Managing Our First Breaths: A Reflection on the Past Several Decades of Neonatal Pulmonary Therapy

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Touch ◽  
Thomas Shaffer ◽  
Jay Greenspan
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Adjuvant Therapies ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
Respiratory Drugs

Lung disease has been a leading cause of significant morbidity and mortality since neonates first drew breath. Over the past few decades, many treatment options have evolved to aid us in our ability to support neonatal breathing. The history of neonatal pulmonary care, both its successes and controversies, can teach us a great deal about the future of this dynamic field. As new developments occur, we constantly modify the therapies we offer to preterm and term infants. Understanding traditional therapeutic options and knowing what may be on the horizon can help caregivers to better match treatment plans with individual infants. This article reviews advances in mechanical ventilation, adjuvant therapies, and respiratory drugs through the past few decades and speculates on future directions in this field.

scholarly journals The Past, Present and Future of Cannabis sativa Tissue Culture

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Adrian S. Monthony ◽  
Serena R. Page ◽  
Mohsen Hesami ◽  
Andrew Maxwell P. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Clonal Plants ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Drug Type

The recent legalization of Cannabis sativa L. in many regions has revealed a need for effective propagation and biotechnologies for the species. Micropropagation affords researchers and producers methods to rapidly propagate insect-/disease-/virus-free clonal plants and store germplasm and forms the basis for other biotechnologies. Despite this need, research in the area is limited due to the long history of prohibitions and restrictions. Existing literature has multiple limitations: many publications use hemp as a proxy for drug-type Cannabis when it is well established that there is significant genotype specificity; studies using drug-type cultivars are predominantly optimized using a single cultivar; most protocols have not been replicated by independent groups, and some attempts demonstrate a lack of reproducibility across genotypes. Due to culture decline and other problems, the multiplication phase of micropropagation (Stage 2) has not been fully developed in many reports. This review will provide a brief background on the history and botany of Cannabis as well as a comprehensive and critical summary of Cannabis tissue culture. Special attention will be paid to current challenges faced by researchers, the limitations of existing Cannabis micropropagation studies, and recent developments and future directions of Cannabis tissue culture technologies.

Reflections on Thirty Years of Muqarnas

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gülru Necipoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Board Members ◽  
Islamic Art ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Advisory Boards ◽  
Current State ◽  
Thirtieth Anniversary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Art And Architecture ◽  
State Of The Field

In this volume marking the thirtieth anniversary of Muqarnas, the Editor reflects on the evolution of the journal over the years. To that end, the members of the Editorial and Advisory Boards were sent a questionnaire, asking them to comment on the contributions of Muqarnas and its Supplements series to the field of Islamic art and architecture studies over the past three decades, and to provide suggestions for future directions. Their observations, thoughts, and hopes for Muqarnas have been anonymously incorporated into this essay, which, in conversation with their comments, looks back on the history of the publication and offers some possibilities for the path it might take going forward.
The goal here is neither to assess the historiography nor to examine the current state of the field thirty years after the opening essay of volume 1. Instead, the focus is on the development and impact of both Muqarnas and the Supplements series in a highly specialized field with relatively few and short-lived or sporadic journals, before turning to the successes and shortcomings of these publications, as outlined by some of the board members. 


Women in the history of linguistics

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Wendy Ayres-Bennett ◽  
Helena Sanson
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Central Section ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Women

This Introduction outlines the need for a ‘true history’ (Lerner 1976) of the role of women in the history of linguistics, which considers them on their own terms, and challenges categories and concepts devised for traditional male-dominated accounts. We start by considering what research has already been conducted in the field, before exploring some of the reasons for the relative dearth of studies. We outline some of the challenges and opportunities encountered by women who wished to study the nature of language and languages in the past. The geographical and chronological scope of this volume is then discussed. In a central section we examine some of the major recurring themes in the volume. These include attitudes towards women’s language, both positive and negative; women and language acquisition and teaching; and women as creators of new languages and scripts. We further explore women as authors, dedicatees, or intended readers of metalinguistic texts, as interpreters and translators, and as contributors to the linguistic documentation and maintenance. We consider how women supported male relatives and colleagues in their endeavours, sometimes in invisible ways, before reviewing the early stages of their entry into institutionalized contexts. The chapter concludes with a brief section on future directions for research.

scholarly journals Chronic Migraine

Migraine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Obelieniene ◽  
Ruta Pestininkaite ◽  
Daiva Rastenyte
Keyword(s):  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Chronic Migraine ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Migraine Treatment ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Onabotulinumtoxin A ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

Chronic migraine as a disease was initially recognized in patients with a large burden of disability from frequent headaches and a history of prior migraines. Over time, this observation was operationalized into multiple diagnostic criteria with requirements for frequent headache days, typically 15 or more, which, on at least 8 days in a month, have the features of migraine headache. Chronic migraine affects 1–2% of the general population, and about 8% of patients with migraine. Understanding disease mechanisms still remains a challenge. Inflammation and central sensitization play significant role in the evolutive mechanisms of chronic migraine. Treatment of this condition should primarily focus on the prevention. The currently available evidence-based prophylactic treatment options are topiramate, valproic acid, onabotulinumtoxin A and recently developed promising anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies. Chronic migraine research is a dynamic and rapidly advancing area. New developments in this field have the potential to improve the diagnosis, to provide more personalized treatments and to reduce burden of disability.

Cabozantinib plus immunotherapy combinations in metastatic renal cell and urothelial carcinoma

2021 ◽  
pp. 00-00
Author(s):  
Luis Meza ◽  
Jasnoor Malhotra ◽  
Crystal Favorito ◽  
Sumanta K Pal
Keyword(s):  
Urothelial Carcinoma ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma ◽  
Novel Approaches

Treatment options for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) have increased dramatically over the past decade. However, even when novel approaches have proven to be effective as monotherapy, many patients still develop progressive disease, and different strategies are needed to increase clinical response and quality of life. Strategies combining targeted therapy (TT) and immunotherapy (IO) have emerged as a way to shorten the gap between responders and nonresponders to monotherapy and have reported promising results. In this review, we discuss the current role of cabozantinib in combination with IO agents in the treatment of metastatic RCC and UC and go over future directions in the field.

Marine Safety Regulation in Transport Canada: The Winds of Change

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 211-217
Author(s):  
John Grinstead
Keyword(s):  
Coast Guard ◽  
Safety Regulation ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Marine Safety

The paper traces the history of marine regulation in Canada from pre-Confederation days to the present. It addresses a number of the external forces which have impacted the regulatory scene over the past few years and outlines in some detail the recent organizational changes which have taken place within the Canadian Coast Guard with respect to marine regulation. The paper concludes with a few comments concerning future directions.

Microwave Processing of Ceramics - An Overview

1992 ◽  
Vol 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard H. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Microwave Processing ◽  
Microwave Energy ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Early Developmental

ABSTRACTDuring the past decade, many exploratory studies and experiments have been performed on the microwave heating and processing of ceramics and composite materials. Much of this effort was stimulated by the unique and potential benefits that microwave energy can provide over conventional processing methods. While microwave processing of ceramics is still in an early developmental stage, there are many areas yet to be explored, challenges to be met, and economic and commercial payoffs to be substantiated.Since the first MRS International Symposium on Microwave Processing in 1988, interest in this field has grown and many new developments have occurred. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the recent advances, to discuss the current state-of-the-art, and to suggest some future directions.

scholarly journals New Perspectives on How to Discover Drugs from Herbal Medicines: CAM's Outstanding Contribution to Modern Therapeutics

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si-Yuan Pan ◽  
Shu-Feng Zhou ◽  
Si-Hua Gao ◽  
Zhi-Ling Yu ◽  
Shuo-Feng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
History Of ◽  
Synthetic Drug ◽  
Herbal Medicinal

With tens of thousands of plant species on earth, we are endowed with an enormous wealth of medicinal remedies from Mother Nature. Natural products and their derivatives represent more than 50% of all the drugs in modern therapeutics. Because of the low success rate and huge capital investment need, the research and development of conventional drugs are very costly and difficult. Over the past few decades, researchers have focused on drug discovery from herbal medicines or botanical sources, an important group of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapy. With a long history of herbal usage for the clinical management of a variety of diseases in indigenous cultures, the success rate of developing a new drug from herbal medicinal preparations should, in theory, be higher than that from chemical synthesis. While the endeavor for drug discovery from herbal medicines is “experience driven,” the search for a therapeutically useful synthetic drug, like “looking for a needle in a haystack,” is a daunting task. In this paper, we first illustrated various approaches of drug discovery from herbal medicines. Typical examples of successful drug discovery from botanical sources were given. In addition, problems in drug discovery from herbal medicines were described and possible solutions were proposed. The prospect of drug discovery from herbal medicines in the postgenomic era was made with the provision of future directions in this area of drug development.

scholarly journals Immunotherapy of Brain Cancers: The Past, the Present, and Future Directions

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisheng Ge ◽  
Neil Hoa ◽  
Daniela A. Bota ◽  
Josephine Natividad ◽  
Andrew Howat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
System A ◽  
Medical Researchers ◽  
History Of

Treatment of brain cancers, especially high grade gliomas (WHO stage III and IV) is slowly making progress, but not as fast as medical researchers and the patients would like. Immunotherapy offers the opportunity to allow the patient's own immune system a chance to help eliminate the cancer. Immunotherapy's strength is that it efficiently treats relatively small tumors in experimental animal models. For some patients, immunotherapy has worked for them while not showing long-term toxicity. In this paper, we will trace the history of immunotherapy for brain cancers. We will also highlight some of the possible directions that this field may be taking in the immediate future for improving this therapeutic option.

Craniectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Neurosurgery ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S151-S162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj K. Agarwalla ◽  
Christopher J. Stapleton ◽  
Christopher S. Ogilvy
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Decompressive Craniectomy ◽  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Posterior Circulation ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
History Of ◽  
Neurosurgical Intervention

Abstract Anterior and posterior circulation acute ischemic stroke carries significant morbidity and mortality as a result of malignant cerebral edema. Decompressive craniectomy has evolved as a viable neurosurgical intervention in the armamentarium of treatment options for this life-threatening edema. In this review, we highlight the history of craniectomy for stroke and discuss recent data relevant to its efficacy in modern neurosurgical practice.

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