scholarly journals Ionic liquids – the path to the first industrial application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darko Lovrec
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Application ◽  
Hydraulic Fluid ◽  
Developmental Pathway ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Industrial Environment ◽  
Development Path ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Hydraulic Fluids ◽  
New Type ◽  
Approximate Composition

When using hydraulic fluids, users rarely ask themselves how the development of the hydraulic fluid they use in their hydraulic device has gone. Perhaps only curious users want to know the approximate composition of the newer, better hydraulic fluid, compared to the fluid of the previous generation. Rarely, however, do they know the developmental pathway of the new fluid. Even in the case of minor changes in the chemical composition of the fluid, e. g. a newer package of additives for mineral oils, or other base oil, requires lengthy fluid testing. First, in the manufacturer's laboratories, and then in the industrial environment. In the case of a completely new type of hydraulic fluid, the development path is much longer. The paper presents the behind-the-scenes development of a completely new type of hydraulic fluid - ionic liquid, from learning about the liquid itself all the way to industrial application.

scholarly journals The importance of the electrical properties of hydraulic fluids

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darko Lovrec ◽  
Vito Tič
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Hydraulic Fluid ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Ionic Fluids ◽  
Hydraulic Fluids ◽  
Conductive Properties ◽  
Degree Of Degradation

Purpose Apart from the basic material properties of liquid lubricants, such as, e.g., the viscosity and density of the hydraulic fluid, it is also important to have information regarding the electrical properties of the fluid used. The latter is closely related to the purpose, type, structure, and conditions of use of a hydraulic system, especially the powertrain design and fluid condition monitoring. The insulating capacity of the hydraulic fluid is important in cases where the electric motor of the pump is immersed in the fluid. In other cases, on the basis of changing the electrical conductive properties of the hydraulic fluid, we can refer its condition, and, on this basis, the degree of degradation. Design/methodology/approach The paper first highlights the importance of knowing the electrical properties of hydraulic fluids and then aims to compare these properties, such as the breakdown voltage of commonly used hydraulic mineral oils and newer ionic fluids suitable for use as hydraulic fluids. Findings Knowledge of this property is crucial for the design approach of modern hydraulic compact power packs. In the following, the emphasis is on the more advanced use of known electrical quantities, such as electrical conductivity and the dielectric constant of a liquid. Originality/value Based on the changes in these quantities, we have the possibility of real-time monitoring the hydraulic fluid condition, on the basis of which we judge the degree of fluid degradation and its suitability for further use.

An Investigation of Hydraulic Fluid Composition and Aeration in an Axial Piston Pump

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sravani Gullapalli ◽  
Paul Michael ◽  
Jennifer Kensler ◽  
Mercy Cheekolu ◽  
Robert Ian Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sound Level ◽  
Piston Pump ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Pump Efficiency ◽  
Hydraulic Fluid ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Hydraulic Fluids ◽  
Viscosity Grade ◽  
And Performance

Manufacturers of fluid power equipment have decreased the size of hydraulic fluid reservoirs in response to economic, environmental and performance requirements. Residence times as brief as 30 seconds in mobile equipment are not unusual. Shorter fluid residence times dictate use of hydraulic fluids with improved air release characteristics. In this investigation, hydraulic fluids of the same ISO viscosity grade but varying base oil and additive composition were evaluated in a dynamometer fitted with a reservoir that incorporated an aerator at the inlet, and a mass flow meter at the outlet. The effects of aeration on piston pump efficiency and air borne noise generation were evaluated. Fluids of the same ISO viscosity grade exhibited significantly different air release rates and as a result sustained different volume fractions of entrained air. Hydraulic oils that entrained a greater volume of air demonstrated lower volumetric efficiencies and higher sound levels. Aerated fluids of the identical viscosity grade differed in volumetric efficiency by as much as 8% and perceived sound level by as much as 50%. Models for the effect of aeration on pump performance are presented.

Ensuring the Reliability of an Aircraft Engine Hydraulic System

2014 ◽  
Vol 616 ◽  
pp. 126-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janka Mihalčová ◽  
Peter Šmeringai
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Hydraulic Fluid ◽  
Aircraft Engines ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Hydraulic Fluids ◽  
Degradation Degree

The article deals with the issue of ensuring the reliability of aircraft engines operation via hydraulic fluids properties monitoring. There are presented the results of the hydraulic fluid Aero Shell Fluid 41 (ASF 41) properties evaluation in the hydraulic system of a double-flow turbosupercharged aircraft engine AI-25TL. In the hydraulic fluid, there were observed the quantity and distribution of mechanical particles according to their size in accordance with the ISO Cleanliness Code, ISO 4406.There was also determined kinematic viscosity according to the standard EN ISO 3104+AC. FTIR analysis of the infrared spectrum was used to determine the degradation degree of the hydraulic fluid physical-chemical properties.

Experimental Research on Water Cushion Belt Conveyor

2013 ◽  
Vol 431 ◽  
pp. 88-92
Author(s):  
Ai Dong Zhang ◽  
Ri Cheng Xu ◽  
Yun Meng ◽  
Xun Fan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Industrial Application ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Belt Conveyor ◽  
New Type ◽  
Air Cushion

Water cushion belt conveyor is a new type of continuous conveyor which develops from belt conveyor and air cushion belt conveyor .By experimental research on water cushion belt conveyor ,we can observe the condition of water cushion and accomplish the date acquisition of water cushion pressure .Analyzing the pressure ,we can get influencing factors of water cushion pressure and verify the feasibility of industrial application of water cushion belt conveyor .Combining theory study with experimental study ,provide theoretical basis and guide for the further progress of water cushion belt conveyor .

Effect of Friction Velocity on Tribological Behavior of Coumarin as Mineral Oil Additive

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huajie Tang ◽  
Jianlin Sun ◽  
Zhangliang Zhao ◽  
Zhao Han
Keyword(s):  
Friction Velocity ◽  
Tribological Behavior ◽  
Hydrodynamic Lubrication ◽  
Lauryl Alcohol ◽  
Ester Group ◽  
Wear Scar Diameter ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Variable Friction

Abstract The tribological behavior of lubricants, prepared with a mineral base oil, lauryl alcohol, and different concentrations of coumarin, was examined using a four-ball tester under constant and variable friction velocity conditions. At constant friction velocity, the maximum non-seizure load (PB) increased from 304 N to 392 N at a coumarin concentration of 0.5 wt%. Lubricants with 0.7 wt% coumarin exhibited optimum lubricating properties, and the maximum reductions in friction coefficient (FC) and wear scar diameter (WSD) were 20.0% and 11.88%, respectively. Further investigation of the tribological mechanism implied that the ester group in the coumarin molecule established a connection with the surface atom, resulting in the formation of a tribofilm, which further restricted the adhesion wear regime. Additionally, under variable friction velocity conditions, increasing the coumarin concentration had an obvious effect on the mixed lubrication (ML) and elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) regions but not on other lubrication regions. Moreover, a mathematical model was proposed to show the relationship between FC and friction velocity. Importantly, the present work clarifies the effect of friction velocity on the tribological behavior of coumarin and also supports the use of coumarin as a novel additive in mineral oils.

Static thermal performance evaluation of elliptical journal bearings with nanolubricants

2020 ◽  
pp. 135065012097074
Author(s):  
Rajeev Kumar Dang ◽  
Amit Chauhan ◽  
SS Dhami
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Journal Bearings ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Lubrication Film ◽  
Mineral Oils ◽  
Appreciable Increase ◽  
Thermo Physical Properties

Journal bearings of different configurations have been extensively used in turbomachinery and power generating equipments. Although circular bearings have simplest configuration and commonly used journal bearings, non-circular bearings such as multi-lobe and elliptical bearings have an added advantage of lower lubrication film temperature alongwith stable operation. In this study, static thermal performance of pure elliptical bearing lubricated with nanoparticles based mineral oils has been studied at different eccentricity ratios and bearing speeds. Two types of nanoparticles, namely, CuO and TiO2 with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt.% concentrations have been separately added in three different viscosity grades of oils. The effect of nanoparticles on thermo-physical properties of oil was considered to compute bearing performance parameters (pressure distribution, load capacity, oil temperature and power losses). Bearing model was generated by taking into account the modified Krieger Dougherty method to determine viscosity at different combinations of oils and nanoparticles. The findings indicate the increase in maximum pressure and load capacity with addition of nanoparticles and this increase was more pronounced at higher concentrations of nanoparticles and at higher viscosity grade oils. Load capacity was found to be increased by 14.24% and 9.21% with 2 wt% concentration of TiO2 and CuO nanoparticles respectively in base oil (AW68) at eccentricity ratio of 0.7. An increase in load capacity with nanolubricants was achieved without an appreciable increase in oil temperature.

scholarly journals Comparison of Damage to `Tifgreen' Bermudagrass by Petroleum and Vegetable Oil Hydraulic Fluids

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Elliott ◽  
M. Prevatte
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Hydraulic Fluid ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Initial Damage ◽  
Hydraulic Fluids ◽  
Leaf Necrosis ◽  
Turfgrass Quality

Petroleum and vegetable oil hydraulic fluids were spread on `Tifgreen' bermudagrass at three volumes (125, 250, and 500 ml) and three temperatures (27, 49, and 94C) to simulate a turfgrass equipment leak. Initial damage, recovery, and effects for a 1-year period were compared among treatments. All hydraulic fluid treatments resulted in 100% leaf necrosis within 10 days of application. Turfgrass recovery was influenced primarily by the fluid volume. After recovery, only plots treated with petroleum hydraulic fluid were periodically chlorotic, resulting in lower turfgrass quality. Long-term negative effects of hydraulic leaks from golf course equipment may be reduced by using vegetable oil hydraulic fluid.

Impact of Differing Water Contents on Electrostatic Charging

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp C. Weishaar ◽  
Tobias Mielke ◽  
Katharina Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hydraulic Fluid ◽  
Qualitative Comparison ◽  
Electrostatic Discharges ◽  
Electrostatic Charges ◽  
Hydraulic Fluids ◽  
Electrostatic Charging ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Water Contents

Abstract Hydraulic fluids underwent significant changes in their composition in these past years, which led to an increase in poor conductivity. Since well-established standards for specifying a hydraulic fluid, such as ISO 11158, make no mention of the electric conductivity, the awareness for potential complications is low. With some applications electrostatic discharges contribute to a shortened service life of the hydraulic fluid and the filter elements. Recent work on cavitation and its different forms suggest an underestimated impact of the relative humidity on fluid characteristics and the tendency for cavitation. In relation to electrostatic charges, the relative humidity of a fluid is seldom considered. The results presented in this paper offer an initial observation of the effect of relative humidity on electrostatic charging. To this end three hydraulic fluids, satisfying the specifications of an HLP 46, are prepared with three different levels of relative humidity at 20°C. Subsequently the nine samples are tested with a small-scale test bench in order to garner a qualitative comparison of the charging tendency.

scholarly journals Critical Shear Rate of Polymer-Enhanced Hydraulic Fluids

Lubricants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Pawan Panwar ◽  
Paul Michael ◽  
Mark Devlin ◽  
Ashlie Martini
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Newtonian Viscosity ◽  
Critical Shear Rate ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Hydraulic Fluids ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

Many application-relevant fluids exhibit shear thinning, where viscosity decreases with shear rate above some critical shear rate. For hydraulic fluids formulated with polymeric additives, the critical shear rate is a function of the molecular weight and concentration of the polymers. Here we present a model for predicting the critical shear rate and Newtonian viscosity of fluids, with the goal of identifying a fluid that shear thins in a specific range relevant to hydraulic pumps. The model is applied to predict the properties of fluids comprising polyisobutene polymer and polyalphaolefin base oil. The theoretical predictions are validated by comparison to viscosities obtained from experimental measurements and molecular dynamics simulations across many decades of shear rates. Results demonstrate that the molecular weight of the polymer plays a key role in determining the critical shear rate, whereas the concentration of polymer primarily affects the Newtonian viscosity. The simulations are further used to show the molecular origins of shear thinning and critical shear rate. The atomistic simulations and simple model developed in this work can ultimately be used to formulate polymer-enhanced fluids with ideal shear thinning profiles that maximize the efficiency of hydraulic systems.

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