scholarly journals Volver a las metáforas Darwinianas: la evolución de los artefactos Back to Darwinian metaphors: The evolution of artefacts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Pizzocaro
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Product Innovation ◽  
Product Variety ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Natural Evolution ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Effective Design ◽  
Variation And Selection

Evolutionary concepts may have great appeal when studying material culture and its designed objects. As a matter of fact, there is robust tradition in using biological analogies to understand designs, as it occurs in the field of bionics, where the simulation of vital processes advocates not only an approach of a purely cognitive nature but, rather, an operative programme allowing the translation of isomorphisms between living organisms and technology into effective design solutions. More generally, natural sciences offer an uncommonly rich apparatus for analogies to be applied to the domains of the sciences of the artificial. But how widely applicable are Darwinian metaphors? To which extent do the Darwinian concepts of variation and selection provide meaningful theoretical tools across product innovation? What can they add to the analysis of product designs? To this end, this study takes the form of a literature review about evolutionary approaches to the analysis of technological change, along with a number of interpretations about the analogies between natural evolution and the dynamics of product variety generation.

scholarly journals Leaving the Dark Side? Insights Into the Evolution of Luciferases

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Delroisse ◽  
Laurent Duchatelet ◽  
Patrick Flammang ◽  
Jérôme Mallefet
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Luciferase Enzyme ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
False Idea

Bioluminescence—i.e., the emission of visible light by living organisms—is defined as a biochemical reaction involving, at least, a luciferin substrate, an oxygen derivative, and a specialised luciferase enzyme. In some cases, the enzyme and the substrate are durably associated and form a photoprotein. While this terminology is educatively useful to explain bioluminescence, it gives a false idea that all luminous organisms are using identical or homologous molecular tools to achieve light emission. As usually observed in biology, reality is more complex. To date, at least 11 different luciferins have indeed been discovered, and several non-homologous luciferases lato sensu have been identified which, all together, confirms that bioluminescence emerged independently multiple times during the evolution of living organisms. While some phylogenetically related organisms may use non-homologous luciferases (e.g., at least four convergent luciferases are found in Pancrustacea), it has also been observed that phylogenetically distant organisms may use homologous luciferases (e.g., parallel evolution observed in some cnidarians, tunicates and echinoderms that are sharing a homologous luciferase-based system). The evolution of luciferases then appears puzzling. The present review takes stock of the diversity of known “bioluminescent proteins,” their evolution and potential evolutionary origins. A total of 134 luciferase and photoprotein sequences have been investigated (from 75 species and 11 phyla), and our analyses identified 12 distinct types—defined as a group of homologous bioluminescent proteins. The literature review indicated that genes coding for luciferases and photoproteins have potentially emerged as new genes or have been co-opted from ancestral non-luciferase/photoprotein genes. In this latter case, the homologous gene’s co-options may occur independently in phylogenetically distant organisms.

scholarly journals STRESS AMONG BANKING EMPLOYEE- A LITERATURE REVIEW

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-213
Author(s):  
Manjunatha M K. ◽  
T.P. Renukamurthy
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Role Conflict ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Work Pressure ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Challenge Stress

For banking employees around the globe, stress on the job can be a challenge; stress can be sometimes positive and sometimes negative. Positive stress leads to productivity and negative stress leads to loss for the organization. There is already  a certain level of stress in Banking employees work life and then encounter even more stress arising from the work  pressure that Banking employees face on the job. Many employees cannot cope with such rapid changes taking place in the jobs. Role conflict, Service for customer, contribution, rapid technological change, lack of customer response is the great transaction of stress for the banking workers. The aim of this research is to understand roots and outcomes of job stress on the employee performance in banking sector.

scholarly journals Trading Away Wide Brands for Cheap Brands

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 2554-2584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Dhingra
Keyword(s):  
Product Innovation ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Product Variety ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Foreign Competition ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
Firm Competition ◽  
Product And Process Innovation ◽  
Product And Process ◽  
The Impact

Firms face competing needs to expand product variety and reduce production costs. Access to larger markets enables innovation to reduce costs. Although firm scale increases, foreign competition reduces markups. Firms' ability to recapture lost markups depends on the interplay between within-firm competition and across-firm competition. Narrowing product variety eases within-firm competition but lowers market share. I provide a theory detailing the impact of trade policy on product and process innovation. Unbundling innovation provides new insights into welfare gains and innovation policy. Product innovation increases welfare beyond standard gains from trade. The relative returns to innovation policy change with trade liberalization. (JEL D24, F13, O31)

Material Culture and the Dance of Agency

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Self ◽  
Linguistic Turn ◽  
Technologies Of The Self ◽  
The Third ◽  
And Performance

This article revolves around the discovery of matter. The first section concerns science studies. It emphasizes the importance of a focus on practice and performance as a way of undoing the ‘linguistic turn’ in the humanities and social sciences. The key concept here is that of a dance of agency. The second section reviews a variety of examples of this dance in fields beyond the natural sciences — civil engineering, pig farming, and convivial relations with dogs, architecture, technologies of the self, biological computing, brainwave music, and certain hylozoist and Eastern spirituality. This article focuses on contrasting forms that dances of agency and their products can take, depending on the presence or absence of an organizing telos of self-extinction. The third and final section reflects on the significance of this contrast for a politics of theory. This article traces the discovery of matter followed by the concepts of method, time, and agency.

scholarly journals How Does Biologically Inspired Design Cope with Multi-Functionality?

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 349-358
Author(s):  
Nicklas Svendsen ◽  
Torben Anker Lenau
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Product Innovation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Problem Analysis ◽  
Biologically Inspired ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Current State ◽  
Chamber Model ◽  
Biologically Inspired Design ◽  
Functional Problems

AbstractAs catalysts for product innovation and product development, different approaches for biologically inspired design (BID) are exciting options. However, while general BID theory require a focus on single functions, real world products are characterized by performing multiple functions. The development of an anterior eye-chamber model is used to showcase the issue.In a systematic literature review (SLR), state-of-the-art methodologies, methods and tools BID practice are discovered and the current state of multi-functionality in BID are assessed.The SLR revealed 18 contributions with 8 BID methodologies and 12 stage-specific BID tools (of which 50% addressed the solution search phase) in addition to 5 papers addressing multi-functionality in BID. At present multi-functionality in BID is only treated in a limited set of papers. While designers interested in BID are advised to discover multi-functional analogies, the present approach to handling multi-functional problems in BID suggest functional decomposition and multiple BID efforts. Therefore, the development of design support for handling multi-functional problems, including tools for problem analysis are needed.

Relationship between creativity and product innovation: A literature review

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Edicleide da S. Marinho ◽  
Mario O. A. González ◽  
Marcela S. Galvão ◽  
Ana Cláudia C. de Araújo ◽  
Marcela S. C. Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Product Innovation
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