the negative impacts during ongoing drilling and post-drilling operations (production). In general, one of the drilling muds that are often used is conventional mud type with weighting agent barite, but the use of this type of mud often results in skin that is difficult to clean. Therefore in this laboratory research an experiment was carried out using a CaCO3 weigting agent called Mud DS-01. CaCO3 is widely used as a material for Lost Circulation Material so that it is expected that using CaCO3 mud will have little effect on formation damage or at least easily cleaned by acidizing. The aim of this research is to obtain a formula of mud with CaCO3 which at least gives formation damage. Laboratory experiments on this drilling mud using several mud samples adjusted to the property specifications of the mud program. Mud sample consists of 4, namely using super fine, fine, medium, and conventional CaCO3. First measuring mud properties in each sample then testing the filter cake breaker, testing the initial flow rate using 200 ml of distilled water and a 20 micron filter disk inserted in a 500 ml HPHT cell then assembled in a PPA jacket and injecting a pressure of 100 psi. The acidification test was then performed using 15% HCL and then pressured 100 psi for 3 hours to let the acid work to remove the cake attached to the filter disk (acidizing). Laboratory studies are expected which of these samples will minimize the formation damage caused by drilling fluids.</em>

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Investigation of Non-Linear Rheological Characteristics of Barite-Free Drilling Fluids

Fluids ◽

10.3390/fluids6090327 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (9) ◽

pp. 327

Author(s):

Ekaterina Leusheva ◽

Nataliia Brovkina ◽

Valentin Morenov

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Rheological Parameters ◽

Drilling Fluids ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Gas Wells ◽

Oil And Gas Wells ◽

Fluid Properties ◽

Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽

Drilling Muds

Drilling fluids play an important role in the construction of oil and gas wells. Furthermore, drilling of oil and gas wells at offshore fields is an even more complex task that requires application of specialized drilling muds, which are non-Newtonian and complex fluids. With regard to fluid properties, it is necessary to manage the equivalent circulation density because its high values can lead to fracture in the formation, loss of circulation and wellbore instability. Thus, rheology of the used drilling mud has a significant impact on the equivalent circulation density. The aim of the present research is to develop compositions of drilling muds with a low solids load based on salts of formate acid and improve their rheological parameters for wells with a narrow drilling fluid density range. Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide of different molecular weights was proposed as a replacement for hydrolized polyacrylamide. The experiment was conducted on a Fann rotary viscometer. The article presents experimentally obtained data of indicators such as plastic viscosity, yield point, nonlinearity index and consistency coefficient. Experimental data were analyzed by the method of approximation. Analysis is performed in order to determine the most suitable rheological model, which describes the investigated fluids’ flow with the least error.

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Odwracalne ciecze emulsyjne o wysokim stężeniu fazy wewnętrznej (HIPR)

Nafta-Gaz ◽

10.18668/ng.2021.03.04 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 175-186

Author(s):

Sławomir Błaż ◽

Keyword(s):

High Stability ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Phase Ratio ◽

Water Phase ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Used Oil ◽

Internal Phase ◽

Wide Range ◽

Drilling Muds

Invert muds are the most commonly used oil-based drilling muds. The oil to water phase ratio in invert drilling muds ranges from 65/35 up to 90/10, with the most common ones ranging from 70/30 to 80/20. At these oil to water phase ratios, the drilling mud is characterized with high stability and appropriate rheological and structural parameters allowing to adjust drilling mud density in a wide range. One of the disadvantages of invert muds is their cost (due to oil content) and environmental problems associated with waste and management of oily drill cuttings. Taking into account the properties of oil-based muds, the article presents laboratory tests aimed at developing the composition of an invert mud with a limited oil phase content and high internal phase ratio (HIPR). Drilling muds with an o/w ratio less or equal to 50/50 vary from conventional inversion muds in terms of their composition and properties. Due to the higher concentration of the dispersed inner phase, muds have reduced stability and high rheological and structural parameters. Maintaining the appropriate rheological and structural parameters of the drilling mud and its high stability is possible only through the use of appropriate chemicals adapted to the emulsion system with a specific oil to water phase ratio. In the drilling muds of this type it is also possible, due to the higher concentration of the internal phase, to partially adjust the density of the mud with the water phase, such as salt solutions, thus limiting the solids content (weighting agents) in the mud. The developed mud system should be more economical, have a reduced toxicity, while maintaining the operational advantages of invert mud. These types of muds can be used during the drilling of reactive shale formations, salt layers, gypsum and anhydrite layers, as well as for drilling productive horizons and for reconstruction works carried out in oil and gas wells.

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Analiza możliwości podwyższenia stabilności termicznej płuczek wiertniczych poprzez dobór środków chemicznych

Nafta-Gaz ◽

10.18668/ng.2021.03.02 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 152-163

Author(s):

Bartłomiej Jasiński ◽

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Thermal Waters ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Irreversible Damage ◽

Graphene Flakes ◽

Drilling Muds ◽

The Impact

Drilling deep holes or drilling to provide access to thermal waters places increasingly high demands on the properties of the drilling muds. Due to the very high temperature, it may be difficult to maintain the appropriate rheology of the drilling fluid during drilling, especially when an inflow of highly mineralized brines occurs. High temperatures significantly reduce the effectiveness of most of the polymeric agents currently used in the drilling muds technology, in extreme cases causing complete and irreversible damage to their structure. Polymers with ether bonds, which include starches and cellulose, are the most vulnerable. Based on the literature data, it can be concluded that the disadvantages of these polymers can be effectively compensated by the addition of synthetic polymers, e.g. sulfonated polymers. Another direction in improving the thermal resistance of drilling muds indicated in the literature is the use of carbon nanoparticles: graphene flakes and nanotubes. The article presents an analysis of the possibilities of improving thermal stability of drilling muds by using chemical agents that allow to maintain appropriate rheological and structural parameters and filtration at temperatures up to 130°C. During the tests, three types of chemicals were added to the polymer-potassium drilling mud at different concentrations. The impact of these modifications on technological parameters of the drilling mud was tested. Then, samples modified by the addition of selected agents were exposed to the temperature of 130°C for a period of 24 hours. After this time, the samples were cooled to 20°C, then their technological parameters were measured and compared with the results obtained before aging at high temperature, and based on the obtained results, the effectiveness of individual agents was assessed. Among the agents tested to protect drilling mud against the adverse effects of high temperature, the most beneficial effect was shown by potassium formate in combination with PoliAMPS.

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Dependence of the Equivalent Circulation Density of Formate Drilling Fluids on the Molecular Mass of the Polymer Reagent

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14227639 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (22) ◽

pp. 7639

Author(s):

Ekaterina Leusheva ◽

Valentin Morenov ◽

Tianle Liu

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Drilling Fluids ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Gas Wells ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽

Drilling Muds

Construction of offshore gas wells is characterized by increased requirements for both the technological process in general and the technological parameters of drilling fluids in particular. Parameters and properties of the used drilling muds must meet a large number of requirements. The main one is the preservation of the permeability of the reservoirs, in addition to the environmental and technological concerns. At the same time, pressures in the productive formation at offshore fields are often high; the anomaly coefficient is 1.2 and higher. The use of barite in such conditions can lead to contamination of the formation and a decrease in future well flow rates. In this regard, the development and study of the compositions for weighted drilling muds is necessary and relevant. The paper presents investigations on the development of such a composition based on salts of formic acid (formates) and evaluates the effect of the molecular weight of the polymer reagent (partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide) on the equivalent circulation density of the drilling fluid. The result of the work is a formate-based high-density drilling mud with no barite added. Application of such a mud will preserve the permeability of the productive formation.

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Influence of Drilling Muds on the Primary Chemosensory Neurons in Walking Legs of the Lobster, Homarus americanus

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f81-038 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 268-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Charles D. Derby ◽

Jelle Atema

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Homarus Americanus ◽

Normal Activity ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Behavioral Deficits ◽

Chemosensory Neurons ◽

Petroleum Fractions ◽

Food Odors ◽

Normal Feeding ◽

Drilling Muds

The effects of whole drilling muds on the normal activity of walking leg chemosensory neurons of the lobster, Homarus americanus, were examined using extracellular neurophysiological recording techniques. Exposure of legs for 3–5 min to 10 mg/L drilling mud suspended in seawater altered responses to food odors of 29% of the chemoreceptors examined (data pooled for the two drilling muds tested); similar exposure to 100 mg/L drilling mud resulted in interference with 44% of all receptors studied. The effects of both of these concentrations are statistically significant, although they are not different from each other. Interference was usually manifested as a marked reduction in the number of action potentials in a response. In one preparation, the exposure to drilling mud caused a change in the temporal pattern of the spikes without affecting the total number of spikes. Other chemosensory neurons were excited by 10 mg/L drilling mud itself. However, not all chemoreceptors are inhibited by these drilling muds since responses to feeding stimuli were recorded from the legs of lobsters that had been exposed to drilling mud for 4–8 d before the neurophysiological experiments.Antennular and leg chemoreceptors are important in eliciting normal feeding behavior in lobsters. Although behavioral assays have demonstrated that feeding behavior is altered following exposure to drilling muds and petroleum fractions, there is no conclusive proof for a causal relationship between chemoreceptor interference and behavioral deficits. The two techniques complement each other as pollution detection assays, perhaps reflecting a common interference mechanism.Key words: chemoreception, drilling mud, feeding behavior, lobster, pollution, neurophysiology

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Novel Desorber for Online Drilling Mud Gas Logging

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2016/7014068 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Marcin Lackowski ◽

Marek Tobiszewski ◽

Jacek Namieśnik

Keyword(s):

Gaseous Phase ◽

Gas Analysis ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

The Novel ◽

Recovery Efficiency ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Mechanical Mixing ◽

Analytical System ◽

Drilling Muds ◽

Lower Limits

This work presents the construction solution and experimental results of a novel desorber for online drilling mud gas logging. The traditional desorbers use mechanical mixing of the liquid to stimulate transfer of hydrocarbons to the gaseous phase that is further analyzed. The presented approach is based on transfer of hydrocarbons from the liquid to the gas bubbles flowing through it and further gas analysis. The desorber was checked for gas logging from four different drilling muds collected from Polish boreholes. The results of optimization studies are also presented in this study. The comparison of the novel desorber with a commercial one reveals strong advantages of the novel one. It is characterized by much better hydrocarbons recovery efficiency and allows reaching lower limits of detection of the whole analytical system. The presented desorber seems to be very attractive alternative over widely used mechanical desorbers.

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Comparative Analysis of the Rheological Behaviour of Irvingia Gabonensis Ogbono and Foreign Polymer for Bentonite Formulated Mud.

10.2118/207112-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Emmanuel Ayodele ◽

David Ekuma ◽

Ikechukwu Okafor ◽

Innocent Nweze

Keyword(s):

Rheological Properties ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Research Work ◽

Rheological Behaviour ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Local Product ◽

Irvingia Gabonensis

Abstract Drilling fluid are complex fluids consisting of several additives. These additives are added to enhance and control the rheological properties (such as viscosity, gel strength and yield point) of the mud. These properties are controlled for effective drilling of a well. This research work is focused on determining the rheological behavior of drilling mud using industry-based polymer and Irvingia Gabonensis (ogbono) as viscosifiers. Water based muds were formulated from the aforementioned locally sourced viscosifier and that of the conventional used viscosifier (Carboxylmetyl cellulose, CMC). Laboratory tests were carried out on the different muds formulated and their rheological properties (such as yield stress, shear stress, plastic viscosity and shear rate) are evaluated. The concentration of the viscosifiers were varied. The expected outcome of the research work aims at lowering the total drilling cost by reducing the importation of foreign polymer which promotes the development of local content in the oil and gas industry. The research compares the rheology of mud samples and the effect of varying the concentration (2g, 4g, 6g, 8g, and 10g) of both CMC and Ogbono and determining the changes in their rheological properties. The total volume of each mud sample is equivalent to 350ml which represent one barrel (42gal) in the lab. From the result, at concentration of 2g, the ogbono mud has a better rheology than the CMC mud, but at a concentration above 2g, CMC mud shows a better rheology than ogbono mud, that is, as the concentration of CMC is increased, the rheological properties of the mud increased while as the concentration of ogbono is increased the rheological properties decreased. The viscosity of the drilling fluid produced from the ogbono were lower than that of CMC, it could be used together with another local product such as cassava starch, offor or to further improve the rheology and then be a substitute to the conventional viscosifiers.

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