scholarly journals La génesis ibérica del moderno poder naval

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-252
Author(s):  
Manuel Vila González
Keyword(s):  
Language Education ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
New Era ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
15Th Century

At the end of the 15th century, a revolutionary approach to the use of the sea for its own benefit emerged from the two Atlantic Iberian peoples, characterized by having to face the challenge of ocean navigation and the exploration of new lands, something never even conceived previously. As happened in the previous historical stages with other protagonists, the main motivation to jump into the sea was economic. However, the geographic scale of the endeavor on this occasion ushered in a new era, characterized both by accelerated scientific development and by a globalization of commerce, politics, technology and culture (language, education and Christianity). Portugal conquered the oceans with the aim of establishing a network of commercial enclaves, creating the mold of what has since been considered the logical procedure for maritime powers in order to move freely through the seas that link the colonies with the metropolis. Accordingly, what for just over a century has been called sea (naval) power was nothing but the part of maritime power that was responsible for protecting its own trade from the ambition of others. Spain, however, undertook a similar epic with a more territorial (and patrimonial) mentality, due to which the oceans themselves came to be considered an integral part of the crown possessions as a link that united the different parts of the kingdom. That assumption created a new concept of naval power, by which in time of peace it complemented maritime power, which became at the same time a tributary of the former in the event of war. What the classic Anglo-Saxon writers (Alfred T. Mahan and Julian S. Corbett, in particular) described as maritime and sea power when studying the new history in British documentary sources is nothing more than the transposition of the principles that governed the constitution of Renaissance Portugal in a thalassocracy of planetary scope. The Spanish case is much more complex, since it was not only equally ignored in late-nineteenth-century and later historical-strategic studies (not only Anglo-Saxon, which is even more inexplicable), but it remains in the mist of the unexplored by not having had recognized historical continuity, which has contributed to preventing an adequate understanding of the historical dimension of the success (due to its resilience, durability, prosperity…) of the “empire” of the Hispanic Monarchy.

The ideal of men dying with their lord in the Germania and in The Battle of Maldon

1976 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 63-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Woolf
Keyword(s):  
Tenth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Pure Chance ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
The Battle Of Maldon ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Historical Fact ◽  
Total Lack

There is a well-known resemblance between the heroic behaviour described in the Germania and in The Battle of Maldon: in his account of the martial code of honour of the Germanic tribes Tacitus says, ‘ Iam vero infame in omnem vitam ac probrosum superstitem principi suo ex acie recessisse’, whilst in Maldon the poet has the followers of Byrhtnoth affirm one after the other that it would be a disgrace to leave the battlefield now that their lord lies dead. For a long time it was assumed that this resemblance reflected historical fact, ties of loyalty and heroic aspirations having remained unchanged over 900 years. A more plausible modification of this view has been that, whilst the society of the tribes in first-century Germany had to be firmly distinguished from that of the Anglo-Saxons in tenth-century England, Old English poetry archaically preserved some of the ideals of conduct that characterized a much earlier form of society. But more recently still the harking back to Tacitus by students of Anglo-Saxon history and literature has been shown to be fallacious, originating in the ethnic romanticism of German scholars in the late nineteenth century. Nevertheless the long-standing view that there is a particular resemblance between the Germania and The Battle of Maldon cannot be lightly abandoned. Indeed the more one becomes aware that there is no evidence that the obligation of a retainer to die with his lord was a pervasive ideal in Germanic society which could well have lived on into tenth-century English life or literature, the more striking and curious the resemblance becomes. My aims in the present article are first to demonstrate the apparently total lack of historical or literary–historical continuity between the Germania and Maldon and second, nevertheless, to seek an explanation for a resemblance which is too remarkable to be dismissed as pure chance.

The Military Resources of the Empire

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Morgan-Owen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Military Leadership ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Army ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Strategic Thought ◽  
The Military

Historians have argued that the British Army was afflicted with an insular focus on home defence in the late nineteenth century and that this preoccupation was evidence of the paucity of military strategic thought and the lack of co-operation and dialogue between the two services. This chapter challenges that viewpoint and argues that the military leadership was, in fact, consistently much more interested in preparing for operations overseas than it was in planning to prevent an invasion. The military authorities were only deflected from this aim by differences of opinion with the Admiralty on the application of naval power and on the Navy’s inability to commit to the safe passage of troops by sea, disagreements which obliged the War Office to limit the scope of its strategic discourse. This had significant implications for both military and imperial policy, particularly the defence of India.

scholarly journals On Moral Education in Poland against the Background of Anglo-Saxon Experiences and Tendencies

Edukacja ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41
Author(s):  
Andrzej Zybała ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Education ◽  
School System ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Educational Agenda

The author’s text addresses the issue of the place of moral education in the educational agenda in Poland, including in the scientific literature. He describes the dynamics of the debate around this issue, the meanings given to it, the continuity vs. the discontinuity in how it is approached. The author proposes the hypothesis that the issue of upbringing/moral education has not been a priority in the educational agenda after 1990. This is due to at least two factors: (1) the lack of historical continuity in the presence of this dimension of upbringing/education in the school system as well as in public life, as it has been in Western countries, and (2) the non-standard shaping of moral issues in the school system (strong permeation of religious and national-independence issues).

New tenements and the image of the past: the Crown Street development in Glasgow's New Gorbals

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Urban
Keyword(s):  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
New Development ◽  
Historical Image ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Design Preferences ◽  
Building Designs

In 2000, the Crown Street redevelopment in Glasgow's New Gorbals area was completed following a masterplan by Piers Gough and building designs by Page and Park, Elder and Cannon, Hypostyle Architects and others. Built on symbolically contested ground previously occupied by the Gorbals tenements (1870s–1960s) and the high-rise Hutchesontown flats (1960s–1990s), the new development is a textbook example of neotraditional design. The project features ornamented facades, bay windows, courtyards and corridor streets along with local references to the heyday of Glasgow tenements during the late nineteenth century.This paper shows that the new tenements on Crown Street contributed to Glasgow's economic revival strategies by reconfiguring the site and supporting a positive view of Glasgow's Victorian era. In this sense, the architects adapted design preferences – which at the time were evident all over Europe and North America – to a local agenda.The new tenements reconcile conflicting perspectives: on the one hand a break almost as comprehensive as the urban renewal of the 1960s, and on the other hand an idea of historical continuity and long-lasting community life, which rested on a revised conception of the city's industrial past. Conveying a historical image cleared of imperfections they communicate a message of permanence that stands in stark contrast to the area's historic upheavals, but nonetheless contributed to the viability of the new neighbourhood.

RACE, EMPIRE, AND THE LIMITS OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY SCOTTISH NATIONHOOD

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
COLIN KIDD
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Racial Identity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Home Rule ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The People ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Scotland's Unionist culture has already become a world we have lost, investigation of which is hampered by the misleading notion of a ‘Celtic fringe’. Nineteenth-century Lowland Scots were not classified as Celts; indeed they vociferously projected a Teutonic racial identity. Several Scots went so far as to claim not only that the Saxon Scots of the Lowlands were superior to the Celts of the Highlands, but that the people of the Lowlands came from a more purely Anglian stock than the population of southern England. For some Scots the glory of Scottish identity resided in the boast that Lowlanders were more authentically ‘English’ than the English themselves. Moreover, Scottish historians reinterpreted the nation's medieval War of Independence – otherwise a cynosure of patriotism – as an unfortunate civil war within the Saxon race. Curiously, racialism – which was far from monolithic – worked at times both to support and to subvert Scottish involvement in empire. The late nineteenth century also saw the formulation of Scottish proposals for an Anglo-Saxon racial empire including the United States; while Teutonic racialism inflected the nascent Scottish home rule movement as well as the Udal League in Orkney and Shetland.

Dark Age Naval Power. A Reassessment of Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Seafaring Activity

1992 ◽  
Vol 65 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 443
Author(s):  
Albrecht Classen ◽  
John Haywood
Keyword(s):  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Naval Power

scholarly journals Teaching and learning foreign languages in Uzbekistan. CEFR: learning, teaching and assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
B. Tolibjonov ◽  
Sh. Samandarov ◽  
D. Umirzakova ◽  
Y. Yunusova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Foreign Language Education ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Education Standards ◽  
New Era ◽  
Adoption And Implementation

The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) is the most comprehensive, and the most widely used set of foreign language education standards throughout the world. The recent reforms in foreign language teaching in Uzbekistan have mainly touched upon teaching English language in all levels and stages of education. At this point CEFR plays as the main framework to be adopted in developing the national standard. In this article, we shall discuss reforms of adoption and implementation of the new standard which was a requirement of time and has started a new era in the whole system of foreign languages learning in Uzbekistan.

scholarly journals Animal remains from the Late Medieval kitchen of the Esztergom archdiocese, Hungary - the benefits of screening

Starinar ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 231-251
Author(s):  
Erika Gál ◽  
László Bartosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Resolution Recovery ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Animal Remains ◽  
Animal Bone ◽  
Shed Light

Medieval animal remains from the Esztergom archbishopric (Hungary) were screened using 5 mm and 2 mm mesh sizes, aimed at the high-resolution study of fish and bird remains and helping to achieve better comparisons with documentary sources. This is the first medieval assemblage in Hungary recovered using screening. A total of 7,294 animal remains are studied here, representing the 14th and 15th century. The screening resulted in quantities of fish and bird bones. The large find numbers also multiplied the taxonomic diversity. In addition to the remains of new, small-bodied species, bones of young fish showed a diachronic increase in the contribution of carp and young pike to the diet. This seems consonant with the expansion of medieval fish farming. Remains of juvenile birds could also be identified. Some worked bones recovered by screening indicate the manufacturing or reparation of crossbows at the site. Thanks to these details, our material stands out among other contemporaneous animal bone assemblages from the Carpathian Basin. Comparisons between sites, however, must be done with caution, as our data are qualitatively different from others. Large bones of livestock and the near absence of those from large game may be interpreted in the light of other hand-collected samples, while fish and bird remains and even the abundance of brown hare need to be seen in part as a product of high-resolution recovery. The newly discovered spectrum of animal remains could be profitably interpreted in the light of late 15th century accounting books of the archbishop. Although these documentary sources slightly post-date our material, they shed light on the complexities of meat procurement between possibly local production and trade.

The Gambia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bala Saho
Keyword(s):  
The Gambia ◽  
Oral Narrative ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Third ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Social Authority ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Rule

Oral history tells of an indigenous trader who lived in the middle belts of the River Gambia known as Kambi. His wealth and popularity transcended boundaries, villages, and communities from the interior of western Africa to the Atlantic Ocean. When the Portuguese arrived in the region during the first half of the 15th century, they immediately realized that Kambi wielded economic and social authority because of the frequent movements of traders up and down the river. The traders told the Portuguese that they visited Kambi-yaa (or Kambi’s place in Mandinka) in order to trade, and the Portuguese decided to name the region Gambia. Whether the above oral narrative is accurate is not of great concern. What is important is that the account provides a glimpse of the history of the region and the changes that were already under way by the 15th century. It is evident that the ancestors of present-day Gambians had arrived in waves, or series of migrations, and were fully established on both banks of the Gambia River when Portuguese explorers first arrived in the 15th century. The Portuguese reported having found Mandinka kings on the river who claimed to be vassals of the king of “Melle.” In 1620, Richard Jobson also reported that the Mandingo were the “lords and commanders” of all the Gambia. These early 15th century contacts, led to a continuous Europeans’ presence in the River Gambia that still persist. By 1816, Bathurst was established as the new capital of the Gambia but it was not until nearly 100 years later that the entire territory we now know as Gambia came firmly under British influence. British rule lasted until 1965, when a new era of self-rule began. The country has since witnessed three republics, the first ending in 1994, the second in 2016, and the third still existing as of 2018.

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