Breeding technique of Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard, 1901) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on roses leaflets

The development of adequate methods for maintaining populations of arthropod organisms in the laboratory has been a challenge due to the characteristics of each species. This work has aimed to define a method for breeding Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard, 1901) in rose leaflets in order to study this species in the laboratory. A condition which could maintain the leaflets turgor for a longer time was sought, in order to guarantee both the survival and multiplication of the insects, and less influence of abiotic factors. Four types of substrates were tested: a) a filter paper disk moistened with distilled water covering the bottom of a Petri dish and; b) a vegetable sponge moistened with distilled water surrounding the base of the leaflet; c) a potato, dextrose and agar (BDA) in a microcentrifuge tube surrounding the base of the leaflet; and d) hydrogel in a microcentrifuge tube surrounding the base of the leaflet. The filter paper moistened with distilled water allowed 65% of the leaflets to remain turgid over a 10-day period and was the most suitable substrate for thrips breeding. With the results at hand, we described S. rubrocinctus breeding in the laboratory. The adopted methodology provided the population density stability of the bred insects, as well as the obtainment of specimens of S. rubrocinctus in quantity and quality throughout the entire period of development of studies on the biology of the species.

UJI DAYA HAMBAT EKSTRAK BAWANG DAYAK (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Salmonella parayphi

Bawang dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr.) merupakan salah satu bahan alami yang sering digunakan untuk obat di Kalimantan. E. palmifolia digunakan untuk pengobatan karena mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri. Seperti senyawa fenolik, flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tannin dan glikosida yang termasuk kedalam senyawa polar. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak etanol 70% E. palmifolia terhadap bakteri Salmonella paratyphi dengan metode ekstraksi teknik maserasi. E. paratyphi merupakan bakteri pathogen terhadap manusia yang habitatnya berada di saluran pencernaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak E. palmifolia dengan perbandingan konsentrasi ekstrak E. palmifolia 20 mg/ml, 30 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, dan 60 mg/ml serta kloramfenikol sebagai kontrol positif dan aquadest steril sebagai kontrol negatif. Metode uji antibakteri yang digunakan yaitu metode difusi dengan cara paper disk sebanyak 5 kali pengulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pengaruh ekstrak E. palmifolia dalam mengambat pertumbuhan bakteri E. paratyphi yang dibuktikan dengan adanya zona hambat yang terbentuk disekitar paper disk pada media dengan konsentrasi 20 mg/ml, 30 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, dan 60 mg/ml dimana rata rata diameter zona hambat berturut-turut 6,6 mm, 7,4 mm, 8,8 mm, 9,9 mm masuk dalam kategori daya hambat tidak efektif dan 11 mm masuk dalam kategori lemah. Kata Kunci: Eleutherine palmifolia, Etanol, Antimikroba

THE FORMULATION OF PEEL-OFF MASK FROM THE ETHANOL EXTRACT OF BILIMBI LEAVES (Averrhoa blimbi L.) AS ANTI-ACNE TREATMENT

This research aims to formulate and assess the efficacy of the peel-off mask as an anti-acne of ethanol extract from bilimbi leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). The method used was an experiment, evaluating the extract through the inhibition test of Staphylococcus epidermis bacteria with the paper disk diffusion method. The peel-off mask formulation added the extract with a concentration of 7% (F1), 9% (F2), 11% (F3), and without using extract (F0). The Peel-off mask preparation testing includes the detection of scents, colours, irritation checks, and the determination of peel-off anti-acne mask efficacy. This study was carried out at Akafarma of Banda Aceh and the Chemistry laboratory of FKIP Unsyiah. The findings of the inhibition zone for Staphylococcus epidermis bacteria at extract concentrations of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% were 15 mm, 12 mm, 11 mm and 10 mm, respectively. The four peel-off mask formulas were gel, homogeneous, brown, with the distinctive scent of bilimbi leaves, and did not irritate the volunteers’ skin. The average decline in acne before and after using the mask for any formula (F0, FI, FII, and FIII) was 19.64%, 22.63%, 28.75% and 50%, respectively. The peel-off mask of ethanol extract of bilimbi leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) is effective as an anti-acne treatment.

Uji Efektifitas Madu sebagai Antibakteri terhadap Bakteri Salmonella Thypii Secara In Vitro

Sampai saat ini demam tifoid masih merupakan masalah kesehatan di negara-negara tropis termaksud Indonesia. Demam Tifoid disebabkan oleh bakteri Salmonella typhii. Bakteri ini, merupakan patogen yang spesifik menyerang saluran pencernaan manusia yang masuk kedalam tubuh melalui makanan dan minuman yang terkontaminasi. Penyakit ini merupakan penyakit yang menular yang dapat menyerang banyak orang mulai dari usia balita, anak-anak dan dewasa. Pengobatan penderita demam tifoid dengan terapi supportif yakni tirah baring dan pemberian gizi yang cukup serta pemberian antibiotik. Menurut Depkes RI 2009 pemberian antibiotik berupa kloramfenikol. Akan tetapi Sejak zaman Nabi Muhammad SAW madu telah di pergunakan untuk pengobatan sebagaimana Allah SWT berfirman dalam Al-Quran Surah An-Nahl ayat 69 yang artinya “Dari perut lebah itu keluar minuman (madu) yang bermacam-macam warnanya, didalamnya terdapat obat yang menyembuhkan bagi manusia. Sesungguhnya pada yang demikian itu benar-benar terdapat tanda (kebesaran Rabb) bagi orang-orang yang memikirkan” Maka dari ayat ini, penulis ingin mengetahui efektisitas madu sebagai antibakteri terhadap bakteri Salmonella thypii. Penelitian ini menggunakan true experimental post test dengan menggunakan Madu yang diencerkan ke dalam konsentrasi 35%, 50%, 75% dan 100% menggunakan dua replikasi, yang mana masing-masing replikasi yang kemudian di rendam didalam paper disk, kemudian ditanam kedalam biakan bakteri Salmonella thypii. Dan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol positif Kloramfenikol 500 mg. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Zona hambat minimal (ZHM) bersifat sensitif terhadap bakteri Salmonella thypii dengan masing-masing pada replikasi I konsetrasi 50% (36,05mm), konsentrasi 75% (27,30mm) dan konsentrasi 100% (36, 05mm). Sedangkan replikasi II, pada konsentrasi 50% (26,53mm), pada konsentrasi 75% (26,56mm) dan konsentrasi 100% (32,64mm).

Uji Resistensi Bakteri Endofit Bambu terhadap Logam Merkuri dan Identifikasi Secara Molekuler dengan Analisis Gen 16S rRNA

Merkuri merupakan salah satu logam berat yang berbahaya bagi lingkungan. Pemanfaatan bakteri endofit bambu sebagai bakteri pendegradasi logam merkuri belum banyak dilaporkan sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk memperoleh isolat bakteri endofit bambu resisten logam merkuri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui resistensi isolat bakteri endofit bambu terhadap logam merkuri. Isolat bakteri yang digunakan merupakan koleksi isolat Laboratorium Biologi STKIP Pembangunan Indonesia, yang diberi kode KL2 A Hitam, KL2 Rehitam, KL2 Blit2, KL2 Rebatik. Pada uji resistensi, sebanyak 100 µL larutan HgCl2 diteteskan pada paper disk yang ditumbuhkan pada media Nutrient Agar sebagai media tumbuh bakteri endofit bambu selama 24 jam pada suhu 37 °C. Konsentrasi HgCl2 yang digunakan adalah 10, 20, 30, 40 dan 50 ppm. Hasil menunjukkan keempat isolat bakteri dapat tumbuh pada seluruh media yang mengandung larutan HgCl2, yang ditandai dengan terbentuknya zona bening di sekitar paper disk. Berdasarkan pengukuran zona bening, isolat KL2 Rebatik membentuk zona bening sebesar 13 mm pada media mengandung 10 ppm HgCl2 dan merupakan zona bening terbesar. Tiga isolat lainnya, isolat KL2 A Hitam, KL2 Rehitam dan KL2 Blit2 pada media mengandung 10 ppm HgCl2 membentuk zona bening masing-masing 10,66 mm dan 7,6 mm. Seluruh isolat bakteri menunjukkan penurunan ukuran zona bening seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi HgCl2 yang digunakan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa bakteri endofit bambu resisten terhadap ion Hg2+ hingga konsentrasi 50 ppm. Isolat KL2 Rehitam dipilih untuk diindentifikasi menggunakan amplikasi gen 16S rRNA. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan isolat KL2 Rehitam memiliki tingkat kemiripan sebesar 99% dengan Bacillus cereus.

Efektivitas ekstrak daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) terhadap jamur Pityrosporum ovale

ABSTRAKDaun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) banyak digunakan sebagai obat tradisional untuk mengobati berbagai macam penyakit, salah satunya sebagai antimikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antimikroba dan konsentrasi efektif dari ekstrak daun salam (S. polyanthum) terhadap Pityrosporum ovale. Pengujian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap faktorial dan metode pengujian antijamur dengan metode disc diffusion. Data diolah dengan SPPS versi 23. Konsentrasi ekstrak daun salam (S. polyanthum) yang digunakan yakni 25%, 50%, 75%, dan 100%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya potensi antimikroba pada semua konsentrasi ekstrak daun salam (S. polyanthum) yang ditunjukkan dengan zona bening di sekitar paper disk. Zona bening terbesar adalah 18,2 mm dan 15,03 mm diperoleh dari ekstrak daun salam (S. polyanthum) dengan konsentrasi 100%. Kata kunci: antifungi; disc diffusion; Pityrosporum ovale; Syzygium polyanthum ABSTRACTEffectiveness of salam leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) extract against Pityrosporum ovaleBayleaf (Syzygium polyanthum) is a plant that is used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases. One of them is as an antimicrobial. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity and effective concentration of bayleaf extract against P. ovale. This research use a factorial completely randomized design and the antifungal disc diffusion method. The data were processed using SPPS version 23. The bayleaf (S. polyanthum) extract concentrations are 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The results showed the presence of antimicrobial potential in all concentration of bayleaf (S. polyanthum) extracts indicated by the clear zone around the paper disk. The largest clear zones were 18.2 mm and 15.03 mm obtained 100% bayleaf (S. polyanthum) extracts. Keywords: antifungus; disc diffusion; Pityrosporum ovale; Syzygium polyanthum

A simple measurement device for groundwater flow velocity using inkjet-printed drawing paper

<p>We have developed a single-dot paper disk type groundwater flow current meter (single-dot PDV), which is a measuring device that easily measures the groundwater flow velocity from the traces of dots printed on paper using dye ink as a tracer. Correction coefficient based on numerical calculation for the coefficient for converting the sensor-flow velocity to the Darcy flow velocity. The correction coefficient can be expressed by a linear function of the hydraulic conductivity, and the flow velocity can be calibrated by an arbitrary hydraulic conductivity. The measurement principle of PDV was that the ink on the paper disc elutes from the paper and moves in the permeable sponge. After that, it was clarified that tailing occurred by dyeing the ink on the drawing paper. The ink movement speed and the groundwater flow velocity are proportional, and it has been shown that it is appropriate to measure the groundwater flow velocity by the tailing length.</p>

Inhibitory Effects of Essential Oils of Cinnamon zeylanicum and Myristica fragrans against Brucella abortus 544 Inoculated in Fresh Baladi Cheese

Background: Essential Oils (EOs) are natural metabolic products of plants that contain a condensed chemical hydrophobic liquid compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate inhibitory effects of EOs of Cinnamon zeylanicum and Myristica fragrans against Brucella abortus 544 inoculated in fresh Baladi cheese. Methods: Fresh Baladi cheese was manufactured from experimentally contaminated milk with B. abortus 544 in combination of EOs of C. zeylanicum or M. fragrans. Cheese samples were periodically subjected to further microbiological surveys at different storage times (0, 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h). The inhibition zone diameter and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against tested strain were also determined. Statistical analyses were conducted by GraphPad Prism Statistical Software. Results: The inhibition zone diameter of the paper disk were 9.5±0.5 and 16±0.57 mm at 1% concentration of M. fragrans and C. zeylanicum EOs, respectively; and 15±0.28 and 21±0.76 mm at 5% concentration of M. fragrans and C. zeylanicum EOs, respectively. The values of inhibition zone diameters were significantly (p<0.0001) different between the two selected concentrations of 1% and 5% for the studied EOs. Also, anti-Brucella activity of C. zeylanicum was significantly (p<0.0001) more than that of M. fragrans EO. Conclusion: Due to the appropriate anti-Brucella activity, C. zeylanicum EO could be applied as an effective natural preservative in the production of fresh Baladi cheese. Conversely, using M. fragrans EO could not protect the fresh Baladi cheese against Brucella.

CuO Nanoparticles : Biosynthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Study

The biosynthesis of CuO nanoparticles was studied. The aims of this research were biosynthesis CuO nanoparticles from Cu2+ion solution and leaves aquoeus extract of sweet star fruit and its in vitro study as antibacterial agent of Escherichia coli. CuO nanoparticles was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and X-Ray diffractometer. CuO nanoparticles was synthesized by reaction between Cu2+ion solution and leaves aquoeus extract of sweet star fruit. Paper disk method was used as the application of the suspension of CuO nanoparticles. The result showed that Cu-O groups detected at wave number of 503, 619, 767 and 821 cm-1. Diffractogram of CuO nanoparticles had sharp and narrow diffraction peaks. The crystallite size of CuO nanoparticles was 4.25 nm. The average inhibition zone of CuO nanoparticles at concentration 10.000, 7.500, 5.000 and 2.500 ppm was 17.43 ± 1.81 ; 15.73 ± 0.40 ; 14.50 ± 2.96 and 9.67 ± 0.28 mm respectively.

Chitosan-CuO Nanoparticles as Antibacterial Shigella dysenteriae: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Study

The synthesis of chitosan- CuO nanoparticles was studied. This research’s aims were biosynthesis CuO nanoparticles, synthesis of chitosan-CuO nanoparticles, and used as an antibacterial agent of Shigella dysenteriae. CuO nanoparticles and chitosan-CuO nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. CuO nanoparticle was synthesized by the reaction between leaf extract of sweet star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) and copper sulfate pentahydrate. Chitosan-CuO nanoparticles were synthesized by a heating method. The suspension of chitosan-CuO nanoparticles was used as an antibacterial agent with a paper disk method. The result showed that the Cu-O group at CuO nanoparticles was detected at a wavenumber of 503, 619, 767, and 821 cm-1. The crystallite size of the CuO nanoparticles was 4.25 nm. Cu-O group bonded at N-H and O-H groups and detected at 3406 cm-1 from the FTIR spectra of chitosan-CuO nanoparticles. The average inhibition zone of chitosan-CuO nanoparticles at concentration 2.500, 5.000, 7.500, and 10.000 ppm to Shigella dysenteriae were 13.57 ± 1.55; 14.90 ± 1.20; 15.97 ± 0.76 and 17.03 ± 1.80 mm, respectively.