The phenomenon of the precariat in the Polish labour market during Poland’s membership in the European Union

Studies of the scale of unemployment in Poland and in Europe conducted in recent years lead to the conclusion that one of the largest and growing problems of the modern labour market is the unemployment rate among young people. An unfavourable phenomenon related to this issue, which is increasingly often appearing in public debate, is the rising unemployment of graduates. Therefore, it is important to attempt to identify related phenomena in today’s job market, and one of such phenomena is the emergence of a new type of employee in the labour market, a member of the precarious class. The analysis aims to present the origins, nature and scale of the precariat phenomenon in Poland. The issue is described from the perspective of the labour market position of a selected social group, i.e. young people entering the labour market after finishing their education. The study attempted to identify factors that affect this phenomenon and the characteristics confirming the sense of its separateness in the labour market.

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Kim jest polski NEET?

Więzi społeczne, sieci społeczne w perspektywie procesów inkluzji i wykluczenia społecznego ◽

10.18778/7969-483-9.13 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Blanka Serafin-Juszczak

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Young People ◽

Labour Market ◽

Social Exclusion ◽

Unemployment Rate ◽

Compulsory Education ◽

The European Union ◽

Eu Countries ◽

Employment Education

The phenomenon of NEET (not in employment, education or training), which was developed in the European Union, has not been comprehensively investigated in Poland. This problem concerns the situation of young people outside the employment sphere and the sphere of education, which makes them particularly vulnerable to social exclusion. Different rates of young people in the labour market, particularly the unemployment rate, according to the European Union proved to be insufficient. In most countries the scale of NEET is not marginal and there are always variations within a given country. But there are also some additional difficulties in NEET analysis such as different legal conditions between Polish and other EU countries concerning the compulsory education or other forms of obligatory learning and heterogeneity of the age categories. This article concerns the initial characteristics of the NEET category in Poland in comparison to the European Union.

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Into the Vicious Cycle of Precarity: Labour Market, Precarious Work, Social Vulnerability and Youth: The case of Greece within the EU context

Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal ◽

10.14738/assrj.712.9511 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 474-496

Author(s):

Nikos Papadakis ◽

Maria Drakaki ◽

Sofia Saridaki ◽

Vassilis Dafermos

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Young People ◽

Labour Market ◽

Social Vulnerability ◽

The State ◽

The European Union ◽

Development Education ◽

Ongoing Research ◽

Precarious Work ◽

The Impact

Ιn the last decade, there has been a widespread expansion of both precarious work and precarious forms of employment (such as temporary and low-qualified jobs, seasonal and part-time jobs etc.), in which a growing share of young people work. The impact of precarious work on young people is likely to be permanent, while it seems to affect (even over-determine) their life courses. Non-smooth and early transitions into labour market are very likely to worsen progressively their long-term life chances (Lodovici & Semenza, 2012: 7). Undoubtedly, the long-lasting global economic Crisis and the subsequent Recession, has heavily affected the state of play in the labour market worldwide, provoking severe modifications both in the field of employment and countries’ social cohesion. Based on the above mentioned, the paper deals with precarious work in general, while it emphasizes precarious work among youth. It initially captures, briefly, the state of play in terms of the impact of the Crisis on the widening of the phenomenon of precarious work and then it focuses on theoretical insights and critical conceptual definitions concerning precariousness in the labour market. Further, based on secondary quantitative -data analysis, it analyses the key- parameters and facets of precarious work (focusing on youth) in the European Union and, mainly, in Greece. Additionally, it briefly presents parameters of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on precariousness in Greece. Finally, the paper explores the correlation between precarious work and social vulnerability, especially among young people. The present paper is based on an ongoing Research Project. More specifically, this research is co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund- ESF) through the Operational Programme «Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning 2014-2020» in the context of the project “Precarious Work and Youth in today’s Greece: secondary quantitative analysis, qualitative filed research and research-based policy proposals” (MIS 5048510).

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Living in the shadow of unemployment -an unhealthy life situation: a qualitative study of young people from leaving school until early adult life

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-019-8005-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anne Hammarström ◽

Christina Ahlgren

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Labour Market ◽

Adult Life ◽

Life Course Perspective ◽

Life Situation ◽

Market Position ◽

Compulsory School ◽

Health Experiences ◽

Early Adult Life ◽

Labour Market Position

Abstract Background Despite the magnitude of youth unemployment there is a lack of studies, which explore the relations between health experiences and labour market position in various contexts. The aim of this paper was to analyse health experiences among young people in NEET (not in education, employment or training) in relation to labour market position from leaving school until early adult life. Method The population consists of everyone (six women, eight men) who became unemployed directly after leaving compulsory school in a town in Northern Sweden. Repeated personal interviews were performed from age 16 until age 33. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results Health experiences can be viewed as a contextual process, related to the different phases of leaving school, entering the labour market, becoming unemployed and becoming employed. Perceived relief and hope were related to leaving compulsory school, while entering the labour market was related to setbacks and disappointments as well as both health-deteriorating and health-promoting experiences depending on the actual labour market position. Our overarching theme of “Living in the shadow of unemployment – an unhealthy life situation” implies that it is not only the actual situation of being unemployed that is problematic but that the other phases are also coloured by earlier experiences of unemployment . Conclusion A focus on young people’s health experiences of transitions from school into the labour market brings a new focus on the importance of macroeconomic influence on social processes and contextualised mechanisms from a life-course perspective.

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China job market risks go beyond unemployment

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db202999 ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Labour Market ◽

Unemployment Rate ◽

Economic Uncertainty ◽

Job Market ◽

Content Type ◽

Market Risks ◽

Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽

The Government ◽

New Jobs

Subject Labour market conditions in China. Significance China’s official unemployment rate in 2014 was 4.09%, up from 4.05% in 2013. For the three previous years, it had stood still at exactly 4.10%. These implausible data give the illusion of stability during a period of slowing growth and economic uncertainty, and obscure a complex and volatile labour market that now presents a serious challenge to the government. The government is well aware of the pressures on the labour market and has stated its intention to create 10 million new jobs this year. Impacts Fewer young people will enter the workforce, and those who do will have much higher expectations. An older workforce means higher wage demands and the payment of pensions and medical insurance. China will have to find suitable employment for an increasing number of graduates; 7.5 million this year alone. Vocational and on-the-job training will have to revamped and invigorated to meet the demands of both employers and employees. The government's reliance on 'entrepreneurial spirit' to create new jobs could create more social tension.

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Atypical forms of employment among young people in the European Union

Sociologia Problemas e Práticas ◽

10.7458/spp2011667764 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Luísa Oliveira ◽

Helena Carvalho ◽

Luísa Veloso

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Young People ◽

Labour Market ◽

Categorical Data ◽

Market Integration ◽

The European Union ◽

Temporary Work ◽

Eu Member States ◽

European Union Countries ◽

Components Analysis

The article analyses precarious work among the young people in the 27 EU member states. It seeks to contribute to an understanding of the conditions relating to the integration of young people into the labour market in three decades (precisely, in 1988, 1998 and 2008), from a perspective that compares the countries. The information is derived from Eurostat sources; as its central indicator it takes the rate of temporary work and the interrelations between the young people’s qualification levels and the reasons cited for being in temporary work. A multivariate analysis was carried out: principal components analysis for categorical data (CatPCA). This allows us to present the differences between European Union countries, as well as the link between education and labour-market integration processes.

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IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Ekonomicko-manazerske spektrum ◽

10.26552/ems.2021.1.55-63 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 55-63

Author(s):

Maya Lambovska ◽

Boguslava Sardinha ◽

Jaroslav Belas, Jr.

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Czech Republic ◽

Young People ◽

Unemployment Rate ◽

Youth Unemployment ◽

The European Union ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Unemployment Rates ◽

The Eu

Youth unemployment is a problem in each member country of the European Union (EU). The EU seeks to alleviate this problem by implementing various programs to support young people in finding and keeping a job, thus contributing to economic growth. In 2020, the world was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. The countries have introduced many strict measures to prevent its spread, but they have caused a significant increase in unemployment, including among young people, and thus harmed economic growth. In this paper, we analyze the unemployment of people under the age of twenty-five in the EU. We also point out how unemployment rates have increased in individual countries. This problem concerns not only countries where the youth unemployment rate had been high already, such as Greece, Spain, and Italy, but also countries with previously lower rates, for example, the Czech Republic, Netherland, Poland, and Slovenia. In the latter group of countries, the youth unemployment rate has doubled in some cases due to anti-pandemic measures. We found that the most affected countries in this regard are the aforementioned Czech Republic, where the unemployment rate at the end of 2020 rose to 2.19 times above the level at the end of 2019, and Estonia, where year-over-year youth unemployment rose by a factor of 2.5. However, unfavorable developments occurred also in Lithuania, Latvia, and Ireland. According to our results, in 2020, youth unemployment increased the least in Hungary, Italy, and Belgium. In general, however, as the situation is now much more urgent, measures to alleviate this problem need to be put in place in each country to help young people find employment and, thus, stimulate economic growth.

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The youth in the European labour market. Is it lost generation?

SHS Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/shsconf/20185101001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 01001

Author(s):

Daniel Markovic

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Young People ◽

Labour Market ◽

Statistical Data ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Social Situation ◽

The European Union ◽

Lost Generation ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

The Media

Young people, school leavers, graduates and those who have not completed education, belong in many countries of European Union among the disadvantaged in the labour market. Because of that, they often face serious social situation. This paper focuses on the situation of young people in the labour market in the European Union, for whom the term lost generation is used in the media. It is investigated whether the concept of a Lost Generation is an adequate name for the situation or it is just journalistic hyperbole. The paper is a systematic review. It includes a meta-analysis component which involves using statistics. The methods of analysis of statistical data, synthesis of researched findings and monitoring of press and media are used.

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YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION LABOUR MARKET

Latgale National Economy Research ◽

10.17770/lner2016vol1.8.1482 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (8) ◽

pp. 80 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ewa Rollnik-Sadowska

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Young People ◽

Human Resources ◽

Labour Market ◽

The European Union ◽

Labour Market Situation ◽

Eu Countries ◽

European Welfare State ◽

Market Situation ◽

The Eu

In an era of aging of the European Union population, it is crucial to take care of human resources in various spheres of their life. The potential of young people is particularly important, as their economic activity creates the basis of maintaining the European welfare state model. However, the labour market situation of young people is difficult. Moreover, the phenomena, which have recently attracted increasing attention, are remaining for young people without employment, education or training (NEET). The occurrence of NEET's resources is harmful at micro level - due to pauperization of European households as well as for the whole economy due to insufficient usage of human resources. The paper aim is to compare how the situation of young people differs in the European Union labour markets.The paper was based on both the desk-research of literature as well as the analysis of selected economic indicators of young people (aged 15-29 years). The indicator analysis was made through the usage of cluster analysis (Ward's method and k-means method). The data was gathered from the databases of Eurostat. The selected indicators determine the labour market situation of young people in the EU countries and they are derived from two years – 2006 and 2014.Ward's and k-means methods allowed for dividing the EU countries into three groups. It occurred that the groups in 2006 have a completely different composition of countries than in 2014, which was mainly determined by crisis influences on the labour markets as well as directions of conducted reforms. Additionally, the k-means method allowed for comparison of selected groups on the basis of chosen variables and determination of countries with the best and the worst situation of young people.

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