scholarly journals SUFISTIC LANGUAGE STYLE IN AL-QUSHAYRI’S NAHW AL-QULUB

2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-248
Author(s):  
Rizki Fathul Huda ◽  
Cahya Buana

This study aims to reveal the forms of language style used in "Nahw al-Qulub al-Kabir," the work of al-Qushayri with aesthetic values. It also intends to reveal the meaning effects implied in the language forms. This study uses a stylistic approach in analyzing text's language style, especially at the construction of the morphological level, syntax, and imagery. This research shows that the language style constructs the morphological level through word selection, word forms, and movement from one-word form to another. At the syntactic level, there are unusual sentence patterns and high intensity of using ma mausul as khobar. At the imagery level, al-Qushyari uses many patterns of isti'arah, tashbih, kinayah, saja', iqtibas, and tauriyyah. The extraction of meaning effect also carries a solid sufistic teachings dimension, including takhalli, tahalli, tajalli, ma’rifat, maqam jama’ and farq, and the teachings of Akhlaqi Sufism.

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1845-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla K. McGregor ◽  
Ulla Licandro ◽  
Richard Arenas ◽  
Nichole Eden ◽  
Derek Stiles ◽  
...  

Purpose To determine whether word learning problems associated with developmental language impairment (LI) reflect deficits in encoding or subsequent remembering of forms and meanings. Method Sixty-nine 18- to 25-year-olds with LI or without (the normal development [ND] group) took tests to measure learning of 16 word forms and meanings immediately after training (encoding) and 12 hr, 24 hr, and 1 week later (remembering). Half of the participants trained in the morning, and half trained in the evening. Results At immediate posttest, participants with LI performed more poorly on form and meaning than those with ND. Poor performance was more likely among those with more severe LI. The LI–ND gap for word form recall widened over 1 week. In contrast, the LI and ND groups demonstrated no difference in remembering word meanings over the week. In both groups, participants who trained in the evening, and therefore slept shortly after training, demonstrated greater gains in meaning recall than those who trained in the morning. Conclusions Some adults with LI have encoding deficits that limit the addition of word forms and meanings to the lexicon. Similarities and differences in patterns of remembering in the LI and ND groups motivate the hypothesis that consolidation of declarative memory is a strength for adults with LI.


2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Cohen

A small but growing body of research on English and Dutch has found that pronunciation of affixes in a word form is sensitive to paradigmatic probability – i.e., the probability of using that form over other words in the same morphological paradigm. Yet it remains unclear (a) how paradigmatic probability is best measured; (b) whether an increase in paradigmatic probability leads to phonetic enhancement or reduction; and (c) by what mechanism paradigmatic probability can affect pronunciation. The current work examines pronunciation variation of Russian verbal agreement suffixes. I show that there are two distinct patterns of variation, corresponding to two different measures of paradigmatic probability. One measure, pairwise paradigmatic probability, is associated with a pronunciation pattern that resembles phonetic enhancement. The second measure, lexeme paradigmatic probability, can show enhancement effects, but can also yield reduction effects more similar to those of contextual probability. I propose that these two patterns can be explained in an exemplar model of lexical storage. Reduction effects are the consequence of faster retrieval and encoding of an articulatory target, while effects that resemble enhancement result when the pronunciation target of both members of a pair of competing word forms is shifted towards the more frequent of two.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Galina I. Panova ◽  
Tatiana V. Viktorina ◽  
Antonina E. Kuzmina

The concept of “morphological / grammatical means” is widely used in studies on the Russian language, although there is no generally accepted interpretation. This work analyzes the reflection of this concept in Russian studies and clarifies the status of those linguistic units that are traditionally referred to as morphological means: form-building affixes, alternating sounds (internal inflection), stress, supplementary word stems, auxiliary words, intonation, as well as word order. Our research has shown that these linguistic units have different functional status in the morphological structure of the Russian language. First, these are categorical, or actually morphological, means, represented by formative affixes and auxiliary words. They are carriers of morphological meanings in the structure of abstracted morphological forms – the basic units of inflectional Russian morphology. Secondly, a non-categorical means, syncretic and accidental for morphology, are supplementary stems that contain not only lexical, but also morphological meaning and thus duplicate the expression of morphological information in a word form with a form-building affix. Thirdly, these are linguistic units that are not elements of the morphological structure, but have morphological significance, which is manifested in their ability to differentiate homonymous morphological forms in the structure of word forms (alternating sounds and stress) or utterances (intonation). Word order can also perform a similar function. The study allows us to clarify the definition of the concept under consideration: morphological means are linguistic units that are carriers of morphological meanings and constituents of morphological forms.


2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-151
Author(s):  
Andreas Baumann ◽  
Christina Prömer ◽  
Nikolaus Ritt

Abstract This paper explores the hypothesis that morphotactically ambiguous segment sequences should be dispreferred and selected against in the evolution of languages. We define morphotactically ambiguous sequences as sequences that can occur both within morphemes and across boundaries, such as final /nd/ or /mz/ in ModE, which occur in simple forms like wind or alms and in complex ones like sinned or seems. We test the hypothesis in two diachronic corpus studies of Middle and Early Modern English word forms ending in clusters of sonorants followed by /d/ or /t/ and /s/ or /z/. These clusters became highly frequent after the loss of unstressed vowels in final syllables and were highly ambiguous when they emerged. Our data show that the ambiguity of these final clusters was indeed reduced so that the distribution of the final clusters became increasingly skewed: clusters ending in voiceless coronals became significantly clearly indicative of simple forms, while clusters ending in voiced ones came to signal inflectional complexity more reliably.


2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1842-1850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla K. McGregor

Purpose This study explored the role of time and retrieval experience in the consolidation of word forms. Method Participants were 106 adults trained on 16 novel word-referent pairs, then tested immediately and 24 hr later for recognition and recall of word forms. In the interim, tests were repeated 2 hr or 12 hr after training, or not at all, thus varying the amount and timing of retrieval experience. Results Recognition accuracy was stable and speed improved over the 24-hr period. But these manifestations of consolidation did not depend on interim retrieval experience; in fact, the 2-hr interim test interfered with improvements in speed. In contrast, the number of word forms recalled increased only with interim retrieval experiences, and the 12-hr interim test was more advantageous to recall than the 2-hr test. Conclusions After a word form is encoded, it can become stronger with time. Retrieval experience can also strengthen the trace, but, if retrieval occurs when the memory is still labile, it can be disruptive. This complex interplay between retrieval experience and time holds implications for measuring learning outcomes and for scheduling practice in classrooms and clinics.


2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUDO VERHOEVEN ◽  
ROB SCHREUDER

ABSTRACTThis study examined to what extent advanced and beginning readers, including dyslexic readers of Dutch, make use of morphological access units in the reading of polymorphemic words. Therefore, experiments were carried out in which the role of singular root form frequency in reading plural word forms was investigated in a lexical decision task with both adults and children. Twenty-three adult readers, 37 8-year-old children from Grade 3, 43 11-year-old children from Grade 6, and 33 11-year-old dyslexic readers were presented with a lexical decision task in which we contrasted plural word forms with a high versus low frequency of the singular root form. For the adults, it was found that the accuracy and speed of lexical decision is determined by the surface frequency of the plural word form. The frequency of the constituent root form played a role as well, but in the low-frequency plural words only. Furthermore, a strong developmental effect regarding the accuracy and speed of reading plural word forms was found. An effect of plural word form frequency on word identification was evidenced in all groups. The singular root form frequency also had an impact of the reading of the plural word forms. In the normal reading and dyslexic children, plurals with a high-frequency singular root form were read more accurately and faster than plurals with a low singular root frequency. It can be concluded that constituent morphemes have an impact on the reading of polymorphemic words. The results can be explained in the light of a word experience model leaving room for morphological constituency to play a role in the lexical access of complex words as a function of reading skill and experience and word and morpheme frequency.


Semiotica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (208) ◽  
pp. 133-154
Author(s):  
Raúl Aranovich

AbstractIn Item-and-Arrangement models of inflection, morphemes are associations of form and meaning stored in a mental lexicon. Saussure’s notion of the linguistic sign as a unit of an acoustic image (signifier) and a concept (signified) immediately suggests such a model. But close examination of the examples of inflectional morphology throughout the Cours brings Saussure’s ideas more in line with Process morphology, a model in which recurrent elements in word forms are exponents of content features, and realizational rules license a word form inferentially from the word’s content. The Saussurean sign allowed French structuralists to revolutionize the methods of modern social science, eschewing the motives and intentions of human actors to focus on the system of oppositions that make signification possible in each domain. Eventually, post-structuralism rejected the static nature of the linguistic sign, forcing linguistics into relative isolation (since it held on to sign-based models of language). The criticism of structuralist treatments of morphology in Process models of inflection, however, stands as an exception to this tendency. In retrospect, I argue, similar ideas can be found in Saussure’s view of the langue as a complex algebra.


1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I. Posner ◽  
Jennifer Sandson ◽  
Meena Dhawan ◽  
Gordon L. Shulman

What are the implications of anatomical localization of component mental operations for cognitive models? In this paper we use the anatomical localizations of visual and auditory word processing that were previously reported from PET studies (Petersen, Fox, Posner, Mintun & Raichle, 1988. We hypothesize that two operations performed simultaneously by the same or heavily interconnected anatomical areas will produce specific interference. One task is repeating back (shadowing) auditory words as quickly as possible. This task is shown to interfere with shifts of visual attention in the direction of peripheral cues. Both tasks are known to require common attentional operations localized to the medial frontal lobe. The shadowing task does not interfere with operations involving priming of a visual word form. This kind of priming involves areas of the ventral occipital lobe not used during shadowing. Finally, both shadowing and semantic priming involve anterior semantic and intentional areas. Accordingly, they can interfere. The conditions under which they produce interference suggest that the interference involves operations performed by the anterior attention system. These experiments support the idea that words automatically activate visual word forms, but involve shared attentional systems for higher level processes.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Julia Carbajal ◽  
Sharon Peperkamp ◽  
Sho Tsuji

Recognizing word forms is an important step on infants’ way towards mastering their native language. The present study takes a meta-analytic approach to assess overarching questions on the literature of early word-form recognition. Specifically, we investigated the extent to which there is cross-linguistic evidence for an early recognition lexicon, and how it may be influenced by infant age, language background, and familiarity of the selected stimuli (approximated by parent-reported word knowledge). Our meta-analysis - with open data access on metalab.stanford.edu - was based on 32 experiments in 16 different published or unpublished studies on infants 5-15 months of age. We found an overall significant effect of word-form familiarity on infants’ responses This effect increased with age and was higher for infants learning Romance languages than other languages. We further found that younger, but not older, infants showed higher effect sizes for more familiar word lists. These insights should help researchers plan future studies on word-form recognition.


Author(s):  
Галина Тихоновна Поленова ◽  
Марина Геннадьевна Аханова

В статье анализируется структура и значения форм кетского возвратно-определительного местоимения «сам» в типологическом сравнении с подобными местоимениями в языках разных систем в синхронном и диахронном плане. Вначале рассматривается статус местоимения как части речи, спорные вопросы по этому поводу. Подчёркивается типологическая связь определительного и возвратного значения местоимения «сам» при структурно-семантическом анализе словоформ, их выражающих. Затем излагается описание словоформы “bin’” в кетском языке, начиная с истории её исследования кетологами. Приводятся таблицы склонения рассматриваемого местоимения в сравнении со склонением личных кетских местоимений и существительных. Описываются значения падежных форм местоимения “bin’”, подкреплённые примерами употребления этих форм в речи. Отмечается чёткое деление кетских падежных форм на две группы: группа родительного падежа и группа основного падежа. Формы родительного падежа выражают посессивные отношения со значением «свой собственный». В типологическом плане анализируются, прежде всего, данные енисейского коттского языка по данным А. Кастрена. Далее привлекается материал языков бурушаски, алтайских, санскрита, дагестанских, финно-угорских и других. Отмечено, что типологических примеров местоимённо-дейктического происхождения местоимения «сам» немного, однако они имеются в языках разных генетических групп, таких как: финно-угорский хантыйский, камчатский ительменский, дагестанский лакский язык. Диахронно-типологический анализ приведённых данных позволил автору заключить, что кетское местоимение “bin’” является древнейшим примером словообразования в языке в целом. Если в большинстве представленных в статье языков местоимение «сам» восходит к полнозначному существительному, то структура словоформ местоимения bin‘ не имеет аналогов и состоит из древнейших дейктических частиц с широким значением, т.е. она является свидетелем такого периода в развитии языка, когда каждый строевой элемент имел своё собственное значение. Сложные парадигматические формы рассматриваемого местоимения в современном кетском языке отражают процесс постепенной грамматикализации когда-то самостоятельных дейктических частиц. The article analyzes the structure and meanings of the forms of the Ket reflexive pronoun “self” in typological comparison with similar pronouns in the languages of different systems from synchronic and diachronic point of view. The typological connection of the definitive and reflexive meanings of the pronoun “self” is emphasized in the structural-semantic analysis of word forms expressing them. Then a description of the word form “bin’ ”in the Ket language is given. The declension tables of the considered pronoun are compared with the declension of personal Ket pronouns and nouns. The meanings of the case forms of the pronoun “bin’”, supported by examples of the use of these forms in speech, are described. Forms of the genitive case express a possessive relationship with the meaning of "one’s own". From typological point of view first of all, the data of the Yenisei Kott language are analyzed. Next, material from the languages of Burushaski, Altai, Sanskrit, Dagestan, Finno-Ugric and others is attracted. It is noted that there are few typological examples of the pronoun-deictic origin of the pronoun “self”, however they are available in languages of different genetic groups. Diachronic-typological analysis of the data provided allowed the author to conclude that the Ket pronoun “bin’” is the oldest example of word formation in the language as a whole, it witnesses such a period in the development of the language, when each structure element had its own meaning.


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