Effect of Conditioning Methods on Mechanical Properties of Raw Bael Fruit

Background: Bael is an important indigenous fruit, which is rich in nutritional and health promoting factors. Development of value-added products from this fruit poses a problem as the fruit has a hard rind and is difficult to be removed by hand. Methods: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of different conditioning methods as normal water dipping (25-27°C), chilling (10-11°C), freezing (4-5°C) and hot water dipping (90-95°C) on firmness and other mechanical properties of raw and matured bael fruit, with a goal of devising some methods for easy removal of the rind. The fruits after conditioning were subjected to puncture test by universal testing machine. Distinct peaks were observed on the force-displacement traces which indicated the rupture force and firmness of the fruits. The changes observed in rupture force, deformation and firmness in conditioned samples were compared. Result: Rupture force measured for control sample (kept under ambient conditions) was 344.4±27.13 N and was found to be lower than that of the conditioned samples. The minimum rupture force of 192.6±14.41 N was observed in frozen sample. No significant difference in rupture force could be observed between the normal water dipped sample and chilled samples. Hot water dipped sample required a rupture force of 215.3±29.2 N, which was not significantly (p greater than 0.05) less than those of other treatments but, the green color of the fruits degraded to brown. The change in other mechanical properties also remained similar. The results would be useful for preparing the raw bael fruit for further processing and value addition.

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EFFECT OF STORAGE DURATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BELLO EGGPLANT FRUIT UNDER QUASI COMPRESSION LOADING

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i5.2019.850 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 311-320

Author(s):

Umurhurhu Benjamin ◽

Uguru Hilary

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Strong Dependence ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Storage Period ◽

Maturity Stage ◽

Rupture Force ◽

Storage Duration ◽

Compression Loading ◽

Universal Testing ◽

Rupture Energy

The mechanical properties of eggplant fruit (cv. Bello) harvested at physiological maturity stage were evaluated in three storage periods (3d, 6d and 9d). These mechanical parameters (rupture force, rupture energy and deformation at rupture point) were measured under quasi compression loading, using the Universal Testing Machine (Testometric model). The fruit’s toughness and rupture power were calculated from the data obtained from the rupture energy and deformation at rupture point. Results obtained showed that mechanical properties of the Bello eggplant fruit exhibited strong dependence on the storage period. The results showed that as the Bello fruit stored longer, its rupture force and rupture energy decreased from 812 N to 411 N, and 5.58 Nm to 3.11 Nm respectively. While the rupture power decreased from 1.095 W to 0.353 W. On the contrary, the toughness and deformation at rupture increased from 0.270 mJ/mm3 to 0.403 mJ/mm3, and 16.99 mm to 25.22mm respectively during the 9 days storage period. The knowledge of the mechanical properties of fruits is important for their harvest and post-harvest operations, therefore, information obtained from this study will be useful in the design and development of machines for the mechanization of eggplant production.

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The effect of calcinated hydroxyapatite and magnesium doped hydroxyapatite as fillers on the mechanical properties of a model BisGMA/TEGDMA dental composite initially and after aging

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering ◽

10.30544/403 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tamara Matic ◽

Maja Ležaja Zebić ◽

Ivana Cvijović-Alagić ◽

Vesna Miletić ◽

Rada Petrović ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Body Fluid ◽

Control Sample ◽

Dental Composite ◽

In Vitro Bioactivity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Nanosized Hydroxyapatite ◽

Glass Fillers ◽

Mg Doped

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of modifying model BisGMA/TEGDMA dental composite by substituting 10 wt. % of conventional glass fillers with bioactive fillers based on calcinated nanosized hydroxyapatite (HAp) and Mg doped hydroxyapatite (Mg-HAp). HAp and Mg-HAp powders were synthesized hydrothermally. Mechanical properties: hardness by Vickers (HV) and flexural strength (Fs) were tested initially and after being stored for 28 days in simulated body fluid (SBF). The experimental composites with HAp and Mg-HAp particles showed no statistically significant difference in HV compared to the control (p>0.05) either initially or after storage. Although mean Fs values of modified composites tested initially were lower (62 MPa) than those of the control (72 MPa), after 28 days of storage in SBF Fs values were greater for modified composites (42 MPa control sample, 48 MPa HAp and Mg-HAp samples). In vitro bioactivity of BisGMA/TEGDMA composites with HAp and Mg-HAp particles after 28 days in SBF was not detected. Keywords: hydroxyapatite; magnesium; dental composite; mechanical properties;

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Effect of Ultraviolet-A (UV-A) and Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Light on Mechanical Properties of Oyster Mushrooms during Growth

Journal of Biophysics ◽

10.1155/2014/687028 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tindibale L. Edward ◽

M. S. K. Kirui ◽

Josiah O. Omolo ◽

Richard G. Ngumbu ◽

Peter M. Odhiambo

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Storage Modulus ◽

Loss Factor ◽

Loss Modulus ◽

Control Sample ◽

Ultraviolet A ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ultraviolet C ◽

Oyster Mushrooms ◽

Uv C

This study investigated the effects of ultraviolet-A (UV-A) and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light on the mechanical properties in oyster mushrooms during the growth. Experiments were carried out with irradiation of the mushrooms with UV-A (365 nm) and UV-C (254 nm) light during growth. The exposure time ranged from 10 minutes to 60 minutes at intervals of 10 minutes and irradiation was done for three days. The samples for experimental studies were cut into cylindrical shapes of diameter 12.50 mm and thickness 3.00 mm. The storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss factor of the irradiated samples and control samples were determined for both UV bands and there was a significant difference between the storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss factor of the irradiated samples by both UV bands with reference to the control sample, P<0.05. UV-C light irradiated samples had higher loss modulus and loss factor but low storage modulus as temperature increased from 35 to 100°C with respect to the control sample while UV-A light irradiated samples had lower loss modulus, low loss factor, and higher storage modulus than UV-C irradiated samples.

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Microstructure, Physical Stability, and Rheological Properties of Salad Dressing Emulsions Supplemented with Various Pulse Flours

Journal of Food Research ◽

10.5539/jfr.v2n2p167 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 167 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zhen Ma ◽

Joyce I. Boye

Keyword(s):

Rheological Properties ◽

Flow Behavior ◽

Physical Stability ◽

Control Sample ◽

Value Added ◽

Flow Behavior Index ◽

Recoverable Strain ◽

Salad Dressing ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Value Added Products

Significant opportunities exist for using pulses in the development of health promoting foods as consumers increasingly look for functional foods with disease prevention qualities. Pulse ingredients could be considered for use in the development of novel, value-added products such as salad dressing. In this study, the rheological properties, color, physical stability, and microstructure of model salad dressing emulsions supplemented with various types of pulse flours (red lentil, green lentil, desi chickpea, kabuli chickpea and yellow pea) were evaluated. Supplementation with pulse flours significantly increased (P < 0.05) the consistency coefficient (m) and decreased (P < 0.05) the flow behavior index (n) of the control dressing in accordance with the power law modelduring steady state flow tests. The pulse-supplemented dressings also showed increased recoverable strain (i.e., increased Q(t)% values) compared with the control. The observed rheological results were supported by scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, where a more compact and uniform network was observed for supplemented dressings in comparison with the control sample. Addition of pulse flour increased the physical stability of the salad dressing emulsions and also modified color by increasing yellowness and redness hues depending on the type of flour used. This study, thus, demonstrated that pulse flours hold promise as ingredients that could be used in salad dressing formulations.

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Influence of Concentrations of Methacrylate and Acrylate Monomers on the Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Base Materials

Acta Chemica Iasi ◽

10.2478/achi-2018-0020 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 329-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Faik Tugut ◽

Mehmet Turgut ◽

Dursun Saraydin

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Acrylic Resin ◽

Bending Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Test Machine ◽

Fiber Reinforced ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding different concentrations of 2 hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), ethyl methacrylate (EA) and isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA) monomers on the structural, thermal and mechanical properties of a fiber reinforced heat-polymerized acrylic resin. For each test, 126 acrylic resin specimens were fabricated and divided into 6 groups with 7 specimens each. One group was the control group, the other one is a fiber reinforced group and others were the test groups, which were formed according to the different concentrations of monomers. 6 mm length, and the weight ratio of 3% short glass fibers are added to acrylic powder polymerized by heating. The 2%, 5%, 10%, at 20 % ratios of different comonomers added to a monomer of MMA are composed of copolymer structures. Flexural strength was assessed with a three-point bending test using a universal testing machine. Impact strength testing was conducted using an impact test machine by the Charpy method. The analysis of the connection between acrylic resin and fiber by SEM and structural changes in the acrylic resin was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. Data analyses using analysis of Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (α=0.05) significant difference tests showed that adding 2%, 5% HEMA and IBMA monomers significantly increased the flexural and impact strength compared to the control, only fiber and others group (P< 0.05). It is observed that the process of adding low concentration of HEMA and IBMA monomers improved certain mechanical properties of fiber reinforced with polymethylmethacrylate.

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Mechanical Properties of CoCr Dental-Prosthesis Restorations Made by Three Manufacturing Processes. Influence of the Microstructure and Topography

Metals ◽

10.3390/met10060788 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 788 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Roberto Padrós ◽

Miquel Punset ◽

Meritxell Molmeneu ◽

Aritza Brizuela Velasco ◽

Mariano Herrero-Climent ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Hydraulic Testing ◽

Laser Sintering ◽

P Value ◽

Manufacturing Processes ◽

Marginal Gap ◽

Significance Level ◽

Compression Load ◽

Significant Difference

The aim of this study is to compare the mechanical properties of three different dental restorations’ manufacturing processes (CADCAM milling, casting and laser sintering) generated by only one laboratory scanner focusing on marginal fit analysis and their mechanical properties. A chrome-cobalt (Cr-Co) alloy from the same batch was used for three different methods to make an implant abutment. This simulates a maxillary right first molar that was fixed in a hemi-maxillary stone model. Five scans were performed by each tested framework. Nine frameworks were manufactured for each manufacture procedure. Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) direct vision was used to marginal gap measurement in five critical points for each specimen. In order to fix the samples in the microscope chamber, the restorations were submitted at a compression load of 50 N. The samples always have the same orientation and conditions. The resolution of the microscope is 4 nm and it is equipped by J image software. The microstructure of the samples was also determined with the FE-SEM equipped with EDS-microanalysis. Roughness parameters were measured using White Light Interferometry (WLI). The arithmetical mean for the Ra and Rq of each sample was calculated. The samples were mechanically characterized by means of microhardness and flexural testing. Servo-hydraulic testing machine was used with cross-head rate of 1 mm/min. Two-way ANOVA statistical analysis was performed to determine whether the marginal discrepancies and mechanical properties were significantly different between each group (significance level p < 0.05). The overall mean marginal gap values were: from 50.53 ± 10.30 µm for the samples produced by CADCAM to 85.76 ± 22.56 µm for the samples produced by the casting method. Laser sintering presents a marginal gap of 60.95 ± 20.66 µm. The results revealed a statistically significant difference (p-value < 0.005) in the mean marginal gap between the CADCAM systems studied. The higher flexure load to fracture for these restorations were for CADCAM restoration and the lower was for the casting samples. For these restorations, CADCAM Restoration yielded a higher flexure load to fracture and Casting ones yielded the lower. Porosity and microstructure play a very important role in the mechanical properties.

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Tensile Properties and Dye Uptake Assessment of Cotton Fabrics Sized with Corn (Zea mays) Starch and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Starch

Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences ◽

10.34198/ejcs.5121.4962 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 49-62

Author(s):

Oyetade Joshua Akinropo ◽

Adewuyi Oluwafemi ◽

Akinrinlola Olumide

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Zea Mays ◽

Sorghum Bicolor ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Control Sample ◽

Dye Uptake ◽

Starch Concentration ◽

Textile Materials ◽

Recovery Angle

Sizing of textile substrate enhances the tenacity of the fibre which gives it an appreciable commercial acceptability. However, the sized textile sample is challenged with dye exhaustion and uptake. This study aimed at investigating the effects of starch molecules on dyeing of textile substrates, the recovery angle and the tenacity of the textile materials. This was carried out by treating pure cotton fabric with starch extracted from corn (Zea mays) and guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor) in the ratio 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and the percentage starch retention was calculated in mg/g while the %dye uptake was also calculated. The mechanical properties of the sized textile samples were measured using the tensile testing machine and the crease recovery of the textile materials was evaluated. From the results, the maximum wavelength (λmax) of the dye used was 530 nm. Furthermore, from the sizing of the textile samples, the highest percentage of starch retention was 3.71% and 2.733% for corn and sorghum starch respectively. The value of %dye uptake at 30 min was 29.25% and 27.1% for corn and sorghum sized while the control (i.e. the unsized textile sample) was 85.85%. The crease recovery angle of the 5% starch concentration was 12 for sorghum sized and 10 for corn sized. This value was recorded as the highest when compared to other percentage concentration of starch. The mechanical properties which measures the tensile strength shows that at 5% concentration, 14.098 mPa and 20.372 mPa tensile value was observed for sorghum and the corn sized samples respectively when compared to 12.097 value of the control sample. However, the highest tensile strength value was at 10% starch concentration (55.798 mPa) for sorghum sized samples and 15% starch concentration for corn sized textile samples.

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Prediction of coefficient of performance and simulation design of an air-source heat pump water heater

Journal of Engineering Design and Technology ◽

10.1108/jedt-06-2016-0042 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (03) ◽

pp. 378-394 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Stephen Loh Tangwe ◽

Michael Simon ◽

Edson Leroy Meyer

Keyword(s):

Electrical Energy ◽

Hot Water ◽

Coefficient Of Performance ◽

Ambient Conditions ◽

Water Heater ◽

Content Type ◽

Air Source Heat Pump ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Air Speed ◽

Heating Up

Purpose The purpose of this study was to build and develop mathematical models correlating ambient conditions and electrical energy to the coefficient of performance (COP) of an air-source heat pump (ASHP) water heater. This study also aimed to design a simulation application to compute the COP under different heating up scenarios, and to calculate the mean significant difference under the specified scenarios by using a statistical method. Design/methodology/approach A data acquisition system was designed with respect to the required sensors and data loggers on the basis of the experimental setup. The two critical scenarios (with hot water draws and without hot water draws) during the heating up cycles were analyzed. Both mathematical models and the simulation application were developed using the analyzed data. Findings The predictors showed a direct linear relationship to the COP under the no successive hot water draws scenario, while they exhibited a linear relationship with a negative gradient to the COP under the simultaneous draws scenario. Both scenarios showed the ambient conditions to be the primary factor, and the weight of importance of the contribution to the COP was five times more in the scenario of simultaneous hot water draws than in the other scenario. The average COP of the ASHP water heater was better during a heating cycle with simultaneous hot water draws but demonstrated no mean significant difference from the other scenario. Research limitations/implications There was a need to include other prediction parameters such as air speed, difference in condenser temperature and difference in compressor temperature, which could help improve model accuracy. However, these were excluded because of insufficient funding for the purchase of additional temperature sensors and an air speed transducer. Practical implications The research was conducted in a normal middle-income family home, and all the results were obtained from the collected data from the data acquisition system. Moreover, the experiment was very feasible because the conduction of the study did not interfere with the activities of the house, as occupants were able to carry out their activities as usual. Social implications This paper attempts to justify the system efficiency under different heating up scenarios. Based on the mathematical model, the performance of the system could be determined all year round and the payback period could be easily evaluated. Finally, from the study, homeowners could see the value of the efficiency of the technology, as they could easily compute its performance on the basis of the ambient conditions at their location. Originality/value This is the first research on the mathematical modeling of the COP of an ASHP water heater using ambient conditions and electrical energy as the predictors and by using surface fitting multi-linear regression. Further, the novelty is the design of the simulation application for a Simulink environment to compute the performance from real-time data.

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Comparison of Mechanical Properties between Thai Orthodontic Elastics with Different Ammonia Contents and Commercial Orthodontic Elastics

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.378-379.580 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 378-379 ◽

pp. 580-584

Author(s):

N. Anuwongnukroh ◽

Porntiwa Senarak ◽

Surachai Dechkunakorn ◽

Theeralaksna Suddhasthira ◽

C. Kongkaew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Breaking Strength ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Natural Rubber Latex ◽

Rubber Latex ◽

Maximum Displacement ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Extension Force ◽

Residual Force

Introduction: The most widely used preservative system for natural rubber latex to date is the ammonia-based system preventing spontaneous coagulation and putrefaction due mainly to bacteria contamination. Objectives: The study compared 2 types of Thai orthodontic elastics, produced from natural rubber latex with different ammonia contents with commercial orthodontic elastics in terms of initial extension force, residual force, force loss, swelling index, breaking strength and maximum displacement. Materials and Methods: Thai orthodontic elastics were developed from 2 types of natural rubber latex; low ammonia < 0.15% (Thai-L), and high ammonia not < 0.6% (Thai-H). The mechanical properties of Thai orthodontic elastics were compared with commercial elastics (Ormco). Mechanical properties were tested using a universal testing machine (Instron 5566). Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test compared the measurements among groups. Results: Ormco had the highest initial extension force and showed significant differences with Thai-L and Thai-H. Thai-L had the highest residual force but showed no significant difference compared with Ormco. Thai-L had the lowest percent of force loss and showed significant differences with Thai-H and Ormco. Thai-L had lower force loss than Thai-H. For swelling index, Thai-L had the highest elasticity. For breaking strength and maximum displacement, both Thai elastics met the Australian Standard (AS) for breaking strength and maximum displacement, similar to Ormco elastics. Conclusion: All elastics met the specifications of the AS for breaking strength and maximum displacement. Thai-L had comparable properties with commercial orthodontic elastics in terms of mechanical properties. Thai-L had comparable properties with Ormco in terms of mechanical properties and may be developed for orthodontic purposes.

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Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and Marginal Fit of Crowns Fabricated Using Commercially Pure Titanium and FUS-Invest

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2017/5807304 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jinshuang Wu ◽

Xianli Wang ◽

Helin Xing ◽

Tianwen Guo ◽

Chaofang Dong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Pure Titanium ◽

Commercially Pure Titanium ◽

Marginal Fit ◽

Commercially Pure ◽

Universal Testing ◽

Single Crown ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Internal Fit

This study investigated the mechanical properties and single crown accuracy of the tailor-made Fourth University Stomatology investment (FUS-invest) for casting titanium. Background. Current investment for casting titanium is not optimal for obtaining high-quality castings, and the commercially available titanium investment is costly. Methods. Titanium specimens were cast using the tailor-made FUS-invest. The mechanical properties were tested using a universal testing machine. Fractured castings were characterized by energy-dispersive spectroscopy. 19 titanium crowns were produced using FUS-invest and another 19 by Symbion. The accuracy of crowns was evaluated. Results. The mechanical properties of the titanium cast by FUS-invest were elastic modulus 125.6 ± 8.8 GPa, yield strength 567.5 ± 11.1 MPa, tensile strength 671.2 ± 15.6 MPa, and elongation 4.6 ± 0.2%. For marginal fit, no significant difference (P>0.05) was found at four marker points of each group. For internal fit, no significant difference (P>0.05) was found between two groups, whereas significant difference (P<0.01) was found at different mark point of each group. Conclusions. The mechanical properties of titanium casted using FUS-invest fulfilled the ISO 9693 criteria. The marginal and internal fit of the titanium crowns using either the FUS-invest or Symbion were similar.

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