Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Tissue Engineered Heart Valve

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soontaree Petchdee ◽  
Wilairat Chumsing ◽  
Suruk Udomsom ◽  
Kittiya Thunsiri
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mitral Valve ◽  
Heart Valve ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Deciduous Teeth ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Acquired Heart Disease ◽  
Tissue Engineered Heart Valves

Myxomatous mitral valve degeneration is the most acquired heart disease in dogs. To reduce the clinical progression of mitral valve degeneration and achieve the hemodynamic outcomes, many medical or surgical treatments have been motivated. The objectives of this study is to investigate the suitability of puppy deciduous teeth stem cells as a cell source for tissue engineered heart valves in dog with degenerative valve disease. Puppy deciduous teeth stem cells (pDSCs) were seeded on the scaffolds which made from polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PLC) and silicone. The mechanical properties of the tissue engineered heart valves leaflets were characterized by biaxial tensile tests. Results showed that, deciduous teeth stem cells capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types. However, the ability of puppy deciduous teeth stem cells to differentiate declined with increasing passage number which correspond to the number of protein surface marker detection have been shown to decrease substantially by the fifth passage. PLA scaffold is significantly higher tensile strength than other materials. However, silicone showed the highest flaccidity. The results from this study may provide high regenerative capability and the essential information for future directions of heart valve tissue engineering.

Non-Destructive and Non-Invasive Assessment of Mechanical Properties in Heart Valve Tissue Engineering

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Kortsmit ◽  
Niels J. B. Driessen ◽  
Marcel C. M. Rutten ◽  
Frank P. T. Baaijens
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heart Valve ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Numerical Approach ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Indentation Tests ◽  
Tissue Engineered Heart Valves ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Non Destructive

Despite recent progress, mechanical properties of tissue engineered heart valves still lack mechanical strength compared to native aortic valves [1]. Although cyclic tissue straining in bioreactor systems is known to enhance tissue formation [2], specific optimal loading protocols have not yet been defined. To get a better insight in the effects of mechanical loading on tissue development, mechanical behavior of tissue constructs should be monitored and controlled during culture. However, currently used methods for mechanical characterization (e.g. tensile tests, indentation tests) are destructive and can therefore only be performed at the end stage of tissue culture. An experimental-numerical approach was previously proposed by which leaflet deformation was assessed during culture in a bioreactor system, real-time and non-invasively [3]. Further development of this approach now enables a non-invasive and non-destructive assessment of mechanical properties of engineered heart valve leaflets.

scholarly journals Comparison of Heart Valve Circumference Examined Before and After 10% Formalin Fixation

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 478-484
Author(s):  
Watcharit Anantakal ◽  
◽  
Somboon Thamtakerngkit ◽  
Vijarn Vachirawongsakorn ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitral Valve ◽  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Heart Valve ◽  
Tricuspid Valve ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Formalin Fixation ◽  
Pulmonic Valve ◽  
Fresh State ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Objective: To compare the heart valve circumference before and after 10% formalin fixation. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed 63 Thai human cadaveric hearts. Each heart valve circumference was separately measured in the fresh state by specifically designed equipment. After that, the hearts were fixed in 10% formalin for 3 days. Then each heart valve circumference was measured by the same equipment and by the thread and ruler technique. The results were analyzed using SPSS package to find the association between the heart valve circumference before and after formalin fixation. Results: This study showed that the average circumferences of the heart valve measured in the fresh state were 13.329 cm in the tricuspid valve, 10.617 cm in the mitral valve, 8.416 cm in the pulmonic valve, and 7.122 cm in the aortic valve. The average circumferences of the heart valve measured after 10% formalin fixation were 11.019 cm in the tricuspid valve, 8.714 cm in the mitral valve, 6.751 cm in the pulmonic valve, and 6.089 cm in the aortic valve. The average ratios of the heart valve circumference measured fresh and after 10% formalin fixation were 0.8267 in the tricuspid valve, 0.8235 in the mitral valve, 0.8050 in the pulmonic valve, and 0.8573 in the aortic valve. There were significant differences in the heart valve circumference between the fresh state and after formalin fixation (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study revealed important information on the dimensional changes of all the formalin-fixed heart valves. We found that the heart valve shrank after formalin fixation, with the formalin-fixed hearts an estimated 0.8 times smaller than the fresh cadaveric hearts.

Large Displacement Flexural Properties of Tissue Engineered Heart Valve Scaffolds

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Sacks ◽  
Sanjay Kaushal ◽  
John E. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Valve ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Critical Test ◽  
Bioprosthetic Heart Valves ◽  
Property Evaluation ◽  
Fundamental Information ◽  
Tissue Engineered Heart Valve ◽  
Valve Prostheses ◽  
Tissue Engineered Heart Valves

Abstract The need for improved heart valve prostheses is especially critical in pediatric applications, where growth and remodeling are essential. Tissue engineered heart valves (TEHV) have functioned in the pulmonary circulation of growing lambs for up to four months [1], and thus can potentially overcome limitations of current bioprosthetic heart valves. Despite these promising results, significant questions remain. In particular, the role of scaffold mechanical properties in optimal extra-cellular matrix development, as well as TEHV durability, are largely unexplored. We have previously demonstrated flexure testing as a sensitive and critical test for BHV tissue mechanical property evaluation [2]. The following study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using this technique to provide fundamental information required for optimizing TEHV scaffold designs.

Abstract 219: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Potential Cell Source for Tissue Engineered Heart Valves

2016 ◽  
Vol 119 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline L Yonezawa ◽  
Monalisa Singh ◽  
David Safranski ◽  
Kenneth M Dupont ◽  
Chunhui Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
3D Culture ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Glycol Diacrylate ◽  
Cell Source ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Tissue Engineered Heart Valves

Despite recent advances in tissue engineered heart valves (TEHV), one of the major challenges is finding a suitable cell source for seeding TEHV scaffolds. Native heart valves are durable because valve interstitial cells (VICs) maintain tissue homeostasis by synthesizing and remodeling the extracellular matrix. In this study, we demonstrate that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be derived into induced mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) using our feeder-free protocol and then further differentiated into VICs using a 3D cell culture environment. The differentiation efficiency was quantified using flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry staining, RT-PCR, and trilineage differentiation. In addition, iMSCs were encapsulated in polyethylene (glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels of varying stiffness, grafted with adhesion peptide (RGDS), to promote cell proliferation, remodeling, and further differentiation into VIC-like cells. VICs phenotype was characterized by the expression of αSMA, vimentin, F-actin, and the ECM production after 7, 14, and 21 days. The results demonstrated that using our feeder-free differentiation protocol, iMSCs were differentiated from iPSCs. Our iMSCs had a 99.9% and 99.4% positive expression for MSC markers CD90 and CD44, respectively. As expected, there was 0.019% expression of CD45, which is a hematopoietic marker. In addition, iMSCs differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic. When MSC derived cells were encapsulated in PEGDA hydrogels that mimic the leaflet modulus, we observed expression of αSMA and F-actin after 7 days. Thus, the results from this study suggest that iPSCs can be a suitable cell source for TEHV by using a feeder-free differentiation approach and 3D culture.

scholarly journals Decellularized tissue-engineered heart valves calcification: what do animal and clinical studies tell us?

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel F. Badria ◽  
Petros G. Koutsoukos ◽  
Dimosthenis Mavrilas
Keyword(s):  
Heart Valve ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Anticoagulation Therapy ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
In Silico Studies ◽  
Decellularized Tissue ◽  
Tissue Engineered Heart Valves

AbstractCardiovascular diseases are the first cause of death worldwide. Among different heart malfunctions, heart valve failure due to calcification is still a challenging problem. While drug-dependent treatment for the early stage calcification could slow down its progression, heart valve replacement is inevitable in the late stages. Currently, heart valve replacements involve mainly two types of substitutes: mechanical and biological heart valves. Despite their significant advantages in restoring the cardiac function, both types of valves suffered from serious drawbacks in the long term. On the one hand, the mechanical one showed non-physiological hemodynamics and the need for the chronic anticoagulation therapy. On the other hand, the biological one showed stenosis and/or regurgitation due to calcification. Nowadays, new promising heart valve substitutes have emerged, known as decellularized tissue-engineered heart valves (dTEHV). Decellularized tissues of different types have been widely tested in bioprosthetic and tissue-engineered valves because of their superior biomechanics, biocompatibility, and biomimetic material composition. Such advantages allow successful cell attachment, growth and function leading finally to a living regenerative valvular tissue in vivo. Yet, there are no comprehensive studies that are covering the performance of dTEHV scaffolds in terms of their efficiency for the calcification problem. In this review article, we sought to answer the question of whether decellularized heart valves calcify or not. Also, which factors make them calcify and which ones lower and/or prevent their calcification. In addition, the review discussed the possible mechanisms for dTEHV calcification in comparison to the calcification in the native and bioprosthetic heart valves. For this purpose, we did a retrospective study for all the published work of decellularized heart valves. Only animal and clinical studies were included in this review. Those animal and clinical studies were further subcategorized into 4 categories for each depending on the effect of decellularization on calcification. Due to the complex nature of calcification in heart valves, other in vitro and in silico studies were not included. Finally, we compared the different results and summed up all the solid findings of whether decellularized heart valves calcify or not. Based on our review, the selection of the proper heart valve tissue sources (no immunological provoking residues), decellularization technique (no damaged exposed residues of the decellularized tissues, no remnants of dead cells, no remnants of decellularizing agents) and implantation techniques (avoiding suturing during the surgical implantation) could provide a perfect anticalcification potential even without in vitro cell seeding or additional scaffold treatment.

Inverse Mechanical Characterization of Tissue Engineered Heart Valves

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martijn A. J. Cox ◽  
Jeroen Kortsmit ◽  
Niels J. B. Driessen ◽  
Carlijn V. C. Bouten ◽  
Frank P. T. Baaijens
Keyword(s):  
Heart Valves ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Mechanical Characterization ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Mechanical Conditioning ◽  
Indentation Tests ◽  
Tissue Engineered Heart Valves

Over the last few years, research interest in tissue engineering as an alternative for current treatment and replacement strategies for cardiovascular and heart valve diseases has significantly increased. In vitro mechanical conditioning is an essential tool for engineering strong implantable tissues [1]. Detailed knowledge of the mechanical properties of the native tissue as well as the properties of the developing engineered constructs is vital for a better understanding and control of the mechanical conditioning process. The nonlinear and anisotropic behavior of soft tissues puts high demands on their mechanical characterization. Current standards in mechanical testing of soft tissues include (multiaxial) tensile testing and indentation tests. Uniaxial tensile tests do not provide sufficient information for characterizing the full anisotropic material behavior, while biaxial tensile tests are difficult to perform, and boundary effects limit the test region to a small central portion of the tissue. In addition, characterization of the local tissue properties from a tensile test is non-trivial. Indentation tests may be used to overcome some of these limitations. Indentation tests are easy to perform and when indenter size is small relative to the tissue dimensions, local characterization is possible. We have demonstrated that by recording deformation gradients and indentation force during a spherical indentation test the anisotropic mechanical behavior of engineered cardiovascular constructs can be characterized [2]. In the current study this combined numerical-experimental approach is used on Tissue Engineered Heart Valves (TEHV).

scholarly journals Molecular and functional characteristics of heart-valve interstitial cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 362 (1484) ◽  
pp. 1437-1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian H Chester ◽  
Patricia M Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Heart Valve ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Valve Function ◽  
And Function

The cells that reside within valve cusps play an integral role in the durability and function of heart valves. There are principally two types of cells found in cusp tissue: the endothelial cells that cover the surface of the cusps and the interstitial cells (ICs) that form a network within the extracellular matrix (ECM) within the body of the cusp. Both cell types exhibit unique functions that are unlike those of other endothelial and ICs found throughout the body. The valve ICs express a complex pattern of cell-surface, cytoskeletal and muscle proteins. They are able to bind to, and communicate with, each other and the ECM. The endothelial cells on the outflow and inflow surfaces of the valve differ from one another. Their individual characteristics and functions reflect the fact that they are exposed to separate patterns of flow and pressure. In addition to providing a structural role in the valve, it is now known that the biological function of valve cells is important in maintaining the integrity of the cusps and the optimum function of the valve. In response to inappropriate stimuli, valve interstitial and endothelial cells may also participate in processes that lead to valve degeneration and calcification. Understanding the complex biology of valve interstitial and endothelial cells is an important requirement in elucidating the mechanisms that regulate valve function in health and disease, as well as setting a benchmark for the function of cells that may be used to tissue engineer a heart valve.

scholarly journals Tissue Engineering in Cardiovascular Surgery: Evolution and Contemporary Condition of the Problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Ilya Alexandrovich Soynov ◽  
Irina Yurievna Zhuravleva ◽  
Yuriy Yurievich Kulyabin ◽  
Nataliya Romanova Nichay ◽  
Tatyana Pavlovna Timchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Heart Valve ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Tissue Engineered Heart Valves ◽  
Valve Diseases ◽  
The Ideal

The “ideal” graft for forming outflow ways is a big issue in reconstructive heart valve surgery. For today, this question is a field of interest especially in pediatric cardiac surgery, because the existing prosthesis are exposed to aggressive degenerative processes due to metabolic features, and also do not have the growth potential. Therefore, repetitive graft reimplantation gradually increases risk of surgery and greatly reduce the quality of patient’s life. Tissue engineering is a new perspective approach in surgery of congenital and heart valve diseases, which may help overcome limitations of existing and provide the new opportunities for surgical correction. This review highlights current trends in development of tissue-engineered heart valves and grafts, and existing limitations and potential solutions are discussed.

scholarly journals Structure and Rheological Properties of Bovine Aortic Heart Valve and Pericardium Tissue: Implications in Bioprosthetic and Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Hani A. Alhadrami ◽  
Raza ur Rehman Syed ◽  
Alap Ali Zahid ◽  
Rashid Ahmed ◽  
Shajia Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Heart Valve ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Aortic Heart Valve ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
Tissue Engineered Heart Valves ◽  
Porcine Origin ◽  
Bioprosthetic Valves ◽  
Scanning Electron

Heart valve (HV) diseases are among the leading causes of cardiac failure and deaths. Of the various HV diseases, damaged HV leaflets are among the primary culprits. In many cases, impaired HV restoration is not always possible, and the replacement of valves becomes necessary. Bioprosthetic HVs have been used for the replacement of the diseased valves, which is obtained from the sources of bovine and porcine origin, while tissue-engineered heart valves (TEHV) have emerged as a promising future solution. The bioprosthetic valves are prone to become calcified, and thus they last for only ten to fifteen years. The adequate understanding of the correlations between the biomechanics and rheological properties of native HV tissues can enable us to improve the durability of the bioprosthetic HV as well as help in the development of tissue-engineered heart valves (TEHV). In this study, the structural and rheological properties of native bovine aortic HV and pericardium tissues were investigated. The microstructures of the tissues were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, while the rheological properties were studied using oscillatory shear measurement and creep test. The reported results provide significant insights into the correlations between the microstructure and viscoelastic properties of the bovine aortic HV and pericardium tissues.

CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR THE CREATION OF AORTIC HEART VALVE

2008 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOS S. MORSI ◽  
CYNTHIA S. WONG
Keyword(s):  
Heart Valve ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Polyglycolic Acid ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Trimethylene Carbonate ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Tissue Engineered Heart Valves

The concept of tissue-engineered heart valves offers an alternative to current heart valve replacements that is capable of addressing shortcomings such as life-long administration of anticoagulants, inadequate durability, and inability to grow. Since tissue engineering is a multifaceted area, studies conducted have focused on different aspects such as hemodynamics, cellular interactions and mechanisms, scaffold designs, and mechanical characteristics in the form of both in vitro and in vivo investigations. This review concentrates on the advancements of scaffold materials and manufacturing processes, and on cell–scaffold interactions. Aside from the commonly used materials, polyglycolic acid and polylactic acid, novel polymers such as hydrogels and trimethylene carbonate-based polymers are being developed to simulate the natural mechanical characteristics of heart valves. Electrospinning has been examined as a new manufacturing technique that has the potential to facilitate tissue formation via increased surface area. The type of cells utilized for seeding onto the scaffolds is another factor to take into consideration; currently, stem cells are of great interest because of their potential to differentiate into various types of cells. Although extensive studies have been conducted, the creation of a fully functional heart valve that is clinically applicable still requires further investigation due to the complexity and intricacies of the heart valve.

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