scholarly journals A Few Words About the Ice House of the Konsum Store in the Nineteenth-Century Priest’s Mill Factory and Residential Complex in Łódź

2020 ◽  
pp. 217-241
Author(s):  
Janusz Pietrzak
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Issue ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Material Substance ◽  
General Store ◽  
Farm Buildings ◽  
Underground Chamber

The issue of ice houses, both those found among manor and farm buildings and those connected with industrial plants, is a research issue frequently raised in many countries of Western Europe and in the United States. In the Polish literature, however, it does not attract much interest, which is why knowledge of it – or at least the knowledge shared – is usually limited to the awareness of the existence of ice houses and their purpose, and only occasionally do they become subjects of more extensive research. This also concerns the very material substance of such buildings. In 2015, on the Priest’s Mill estate in Łodź, erected along with the extension of Karol Scheibler’s cotton plant at the beginning of the 1870s, rescue excavations were conducted under the supervision of archaeologists Maciej Milczarek and Zbigniew Rybacki. They concerned the remains of an ice house built for the estate general store (including a grocery) called Konsum. Its preserved form is a result of a few construction stages completed in quick succession. During the third one (between 1883/1884 and 1889) the ice house we are interested in was built. It was not big as its capacity was approximately 100 cubic metres, and its structure was rather typical of larger industrial ice houses, with the upper (aboveground) chamber used as an ice warehouse, and the lower (underground) chamber serving as the store’s cold storage. Most probably, it was not used for long, however, there is no data that would allow to determine the time of its liquidation.

7. International Political Economy: Contemporary Debates

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jackson ◽  
Georg Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Current Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines three important debates in International Political Economy (IPE). The first debate concerns power and the relationship between politics and economics, and more specifically whether politics is in charge of economics or whether it is the other way around. The second debate deals with development and underdevelopment in developing countries. The third debate is about the nature and extent of economic globalization, and currently takes places in a context of increasing inequality between and inside countries. This debate is also informed by the serious financial crisis of 2008 and has raised questions regarding the viability of the current model of capitalism in the United States and Western Europe.

scholarly journals The Idea of Patriarchate of the UGCC in the Ukrainian Diaspora on the Eve of the Second Vatican Council

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-87
Author(s):  
Anatolii Babynskyi
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
The Third ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
The Face ◽  
Post War ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Church

The article covers the development of the idea of ​​patriarchal status in 1945-1962 within the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the diaspora, focusing mainly on the third wave of Ukrainian emigration. After the Second World War, about 250,000 Ukrainian refugees found themselves in Western Europe (DP camps), from where in 1947-1955, they moved to the countries of North and South America, Western Europe and Australia. The growing role of the Church, which continued to play a significant role in their lives after their resettlement to the countries mentioned above, marked the experience of their stay in the DP camps. The DP camps became a place of a closer rapprochement between Ukrainian Greek Catholics and Orthodox Christians, one consequence of which was the appeals of a Ukrainian Greek Catholic bishops with a proposal to create a joint patriarchate with Ukrainian Orthodox, which would be in unity with Rome. On the other hand, the expansion of the geography of the presence of the UGCC and the founding of new metropolises in Canada and the United States brought to the fore the question of the unity of all structural units of this Church at the global level, which, as some believed, could have been secured by the patriarchal institution. Finally, the patriarchate was considered by the post-war Ukrainian emigration as a means of preserving the unity of the diaspora in the face of assimilation and disintegration. Furthermore, in the future, as an institution that could effectively help the Church revive at home after independence. The last aspect of the patriarchal idea had a significant impact on the emergence of the Ukrainian patriarchal movement, and its closeness to the goals set by the third wave of Ukrainian emigration provided that movement with a high level of massiveness and passionate vigorousness for the movement.

The Peruvian Experiment in Retrospect

1987 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane S. Jaquette ◽  
Abraham F. Lowenthal
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Third World ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Science Writing ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Third World

NO country in Latin America, and few anywhere in the third world, was the subject of more social science writing during the late 1970s and early 1980s than Peru. Books, monographs, articles, and dissertations poured forth from Peru itself, from elsewhere in Latin America, and from the United States, Western Europe, and even the Soviet Union and Japan.

scholarly journals Russian View of American Architecture in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries (Part 3)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
Брумфилд ◽  
W.C. Brumfield
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
City Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
American Architecture

In the third part of this article continue to be considered the technology of American urban development at the turn of 19–20 centuries. Urban infrastructure development required a different approach to city development. All this prompted the Russian architects to study the information on technical innovations in Western Europe and the United States. The article deals with the study of the «American style» in architecture Russian architects of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Chapter II. The World Economy

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 24-39
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
National Output ◽  
Substantial Rise

There was another substantial rise in output in industrial countries between the second and third quarters. But during the third quarter the deceleration of economic growth in the United States became more marked and showed signs of spreading to Canada and Western Europe. Developments have been broadly consistent with our August forecast and we still expect the aggregate national output of the industrial countries to be higher by about 4½ per cent in 1969 than it was in 1968 and to rise by another 3-4 per cent in 1970. It now looks as though we were rather too optimistic about prospects in the United States, where the increase is unlikely to exceed 3 per cent this year and may not reach 2 per cent in 1970. On the other hand growth in Western Europe is still tending to surpass expectations. Despite the Italian strikes it will probably be over 5½ per cent this year; and it may exceed 4½ per cent in 1970.

A British Lead to a Federal Europe?

1984 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghiţa Ionescu ◽  
John Pinder
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
The Third ◽  
The One ◽  
Third Industrial Revolution

THE ARGUMENT WE ARE ABOUT TO PRESENT UNDER THIS perhaps surprising title is based on a syllogism whose two premises are now visible to all in their sad reality.The first premise is that because of their political organization in small and medium-sized sovereign states, the countries of Western Europe are losing the chance of adapting themselves independently to the requirements of the third industrial revolution. In this they are falling far behind the United States of America, a welfare state like them and belonging to their political culture – and Japan, whose different political culture makes the comparison less appropriate. Technological dependence brings with it lack of independence in all directions – and especially in military capacity which is now dominated by the two nuclear superpowers. The belated individual efforts of some of the European states to modernize their industries with their own means and with different socio-economic ideologies – conservative monetarism in Britain, socialist Keynesianism in France – have aggravated unemployment in the one and inflation in the other, and provoked much popular dissent against the central governments. The centralized nationalistic system became increasingly inadequate: for the problems are common ones that require common solutions; and as the problems are functional, they abhor ideological approaches.

Chapter II. The World Economy

1975 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 22-38
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
The Third

After levelling out in the second quarter the total output of the industrial countries increased quite sharply in the third. The rise was, however, heavily concentrated in the United States. Production has begun to increase also in Japan and Canada and, more recently, in France and West Germany. But it has become increasingly clear that in the smaller countries of Western Europe the main impact of the recession had to a considerable extent been delayed rather than avoided. So far, moreover, the recovery in the major countries has depended heavily on the reduction or reversal of the previous liquidation of stocks and on high rates of government spending. There appears as yet to be only a very limited revival in final demand for consumer goods and still little immediate prospect of a recovery in business fixed investment. So long as this remains true, confidence that a fairly rapid rate of growth will be sustained for the next year or two must be tempered with caution.

Submit Manuscript | http://medc rav eonline.co m Introduction Colorectal adenocarcinoma is the third most common malignant neoplasia and the third leading cause of death from cancer in men and women in the United States. Current data show that the incidence of colorectal adenocarcinoma is decreasing in developed countries but increasing in developing countries. 1 The 2018 estimates of the Bra - zilian National Cancer Institute (Instituto Nacional do Câncer–INCA) were 17,380 new cases in men and 18,980 in women, making col - orectal adenocarcinoma the third most common neoplasia in men and the second most common in women in Brazil. 2 In the past 15 years, rectal cancer management has evolved in several aspects. Specifical - ly, a better understanding of the natural history of the disease, more precise radiological staging, multimodal therapeutic intervention, refined surgical techniques, and more detailed histopathological re - ports may have positively influenced patient survival. In this context, multidisciplinary management of colorectal cancer plays an important role and requires the coordinated teamwork of colorectal surgeons, oncologists, radiologists, and radiotherapists. 3 Total mesorectal exci - sion is still the basis of treatment in rectal cancer. However, neoadju - vant therapy and more conservative practices have been adopted in cases of clinical/pathological responses to radiochemotherapy. 4 Ra - diological evaluation of the response is of paramount importance for the selection of patients eligible for alternative treatment strategies, including ‘watch-and-wait’. Diffusion-weighted imaging is already being used routinely in the evaluation of the pathological response of rectal tumour patients submitted to neoadjuvant therapy. Some re - searchers have tried to estimate the tumour regression grade (TRG) using magnetic resonance imaging, as has been described for post-ra - diochemotherapy pathological evaluation, thus rendering it a valuable instrument. Considering the good results obtained with multimodal therapy in extraperitoneal rectal cancer, the evaluation of the pathological re - sponse post-neoadjuvant therapy must be considered as a factor for safe indication, both for the conservative option, in which the organ is preserved, and for radical surgical resection, influencing the choice between sphincter-preserving surgery and abdominoperineal excision. A precise evaluation, by comparing the results of post-neoadjuvant therapy magnetic resonance imaging with those obtained from his - Int J Radiol Radiat Ther. 2018;5(4):254 ‒ 258. 254 © 2018 Oliveira et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Magnetic resonance imaging is effective in assessing tumour regression after neoadjuvancy in rectal adenocarcinoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Henrique de Oliveira ◽  
Antônio Lacerda-Filho ◽  
Fábio Lopes de Queiroz ◽  
Tatiana Martins Gomide Leite ◽  
Paulo Guilherme Oliveira Sales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Neoadjuvant Therapy ◽  
Colorectal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tumour Regression ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
The Third

Anne O. Krueger, Constantine Michalopoulos and Vernon W. Ruttan. Aid and Development. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1989. xiv + 386 pp.Price: U.S. $ 52.00

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Development ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

Foreign aid has been the subject of much examination and research ever since it entered the economic armamentarium approximately 45 years ago. This was the time when the Second World War had successfully ended for the Allies in the defeat of Germany and Japan. However, a new enemy, the Soviet Union, had materialized at the end of the conflict. To counter the threat from the East, the United States undertook the implementation of the Marshal Plan, which was extremely successful in rebuilding and revitalizing a shattered Western Europe. Aid had made its impact. The book under review is by three well-known economists and is the outcome of a study sponsored by the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development. The major objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of assistance, i.e., aid, on economic development. This evaluation however, was to be based on the existing literature on the subject. The book has five major parts: Part One deals with development thought and development assistance; Part Two looks at the relationship between donors and recipients; Part Three evaluates the use of aid by sector; Part Four presents country case-studies; and Part Five synthesizes the lessons from development assistance. Part One of the book is very informative in that it summarises very concisely the theoretical underpinnings of the aid process. In the beginning, aid was thought to be the answer to underdevelopment which could be achieved by a transfer of capital from the rich to the poor. This approach, however, did not succeed as it was simplistic. Capital transfers were not sufficient in themselves to bring about development, as research in this area came to reveal. The development process is a complicated one, with inputs from all sectors of the economy. Thus, it came to be recognized that factors such as low literacy rates, poor health facilities, and lack of social infrastructure are also responsible for economic backwardness. Part One of the book, therefore, sums up appropriately the various trends in development thought. This is important because the book deals primarily with the issue of the effectiveness of aid as a catalyst to further economic development.

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