scholarly journals Potential of Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) Extract against Salmonella Pullorum

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Hidanah ◽  
Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum ◽  
Soeharsono . ◽  
Ayu Andira ◽  
Noor Amina Varhana
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Pullorum ◽  
Major Chemical

Background: Salmonella Pullorum are pathogenic bacteria that causes salmonellosis and causes heavy economic losses in the poultry industry and are zoonotic. Treatment of diseases caused by bacteria generally use antibiotics, but excessive administration of antibiotics causes bacterial resistance and residues in livestock. Major chemical constituents of Sambiloto are andrographolide and flavonoids. Andrographolide has antibacterial effect in addition to being antitoxic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antiallergic. Methods: The research was conducted by isolating and identifying Salmonella Pullorum on SSA media and a series of biochemical tests (TSIA, SIM, SCA, urea media and sugar test), manufacturing sambiloto extract, testing the sensitivity of several antibiotics using the disk diffusion method and testing the activation of sambiloto extract against Salmonella Pullorum using the disk diffusion and dilution methods. Result: The result show that sambiloto had antibacterial activity because it contained andrographolide, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and tannins and the lowest extract dose that effectively killed Salmonella Pullorum is concentrations of 20%.

scholarly journals Detection of pathogenic bacteria associated with earphones used by students of Stamford University Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Omor Ahmed Chowdhury ◽  
Md Raihan Ahmed ◽  
Md Raihan Dipu ◽  
Md Aftab Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

The use of earphones has increased in recent times throughout the world especially among the different level of students such as school, college or university who have a higher tendency of sharing these among them. Unlike airline headsets, headphones and stethoscope ear-pieces, ear phones are often shared by multiple users and can be a potential medium for transmission of pathogens, which can give rise to various ear related infections. The objective of this study was to detect the pathogenic bacteria from the ear-phones used by the students of Stamford University Bangladesh. A total of 16 ear-phone swabs were collected by sterile cotton swabs. The swabs were inoculated onto blood agar and incubated aerobically overnight at 37oC. Microscopic observation and standard biochemical tests were performed to confirm the identification of all the bacterial isolates. Six presumptively identified Staphylococcus spp. (38%) were tested against six different types of antibiotics following Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Isolates were found to be 84% resistant against Cotrimoxazole and demonstrated 100% sensitivity to Vancomycin and Ciprorofloxacin. The findings of this study suggest the users to disinfect their respective ear phones and not to exchange them as they may act as a potential source to transfer pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria among the ear phone users. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.10 (1) 2020: 1-4

Antibacterial activity of Indian spices against the pathogens isolated from wound infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saruchi ◽  
Anjali Saini ◽  
Vaneet Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Antibiotic Drug

Introduction: Plants have been used for thousands of years to treat health disorders, to prevent diseases including epidemics, to flavor and conserve food. It is estimated that 250 to 500 thousand plant species are present on the earth, out of which only 10% is used as a source of food by humans and animals Objective: In the present work, antibacterial activity of five different Indian spices: turmeric, clove, pepper, cinnamon and garlic were investigated against pathogens isolated from wound samples. Method: The unknown bacteria were identified by different types of morphological and biochemical techniques such as serial dilutions, spread plate methods, morphological studies and biochemical tests. The swabs of the patients were inoculated in 10 mL of sterile nutrient broth and incubated at 37oC for 24 h. The antibacterial activities of these Indian spices were evaluated using the disk diffusion method. A suspension of the microorganisms to be tested was spread on nutrient agar and MacConkey agar medium. The filter paper discs were placed on the agar plates, which were saturated with extract of spice. The plates were then incubated at 37oC for 24 h.. After incubation, the zone of inhibition was determined by evaluating the diameter of the zone of inhibition. Results: The antibacterial activities of these Indian spices were evaluated using the disk diffusion method and the inhibitory zones were recorded. It was clear from the result that cinnamon had a larger inhibition zone against P1NA3, P1MAC1 and least with P2NA2. Garlic showed a larger zone of inhibition against P2NA2, P3NA3 and least for P1MAC1. Clove had maximum zone of inhibition against P1MAC2 and least with P3NA3. These spices showed zone of inhibition somewhat close to the control antibiotic drug ampicilline. Conclusion: P1MNC2 showed a maximum zone of inhibition with clove (3 cm) at 100%. P2NA2 showed the highest antibacterial activity with garlic (3.6 cm) at 100% and minimum with cinnamon (1.1cm) at 20%. P3NA3 showed maximum antibacterial activity result with garlic (4.2 cm) at 100% and minimum with clove (1.2cm) at 20%. Spices are economical, more accessible to most of the population in the world. So, medicinal plants should be encouraged to use as potential sources of new drugs.

scholarly journals Antibacterial efficacy of Bacopa monnieri leaf extracts against pathogenic bacteria

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Viqar Khan ◽  
Qamar Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Indu Shukla ◽  
Athar Ali Khan
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Bacopa Monnieri ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibacterial Efficacy ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method

Abstract Background: Bacopa monnieri (Linn) Pennell (Scrophulariaceae) is widely distributed in tropical regions of Asia, and used in the treatment of cough or as an antiseptic. The traditional use of this plant suggests its possible antibacterial properties, but its efficacy has not been examined yet. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria using the disk diffusion method. Materials and methods: Five different concentrations (500 μg, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 mg/mL) of crude leaf extracts of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell were tested for antibacterial efficacy against seven Gram-positive and 11 Gramnegative bacteria. The sensitivity of plant fractions was tested using the disk diffusion method. Results: Maximum activity was revealed by ethyl acetate and methanol extracts, followed by aqueous, benzene, and petrol extracts. Phyto-chemical analysis of the plant leaf showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. Conclusion: This plant may be effective for treatment of different pathogenic diseases.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of disk diffusion and liquid medium microdillution methods for testing the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of anaerobic bacterial strains isolated from intra-abdominal infections

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 209-220 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Empiric Therapy ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Abdominal Infections

The antibiotic resistance aspects concerning the bacterial strains isolated from intra-abdominal infections signify at present a major problem of therapy. The empiric pre-operatory antimicrobial therapy plays a key role in the management and course of the intra-abdominal infections, an inappropriate therapy resulting in a poor outcome of the clinical cases and an increase of bacterial resistance. The purpose of the present paper was to compare the results of the antibiotic susceptibility of some selected anaerobic strains to certain antibiotics used in the empiric therapy of intra-abdominal infections, achieved by two different methods, in order to select for the current practice the most reliable, simple and rapid one. We have found a good correlation between the results obtained by the standard, Brucella broth microdilution method recommended by CLSI and the disk diffusion method (recommended by Bailey and Scott, 2002), for all tested antibiotics, demonstrating the possibility to use this last simplified method as an alternative to the laborious and time-consuming dilution method, for the routine testing of the antibiotic susceptibility of anaerobic stranis isolated in severe infections.

scholarly journals Bacterial profiles and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Isolates from inanimate hospital environments at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shemse Sebre ◽  
Woldaregay Erku ◽  
Aminu Seman ◽  
Tewachw Awoke ◽  
Zelalem Desalegn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Medical Equipment ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

AbstractMicrobial contamination of hospital environment plays an important role in the spread of health care-associated infections (HCAIs). This study was conducted to determine bacterial contamination, bacterial profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from environmental surfaces and medical equipment. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) from June to September, 2018. A total of 164 inanimate surfaces located at intensive care units (ICUs) and operation theaters (OTs) were swabbed. All isolates were identified by using routine bacterial culture, Gram staining and a panel of biochemical tests. For each identified bacteria, antibiogram profiles were determined by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Out of the 164 swabbed samples, 141 (86%) were positive for bacterial growth. The predominant bacteria identified from OTs and ICUs were S. aureus (23% vs 11.5%), Acinetobacter spp (3.8% vs 17.5%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS) (12.6% vs 2.7%) respectively. Linens were the most contaminated materials among items studied at the hospital (14.8%). The proportions of resistance among Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) were high for penicillin (92.8%), cefoxitin (83.5%) and erythromycin (54.1%). However, the most effective antibiotics were clindamycin with only 10.4% and 16.5% resistance rates, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) revealed that the most effective antibiotics were amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin with resistance rate of 25%, 37.5%, and 46.3%, respectively. However, the highest resistance was recorded against ampicillin (97.5%), ceftazidime (91.3%), ceftriaxone (91.3%) and aztreonam (90%). The inanimate surfaces near immediate patient environment and commonly touched medical equipment within OTs and ICUs are reservoirs of potential pathogenic bacteria that could predispose critically ill patients to acquire HCAIs. The proportions of antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolates are much higher from studied clean inanimate environments.

scholarly journals Detection of Drug Susceptibility to Azoles among Trichophyton rubrum Isolates by Disk Diffusion Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-23
Author(s):  
GM Mohiuddin ◽  
Humayun Sattar ◽  
Ahmed Abu Saleh ◽  
Abu Naser Ibne Sattar ◽  
SM Ali Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Trichophyton Rubrum ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Hair Samples

Dermatophytes are filamentous fungi that cause tiniasis with high prevalence in tropical hot, humid and overcrowded countries like Bangladesh. Antifungal drug resistance among dermatophyte isolates are very common due to irrational and overuse of them. In vitro antifungal susceptibility test may help to select appropriate drug, optimize the therapy and monitor the emergence of drug resistance. This study was undertaken to isolate and identify different dermatophyte species from skin, nail and hair samples and to see the susceptibility pattern of azoles (fluconazole, miconazole and itraconazole) among one of the most common dermatophyte isolates (Trichophyton rubrum) by disk diffusion method. A total of two hundred and forty six patients clinically suspected of dermatophytosis attending in the outpatient department (OPD) of Dermatology and Venereology of BSMMU, Dhaka, were studied from September 2018 to August 2019. All the samples of skin, nail and hair were processed for direct microscopic examination and culture. The species of dermatophytes were identified by gross colony morphology, microscopic features and biochemical tests. Antifungal susceptibility was performed by disk diffusion (Neo-Sensitabs susceptibility testing modified for Dermatophytes) method in Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) media. Out of 246 specimens 27.2% were positive by microscopy, 28.9% were positive by culture and 26.0% were positive by both microscopy and culture. Tinea cruris (32.4%) was the most prevalent clinical type among all dermatophyte isolates. Among 71 culture positive isolates, T. rubrum (71.8%) was most prevalent followed by T. mentagrophytes (24.0%) and E. floccosum (4.2%). By disk diffusion method fluconazole was found as the most resistant drug (90.2%) against T. rubrum isolates and Itraconazole was the most sensitive (80.4%). Miconazole was found as most intermediate sensitive. Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2019; 13 (1): 20-23

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Jatropha curcas (Linn) Leaves Extract a gainst Vibrio harveyi and Aeromonas hydrophila

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Nasrullah Bai Arifin ◽  
Imas Marthapratama ◽  
Ellana Sanoesi ◽  
Arief Prajitno
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Physic Nut ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Paper Disk

The use of natural products as an antimicrobial agent is an alternative way in the treating drug-resistant pathogens. A. hydrophila and V. harveyi are pathogenic bacteria both in freshwater and marine culture, respectively. Physic nut (Jatropha curcas, Linn) has been known as an herbal plant that has an antibacterial agent. The purpose of this study was to analyze inhibition ability of an extract of physic nut leaves on the growth of V. harveyi and A. hydrophila. In this study, water extract of physic nut leaves was determined to evaluate the antibacterial activity against V. harveyi and A. hydrophila using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Test (MIC) and Paper Disk Diffusion Method. The smallest concentration on the MIC was 0.10 g/ml for A. hydrophila and 0.15 g/ml for V. harveyi, respectively. The Paper Disk Diffusion Method used difference concentrations (0.10 g/ml; 0.15 g/ml; 0.20 g/ml; 0.25 g/ml; 0.30 g/ml; 0.35 g/ml; dan 0.40 g/ml) and Control (0 g/ml). The concentration of 0.35 g/ml had the highest inhibition zone diameter in 11.3±0.2 mm for A. hydrophila and 0.40 g/ml had the highest inhibition zone in 11.2±0.3 mm for V. harveyi. The result showed that water extract of physic nut leaves was able to inhibit both tested bacteria.

scholarly journals Bacteriologic Profile and Antibiogram of Blood Culture Isolates in a Pediatric Care Unit

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 085-088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavitha Prabhu ◽  
Sevitha Bhat ◽  
Sunil Rao
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Pediatric Care ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Screening And Surveillance

ABSTRACT Background / Aims: Septicemia is one of the important causes of mortality and morbidity in neonates and children. Blood culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis. Emergence of multidrug resistant bacterial strains is a major problem in the management of sepsis. Present study was undertaken to identify the common bacterial pathogens associated with pediatric sepsis and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods: Blood cultures from 185 suspected cases of sepsis were examined. The growths from the subcultures were identified by conventional biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and drug resistant strains in primary screening were further processed for extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) status by combination disk method (ESBL) and oxacillin disk diffusion method (MRSA). Results: Out of the 185 cultures obtained from suspected cases, 81 (44%) were culture positive. Fifty-two (35%) of the culture isolates were Gram negative bacilli. Twenty-eight (64%) of the isolates were Gram positive cocci. One case was of mixed infection. The prevalence of MRSA in 41 strains of S. aureus was found to be 29% (12 strains). The overall prevalence of ESBL producers among 28 Gram negative bacterial isolates was found to be 32% (9 strains). Conclusion: This study stresses the need for the continuous screening and surveillance for antibiotic resistance in pediatric care unit.

scholarly journals 660. Evaluation of Qvella’s FAST-Prep™ Liquid Colony™ for Early Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing of Positive Blood Culture by Disk Diffusion Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S386-S386
Author(s):  
Susan M Novak-Weekley ◽  
Aye Aye Khine ◽  
Tino Alavie ◽  
Namidha Fernandez ◽  
Laxman Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Method ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative

Abstract Background Conventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of microorganisms from positive blood cultures (PBC) can take ≥ 2 days. In order to improve the turnaround time for AST on a PBC, CLSI and EUCAST have made efforts to standardize procedures for disk diffusion (DD) direct from a PBC. Qvella Corporation (Richmond Hill, ON, Canada) has recently developed FAST-Prep, an automated centrifugal sample preparation system that rapidly delivers a Liquid Colony consisting of a purified, concentrated, viable cell suspension directly from a PBC. This study was performed to investigate the feasibility of DD AST off of a PBC using a FAST-Prep Liquid Colony. Methods Contrived PBC samples were prepared by spiking 6 species of Gram-positive and 4 species of Gram-negative bacteria (3-5 strains per species) into FA® Plus bottles and incubating in the BACT/ALERT® VIRTUO® System (bioMerieux, Durham, NC). After positivity, 3 mL of PBC was added to the FAST-Prep cartridge. After 20 minutes of processing in the FAST-Prep instrument, the Liquid Colony was removed from the cartridge and a 0.5 McFarland sample was prepared for DD AST. In parallel, the DD AST from a PBC was performed using 4 drops of PBC (CLSI direct method). Both methods were compared to conventional colony-based DD AST. After 16-18 hours of incubation zone diameters and S/I/R interpretations were determined. Categorical agreement (CA) and errors for both DD AST methods were calculated. In addition, colony plate counting was performed on 0.5 McFarland suspensions of Liquid Colony and the plate colony to determine biomass recovery and sample purity. Results CA for a FAST-Prep DD AST for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was 95.6% and 98.6%, respectively, compared to CA for CLSI DD AST of 77.2% and 81.9%, respectively. Biomass in the Liquid Colony was 7.2x108 and 1.2x109 CFU for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Cell concentration in the 0.5 McFarland suspension of the Liquid Colony was 3.7x107 and 5.9x107 CFU/mL for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, which was similar to the concentration for the reference colony suspension. Conclusion The results support the potential role of FAST-Prep in providing a Liquid Colony for use in rapid AST. Disclosures Susan M. Novak-Weekley, PhD, D(ABMM), Qvella (Employee, Shareholder) Aye Aye Khine, PhD, Qvella (Employee, Shareholder) Tino Alavie, PhD, Qvella (Employee) Namidha Fernandez, MS, Qvella (Employee) Laxman Pandey, MS, Qvella (Employee) Abdossamad Talebpour, PhD, Qvella (Employee, Shareholder)

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