Ovarian Dynamics, Plasma Endocrine Profile and Fertility Response Following Synchronization Protocols in Crossbred Cows with Cystic Ovaries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Dhami ◽  
J. H. Chauhan ◽  
K. K. Hadiya ◽  
N. P. Sarvaiya
Keyword(s):  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Ovarian Cysts ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Conception Rates ◽  
The Mean

Background: Cystic ovarian degeneration (COD) with prevalence of 10-13% is a common and economically important condition in dairy cattle affecting fertility. Predisposing factors and aetiology of ovarian cysts are multifaceted. The most widely accepted cause is either absent, insufficient or wrong time occurrence of pre-ovulatory LH-surge. The accuracy of differential diagnosis of cyst per rectum can be increased by simultaneous use of USG and/or plasma progesterone assay and therapeutic success depends on type and duration of cystic condition. The literature on these aspects in crossbred cows is meagre, hence was planned to differentially diagnose the ovarian follicular and luteal cysts based on clinical, sonographic and endocrine findings and to study the estrus response and conception rates following different treatment modalities of COD in crossbred cattle. Methods: This study was conducted on greater than 90 days postpartum HF crossbred cows with cystic ovaries (n=58) confirmed by per rectal palpation and ultrasonography. The animals with follicular cysts were randomly treated with either conventional Ovsynch or Ovsynch + CIDR protocol (n=10 each) and those with luteal cysts with either Double PG injections 11 days apart or modified Ovsynch protocol (n=16 each) with fixed time AI. A group of six cystic cows was kept as untreated control. Blood samples were collected in heparinized vacutainers, together with trans-rectal ultrasonography, on day 0 (just before initiation of treatment), on day of last PGF2á injection, on day of induced estrus/FTAI and on day 12 post-AI for determination of plasma progesterone and estradiol-17â by RIA technique. Results: The mean diameters and wall thickness of ovarian cysts regressed significantly (p less than 0.01) among responded cows of all four protocols. The estrus induction response within 48-96 hrs of last PG injection with Ovsynch, Ovsynch + CIDR, Modified Ovsynch and Double PG protocols was 90.00, 100.00, 87.50 and 81.25 %, respectively. The conception rates at induced estrus with FTAI for these protocols were 50.00, 40.00, 50.00 and 43.75 %, respectively and the corresponding overall conception rates for 3 cycles’ post-treatment were 60.00, 70.00, 68.75 and 56.25 %, respectively, compared to zero result of control group. The mean plasma progesterone concentration varied highly significantly (p less than 0.01) between periods of treatment in all protocols, the values were lower (p less than 0.01) on day 0 and on day of FTAI than on the day of last PG injection and on day 12 post-AI. The values on day 12 post-AI were significantly higher in conceived than non-conceived cows. The trend of estradiol-17â profile on day of last PG injection was reversed than on day 0. The higher levels of estradiol-17â on day of FTAI were associated with regression of cystic structures and development of new dominant follicles with estrogenic activity concomitant to induced estrus and ovulatory LH surge in most of the animals as evident from USG monitoring, behavioural signs and conception rates.

scholarly journals Role of Various Estrus Induction and Synchronization Protocols in Influencing Plasma Progesterone, Metabolic Profile and Fertility in Acyclic Buffaloes

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Prajapati ◽  
D. M. Patel ◽  
A. J. Dhami ◽  
J. A. Patel ◽  
K. K. Hadiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Conception Rates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximal Benefit

A study was carried out under field conditions on 50 acyclic/ anestrus buffaloes to evaluate the efficacy of four standard estrus synchronization protocols, viz., Doublesynch, Estradoublesynch, Ovsynch, and Ovsynch Plus (10 buffaloes in each protocol, and in untreated control group) in terms of estrus induction response, conception rates at induced estrus with FTAI and monitoring plasma progesterone, protein and cholesterol profile at different time intervals during treatment and day 12 post-AI. All the animals received pre-synchronization treatment, i.e., Inj. 100 mg ivermectin s/c, Inj. tono-vita 20 ml, and multi-minerals 1 bolus daily for 7 days. The conception rates obtained at induced estrus (FTAI) were 50.0, 40.0, 30.0 and 50.0 % with Doublesynch, Estradoublesynch, Ovsynch and Ovsynch Plus protocol, respectively. The rests were taken as non-conceived ones. The plasma progesterone concentrations monitored on day 0 (start of treatment), 7/9 (PGF2 α injection), 10/12 (FTAI) and on day 12 post-AI revealed significant (p Lass Than 0.01) effect of sampling days in all four protocols with higher values on day of PGF2 α injection and on day 12 post-AI compared to other days. Moreover, the plasma progesterone concentrations were significantly (p Lass Than 0.05) higher in conceiving than the non-conceiving buffaloes on day 12 post-AI in all 4 protocols. The mean plasma protein and cholesterol profile did not differ significantly between days in any of the protocols. The animals under Doublesynch protocol however had significantly higher protein values as compared to Ovsynch and Ovsynch Plus protocols. Moreover, the non-conceiving buffaloes under Ovsynch Plus protocol had significantly (p Lass Than 0.05) lower mean plasma protein (5.73±0.15 vs. 6.49±0.13 g/dl) and cholesterol (57.42±1.19 vs. 76.68±1.85 mg/dl) concentrations compared to their counterparts. It was concluded that all four hormonal protocols improved plasma progesterone profile and conception rates in acyclic buffaloes without altering plasma protein and cholesterol profile. The maximal benefit was with Doublesynch and Ovsynch plus protocols, hence these can be practiced under field conditions to manage acyclic buffaloes.

Effect of estrus synchronization on plasma progesterone profile and fertility response in postpartum suckled anestrous Kankrej cows

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrajuddin Naikoo ◽  
A. J. Dhami ◽  
Ammu Ramakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cyclic Groups ◽  
Early Postpartum ◽  
Conception Rates ◽  
Cyclic Control ◽  
The Mean

The study was designed at evaluating early postpartum ovarian activity through plasma progesterone profile at 10 days interval up to 90 days, followed by induction of estrus in postpartum anestrous suckled Kankrej cows (n=18) using Ovsynch, CIDR and Ovsynch + CIDR treatment protocols with FTAI (6 cows in each protocol), keeping six normal cyclic cows as control. The plasma P4 profile (ng/ml) varied in the range of 0.15±0.03 to 1.70±0.80 in treatment groups and 0.62 ±0.19 to 4.09±1.60 in control group up to 90 days postpartum. The mean P4 concentration on the day of calving was low (<1 ng/ml) in all the groups, which gradually increased to reach peak levels by day 40 in cyclic control (4.09±1.60 ng/ml), Ovsynch (1.70±0.80 ng/ml) and CIDR (1.68±0.47 ng/ml) and by day 20 in Ovsynch + CIDR (1.09±0.23 ng/ml) groups. Most of the cows turned into subestrous or anestrous condition between days 40 and 90 postpartum. The estrus induction response in Ovsynch, CIDR and Ovsynch + CIDR groups initiated at day 90-92 postpartum was 66.66, 83.33 and 50.00 per cent, respectively. The conception rates at induced estrus were 16.66, 33.33 and 16.66 per cent, and overall of 3 cycles 33.33 (2/6), 50.00 (3/3) and 33.33 (2/6) per cent, respectively. In normal cyclic control group, the conception rates at first cycle and overall of 3 cycles were 33.33 and 50.00 per cent. The mean plasma P4 (ng/ml) concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) higher on day 7 in Ovsynch (1.41 ±0.10), CIDR (4.92±0.83) and Ovsynch + CIDR (3.87±0.84) protocols as compared to their corresponding values on day 0 and day 9/10 (AI). The mean values of plasma P4 from days 20 to 40 post-AI were higher in conceived cows than in non-conceived cows of CIDR and Ovsynch + CIDR groups, compared to the animals in Ovsynch and normal cyclic groups. It is opined that the use of different protocols, mainly CIDR, may serve as an effective tool for induction and synchronization of estrus and improvement of conception rate in postpartum anestrous suckled Kankrej cows.

Results of applying ADCON-L gel after lumbar discectomy: the German ADCON-L study

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Peter Richter ◽  
Erich Kast ◽  
Rainer Tomczak ◽  
Werner Besenfelder ◽  
Wilhelm Gaus
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Disc ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fine Print

Object. Failed-back syndrome is still an unsolved problem. Use of ADCON-L gel, already commercially available, has been proven to reduce postoperative scarring in animal experiments. The authors of two controlled clinical studies have also shown positive results when applying the gel. They did not, however, establish patient-oriented endpoints. The authors report a study of ADCON-L in which they focus on patient-oriented endpoints. Methods. Patients with lumbar disc herniation were randomized to an ADCON-L—treated or control group. Therapeutic success was evaluated using the validated Hannover Questionnaire on Activities of Daily Living (FFbH) 6 months after surgery. The study took place between November 14, 1996, and April 20, 1998, in eight neurosurgical centers in Germany. A total of 398 patients was recruited; 41 patients dropped out during follow up. The mean functional FFbH score (100 points = all activities are possible without problem; 0 points = no activity is possible) was 78.5 points in the ADCON-L—treated group compared with 80 points in the control group. Furthermore, in terms of secondary outcome variables, the ADCON-L group did not have an advantage over the control group. Only the mean magnetic resonance imaging score showed a slight advantage of ADCON-L over the control group. Conclusions. The authors found no positive effect of treatment with ADCON-L gel in patients in whom one-level lumbar microdiscectomy was performed. Because of its rather large sample size and its homogeneity, the study had sufficient power to detect even small differences between the two groups.

EFFECT OF POST-OVULATORY ADMINISTERED OESTROGENS ON CORPUS LUTEUM FUNCTION

1975 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Lehmann ◽  
I. Just-Nastansky ◽  
B. Behrendt ◽  
P.-J. Czygan ◽  
G. Bettendorf
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
The Third ◽  
Late Luteal Phase ◽  
Fourth Cycle ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT The effect of orally given diethylstilboestroldiphosphate (DES) and 17α-ethinyl-oestradiol-3-methylether (EEM) on plasma progesterone levels was studied. Both compounds were administered for 5 days to 5 women in daily doses of 60 mg (DES) and 30 mg (EEM). The fully informed volunteers were found to have a normal menstrual cycle before the study. The mean corpus luteum phase (corpus luteum phase = days between LH surge and onset of menstruation) of all control cycles lasted 12.8 days. Daily plasma samples were collected for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of progesterone, immunoreactive oestrogens and LH. After a control cycle the first treatment was carried out with DES. The third and the fifth cycle were control cycles again. The EEM-treatment was done in the fourth cycle. Although the effect of the two compounds was different, a dependence of the age of the corpus luteum (CL) could be demonstrated for both. DES-treatment lowered plasma progesterone levels during administration. This effect was only demonstrable if the treatment was begun on the day of the LH-peak. The length of the CL-phase remained unaltered. EEM-treatment if started on the day of the LH surge, suppressed corpus luteum function in the late luteal phase. If the treatment was started later, the effect was less pronounced. The administration of both compounds did not shorten the time between ovulation and the next bleeding. After DES-treatment this interval was not altered. After EEM-treatment the subsequent bleeding was even delayed depending on slowly decreasing levels of plasma oestrogens.

scholarly journals Randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride in arresting caries in Lagos, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. e226341
Author(s):  
Moses Okechukwu Azouru ◽  
Modupe Olufunmilayo Ashiwaju ◽  
Augustine Edomwonyi ◽  
Afolabi Oyapero ◽  
Bola Obisesan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Silver Diamine Fluoride ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Mean

Treatment of dental caries in children still remains challenging due to lack of cooperation with conventional treatment modalities. Recently, the use of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) has proved useful in addressing this challenge. Aim: This clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) in arresting caries in children in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: This was a phase III balanced randomized controlled school based interventional study on 240 children. The study group was treated with SDF while GIC was used in the control group. Follow up visits in 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months were carried out to assess the treatment outcome. Inferential statistics with the use of Pearson Chi-square test and Independent Student t-test were used at 5% level of significance. Results: There was significant relationship between SDF and caries arrest in 2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months’ assessment period (p = 0.001). The control group showed continuous decline (71.7%, 54.3% and 50.9%) in restorative success from 2 weeks to 3 months respectively. The mean ± SD and Confidence Interval (CI) of arrested caries in the SDF group were 113± 1.24 and 113.1 – 113.5 respectively. In the control group the mean ± SD and CI of restorative success were 69.3±11.8 and 67.2 – 71.4. The effect size was 5.24. Conclusion: The result of the study showed that SDF was effective in arresting caries in children without any harm and there was statistically significant difference in the use of 38% SDF in arresting caries in children.

Blood Biochemical, Hormonal and Mineral Status of Cyclic, Acyclic, Endometriotic and Pregnant Crossbred Cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chirag I Patel ◽  
A J Dhami ◽  
M T Panchal ◽  
N P Sarvaiya ◽  
S V Shah
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Mean

A study was carried out on infertile (acyclic and endometriotic) crossbred cows under field and normal cyclic (all 4 phases of cycle) as well as pregnant (3, 6, 9 month) crossbred cows of University farm to evaluate the plasma progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) hormones by RIA, and plasma total protein, cholesterol, calcium and phosphorus concentrations by using assay kits on chemistry analyzer. The mean progesterone levels in cows during the diestrus phase and in pregnancy were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than those during proestrus, estrus, metestrus, anestrus, and endometritis status. At six month of gestation, the mean P4 level was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than at early or late gestation. The mean E2 values at estrus and 9th month of gestation were highest (p less than 0.01) as compared to another status. The mean plasma total protein and cholesterol levels were significantly (p less than 0.05) lower during six and nine months of pregnancy than during cyclic and acyclic stages. The cholesterol profile of all three stages of pregnancy and endometriotic cows were statistically similar, though distinctly low at 9 month of pregnancy. Plasma levels of P4 and E2 thus correlated with the physiological and clinical status of cows, while cholesterol levels reflected steroidogenic status. The mean plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentrations of cyclic, acyclic, pregnant and endometriotic cows, however, did not differ significantly.

Effect of feeding straw based densified feed pellets on performanceof lactating crossbred cows

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Meel ◽  
Rohit Charan ◽  
Praveen Kaushik ◽  
R. Kumawat ◽  
P. Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Feed Pellets ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

The objective of this study was to observe the effect of feeding densified feed pellets (WSDFP) to lactating crossbred cows. Eight lactating crossbred cows were divided into two groups. Animals in T1 were fed wheat straw and concentrate mixed in a ratio of 30:70 whereas in T2 group these were converted into pellets. The mean dry matter intake was 9.50±0.13, 12.70±0.17 in T1 to T2, which was significantly (p£0.05) higher in T2 group. There was no effect on digestibility of different nutrients between control and treatment group. Effect of treatment on percent milk fat, milk protein and solid not fat was found statistically non-significant. The net profit was 26.22 % higher in WSDFP than control group. The feed cost per kg milk was 7.41 % lower in WSDFP group in comparison to the control group and FCE was also comparable between WSDFP group (1.63) and the control group (1.55). The study revealed that feeding of wheat straw based densified feed pellets was more economic, less laborious than conventional feeding.

Effects of ovulation status and stage of oestrous cycle on plasma progesterone concentrations in cattle with or without a history of twin calvings

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Morris ◽  
A. M. Day ◽  
A. J. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Breeding Experiment ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rectal Palpation ◽  
Group Effects

ABSTRACTPlasma progesterone concentrations were measured over two collection periods from two groups of mature non-pregnant cows involved in a twin-breeding experiment. One group (T) consisted of cows obtained from private herds after having produced at least two sets of twins each; the other was a control group of similar ages and breeds. Yearling heifers from the same breeding experiment were also included. The mean progesterone concentration from cows in the T group was proportionally 0·83 of the value in control cows and the cow group effects were consistent in direction for samples obtained after single or double ovulations. Results were also consistent in early oestrous cycle (days 3 to 7, oestrus = day 0), mid cycle (days 8 to 13) but not late cycle (days 14 to 18). Concentrations were significantly higher in yearling heifers than in control cows. There was a trend for higher progesterone concentrations after double than after single ovulations assessed by rectal palpation, but differences were not significant.

Studies in the augmentation of fertility of Romney ewes with pregnant-mare serum

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Single Injection ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
Normal Order ◽  
Conception Rates ◽  
Cycle Lengths ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Breeding Seasons

In the course of two breeding seasons 261 mature Romney ewes have been employed in three slaughter experiments designed to investigate the manner in which the reproductive performance of such animals, after treatment with a single injection of P.M.S., is conditioned by: (a) the amount of P.M.S. administered; (b) the nutritive status of the treated animals; (c) the stage of the oestrous cycle at which the P.M.S. is administered.In the first experiment, one untreated control group and three experimental groups of ewes, treated with different amounts of P.M.S., on the twelfth and thirteenth days of the cycle, were used to establish a dose level-ovulation response relationship. Mean ovulation rates and ranges of ovulations observed were: control 1.17 (1–2); 250 i.u. P.M.S. 1.50 (1–2); 500 i.u. P.M.S. 2.07 (1–3); 1000 i.u. P.M.S. 4.33 (1–13).In the second experiment, oestrous cycle lengths, ovulation and conception rates, and loss of ova during the first few weeks of pregnancy were compared in four groups of ewes that had been treated as follows: (a) neither flushed nor treated with P.M.S.; (b) flushed but not treated with P.M.S.; (c) not flushed but treated with 650 i.u. P.M.S. on the twelfth or thirteenth days of the cycle; (d) flushed and treated with 650 i.u. P.M.S. on the twelfth or thirteenth days of the cycle.Oestrous cycle lengths were of significantly shorter duration in flushed than in unflushed ewes (0.5 day) and in P.M.S.-treated than in untreated animals (0.7 day). Conception rates were of a normal order in all four groups. The mean ovulation rates of those that conceived at first fertile service were respectively 1.33, 1.61, 1.80 and 1.88. The number of ovulations ranged from 1–2 in the unflushed–untreated group and from 1–3 in each of the other three groups.In the third experiment results obtained from groups of ewes treated with 650 i.u. P.M.S. on the tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth days respectively, were compared. Mean ovulation rates were approximately similar in all five groups, but (as was also the case in the second experiment) of a lower order than might have been expected from the dose response curve established in the first experiment. Conception rates were satisfactory after injection on the twelfth, thirteenth or fourteenth days, but unsatisfactory after treatment on the eleventh day, and still less satisfactory after treatment on the tenth day.From the results obtained in these three experiments the following general conclusions were drawn:(1) Breed or strain differences may be of considerable importance in governing the extent of the ovulation response following P.M.S. treatment.(2) The magnitude of the ovulation response to P.M.S. treatment depends to some extent on the ‘batch’ of P.M.S. used and/or the strain of ewes employed.(3) The nutritive status of ewes during the breeding season is not an important factor in determining the ovulation rate following P.M.S. treatment.(4) When P.M.S. is administered 5 days or less before the onset of the subsequent oestrus, good conception rates are obtained.(5) Extremely poor conception rates result where animals are treated more than 5 days before oestrus.(6) Best ovulation and conception rates are obtained when the treatment-to-oestrus interval is 2–3 days.(7) For optimum results, treatment on the fourteenth day of the cycle is recommended. However, good results are also obtained after treatment on either the twelfth or the thirteenth days. Treatment on the fifteenth day should also be reasonably satisfactory.(8) When ovulated in similar numbers, and provided conception occurs, ova produced as a result of P.M.S. stimulation are no more prone to fail to undergo normal embryonic development than are naturally ripened eggs.

scholarly journals Treatment of Ovarian Cysts in Dairy Cows with Simultaneous Administration of GnRH and PGF2α has no Clear Advantage Over the Use of GnRH Alone

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Rudowska ◽  
Wojciech Barański ◽  
Piotr Socha ◽  
Sławomir Zduńczyk ◽  
Tomasz Janowski
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Ovarian Cysts ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Simultaneous Administration ◽  
Good Clinical Response ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy o f simultaneous administration of GnRH and PGF2α in dairy cows with ovarian cysts. Ovarian cyst-affected dairy cows were divided into two experimental groups: 54 cows treated with GnRH and PGF2α, and 42 cows treated with GnRH alone, whereas 22 untreated cows served as the control group. Clinical response and reproductive performance were evaluated. The cumulative disappearance was better in treated cows than in the control group; however, there were no differences between the treatment groups (92.6; 95.2% vs. 72.3%). The mean interval from calving to conception was not significantly shorter (being so by 29 d) in the GnRH/PGF2α group than in the cows treated with GnRH alone (P > 0.05). The intervals from treatment to conception were also similar in these groups. The pregnancy rate in both treated groups was similar (62%) and higher than in the control cows (53%). In the cows with luteal cysts, the total pregnancy rate was higher in all experimental groups; however, only in GnRH-treated cows was this difference statistically significant (77.8% vs. 50.0%, P < 0.05). With time after parturition, the pregnancy rate decreased in all groups. In general, the cows treated with GnRH and PGF2α simultaneously displayed a good clinical response and slight improvement in reproductive performance compared to the single-therapy GnRH group; however, this was not fully convincing.

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