Condemnation of Statutory Rape Based on Respondent Race, Perpetrator Race, and Victim Race

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-433
Author(s):  
Sarah Koon-Magnin ◽  
Stacy Hoskins Haynes ◽  
R. Barry Ruback
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
The United States ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Statutory Rape ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Liberation Hypothesis ◽  
Perpetrators And Victims ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Survey

Race impacts perceptions of crimes, perpetrators, and victims. Although statutory rape generally receives little empirical or media attention, it has important implications for victims and offenders across the United States and appears to be enforced in a haphazard way. This study used a between-subjects experimental survey design at two universities (n = 1,370) to assess the impact of respondent race, perpetrator race, and victim race on attitudes toward statutory rape. Results of a repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that respondents viewed both White victims and their perpetrators as bad, blameworthy, deserving of punishment, harmed, and likely to commit crime in the future, judgments suggesting that the respondents take this sexual activity seriously. In contrast, analyses revealed that respondents were significantly less concerned about Black victims than White victims. Consistent with the liberation hypothesis, these differences in attitudes may contribute to the law being enforced inconsistently, providing differential access to justice based on a variable that is not legally relevant.

scholarly journals The Impact of a Customized Tray on In-Office Bleaching Tooth Sensitivity: A Randomized Clinical Trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Correa ◽  
TR Santana ◽  
FP Nahsan ◽  
AD Loguercio ◽  
AL Faria-e-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Bleaching Agent ◽  
Tooth Sensitivity ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Bleaching Procedure ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Sensitivity Level ◽  
Peak Sensitivity ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARY Objective It was recently demonstrated that using a tray over a bleaching agent reduces its pulpal chamber penetration, which can reduce tooth sensitivity. This study evaluated the effect of the sealed technique on the presence and level of sensitivity reported by patients during and after the bleaching procedure performed in office. Methods Forty-six patients underwent a bleaching procedure with 35% hydrogen peroxide used in a single application of 45 minutes for two sessions with an interval of seven days. A customized tray was maintained over the bleaching agent during the entire procedure in half of the patients. The sensitivity level was evaluated during and immediately after the bleaching using verbal and visual analogue scales. The shade alteration was evaluated with a bleach guide scale. The peak sensitivity after 24 hours and the presence/level at 24 hours were also evaluated using a verbal rating scale. Relative risks were calculated for all time assessments. Data on the sensitivity level for both scales were subjected to Friedman and Mann-Whitney tests (α=0.05). Data on the shades were analyzed by two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α=0.05). Results The use of a customized tray increased the relative risks to the tooth measured 24 hours after each bleaching session. The sealed technique also increased the level of tooth sensitivity only at 24 hours after the first session. No difference was observed between the bleaching techniques regarding the shade evaluation. Conclusion Using a tray over the bleaching agent can increase the level and risk of tooth sensitivity for the first 24 hours after in-office bleaching.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION OF THE POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM IN MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING IN UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Joshua Kreimeyer ◽  
Olya Zaporozhets ◽  
Jacqueline Smith ◽  
Olga Lozova
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
The Us ◽  
Treatment Research ◽  
Trained Counselor ◽  
The Impact

Ukraine is a country that has lacked access to adequately trained mental health professionals. As in other countries the development of the field of Counseling in Ukraine has some parallels to that of the US. One of the most notable parallels is the push for a better and more effective approach to mental health, driven by the impact of war, with WWII being the catalyst for refinement in the US and current war in Ukraine as the drive there. As the American Psychology Association and American Counseling Association have highlighted, the effects of trauma and unresolved problems do not need to last a lifetime. A developing initiative in Ukraine was brought by U.S.-based teams that established a postgraduate Counselor Education Program. Professional American Counselor Educators, trained in the trenches of wars abroad and representing vast ranges of experience, have volunteered their time as visiting faculty and distance supervisors. This study measures the initial progression of treatment symptomology of clients seen by Postgraduate Program in Psychological Counseling and Trauma Therapy trained Counselors. This study utilized an analysis of repeated measures over the first five sessions of counseling with the program-trained Counselor. The following measurement methods were utilized: Outcome Rating Scale (ORS), Impact Event Scale (IES-R), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI II), PTSD Checklist (PCL-5), Symptom Checklist (SCL-9). The resulting data obtained from the clients was compared to the outcomes of treatment with similarly trained therapists in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Denmark. Results indicated overall significance as measured on 3 out of 5 instruments (ORS, BDI-II, IES-R). The data from this sample revealed similarities to the outcomes of comparable early treatment research, conducted outside of Ukraine. These results provide a preliminary overview of how effective mental health counselors (educated by the American standards) are in mitigating client mental health symptomology. This study is a logical and necessary step in the continued development of the field of Counseling in Ukraine.

Exploring the Impact of Informal Rape Myth Education in a Nonstudent Sample

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052092749
Author(s):  
Leah N. Reddy ◽  
Christopher M. Campbell ◽  
Amber L. Morczek
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rape Myth ◽  
Lead Author ◽  
Adherence Scale ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk ◽  
The Impact

Sexual assault has come to the forefront in terms of prevention and education for many social institutions such as college campuses. However, with a growing body of research highlighting the importance and effectiveness of interventions, research examining the impact of sexual assault education (SAE) on altering rape myth acceptance (RMA) among nonstudent populations is severely lacking. This is particularly problematic when considering that the issue of sexual assault extends well beyond academia in the United States. Accordingly, this study aims to fill this gap by employing an experimental design with repeated measures. Using a sample of 137 nonstudents surveyed via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, participants were randomly assigned to a treatment (rape myth intervention) or control (unrelated video content) group. To detect changes in RMA after a short rape myth education intervention, pretest and posttest RMA scores were generated for all participants using an altered version of the Updated Illinois Rape Myth Adherence scale. The treatment video was roughly 10 min in length and constructed by the lead author for the current research. All participants were presented with common rape myths, and then, the treatment group was provided with information (e.g., available research and statistics) to “debunk” these myths, and ultimately decrease acceptance of myths. Analyses indicate support for a significant change in RMA scores from pretest to posttest in the treatment group, finding support for the use of informal rape myth education in altering immediate RMA scores of a nonstudent sample. The RMA difference scores were also examined through a demographic lens to determine if the inclusion could further explain score changes. Demographics were not deemed significant predictors. Limitations and implications are discussed.

Examining the Influence of Care-Recipient Resistance on Family Caregiver Emotional and Physical Well-Being: Average Frequency Versus Daily Fluctuation

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumi Shirai ◽  
Susan Silverberg Koerner
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Daily Fluctuation ◽  
Health Symptoms ◽  
The Impact

Although existing cross-sectional research suggests that dependent older family members’ resistive behavior (care-recipient [CR] resistance: verbal or nonverbal rejection or resistance toward caregiver [CG] assistance) can be challenging for informal family CGs, we know little about the impact of the occurrence patterns of CR-resistance—average frequency versus daily fluctuation—on CG emotional and physical well-being. To document CGs’ daily experiences with CR-resistance and their emotional and physical well-being, the present study applied short-term repeated measures, collecting data on 8 consecutive days from 63 CGs in Southern Arizona, the United States. Multilevel modeling of the daily data revealed that neither average frequency nor daily fluctuation in CR-resistance alone had a significant impact on CG emotional/physical health. However, the combination of experiencing relatively high frequency and high daily fluctuation in CR-resistance was associated with significant increases in CG physical health symptoms ( b = .34, p < .01). Specifically, on days when a CG faced more CR-resistance than his or her usual amount, significant increases in physical health symptoms existed for CGs with relatively high average frequency of CR-resistance, but not for CGs with relatively low average frequency of CR-resistance. Based on our results, it appears that monitoring and maintaining a reasonable level of CR-resistance are effective strategies to maintain CG resilience to the negative impact of CR-resistance daily fluctuation. The findings are interpreted in light of Stress Theory, and recommendations for future research and practical interventions are offered.

Impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the economic situation and food security of rural households in India

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veena Suresh ◽  
Ram Fishman ◽  
Johanna Sophie von Lieres ◽  
Bhavani R. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to understand what impact the first COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 had on the income and food security of rural households in India and whether it differed across socioeconomic factors. Moreover, the study assesses the needs of rural households and determines whether they had received adequate support services during the lockdown.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted a repeated-measures quantitative survey design with 1,319 rural women from 16 states of India and conducted a telephonic survey.FindingsThe lockdown had directly impacted rural households' employment status and income but the impact differed depending on the type of employment. For example, working in a salaried job or on one's farm led to a lower likelihood of a complete decline in income in states other than Kerala as the lockdown continued. The study also revealed a change in the pattern of food consumption, with higher consumption of subsidized staple foods. It also became evident that the aid announced by the government reached the rural population with some delay.Research limitations/implicationsA limitation of the study was that many respondents refused to participate in phase 2, which reduced the sample size when comparing the two phases because the women did not own mobile phones. Instead, they were using their husbands' phones.Originality/valueThe study's findings can help better understand the needs of rural populations during crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This can help to plan better and build preventive actions for such populations once their needs are understood. In addition, this can aid disadvantaged people for a minimal level of preparedness and security during such a crisis in the future.

Evaluation of Mental Health First Aid USA Using the Mental Health Beliefs and Literacy Scale

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
My K. Banh ◽  
Jeremy Chaikind ◽  
Hillary A. Robertson ◽  
Mary Troxel ◽  
Justine Achille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Mental Health First Aid ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Mental Health Beliefs ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: This study assessed the impact of Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) in the United States with a theoretically based and psychometrically sound measure, the Mental Health Beliefs and Literacy Scale (MBLS). Design: Online MBLS surveys were administered pre-MHFA training, 3-weeks post-training, and 6-months posttraining. Setting: Mental Health First Aid trainings carried out across the United States. Participants: Six hundred sixty-two trainees were contacted, and 273 (41%) completed the presurvey. Of those, 63% filled out the postsurvey and 35% completed the 6-month survey. Seventy-six individuals completed all 3 surveys. Intervention: Mental Health First Aid is an 8-hour education program to help the general public identify, understand, and respond to signs of mental illness and substance abuse; to date, almost 1 million people have been trained. Measure: The MLBS, based on the Unified Theory of Behavior Change framework, consists of attitudinal, social-, and skill-based constructs affecting the intention to perform and achievement of MHFA actions and reports of their actual completion. Analysis: Change across time points was assessed using multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: Significant short- and longer term changes were found in internally consistent constructs tapping positive beliefs about MHFA actions, the confidence and intention to perform them as well as mental health literacy. Conclusion: The MBLS documented strong positive effects of MHFA training that were greater in individuals without prior mental health training, the intended targets of MHFA efforts.

scholarly journals Impact of intensive training on health professionals’ self-efficacy in establishing, running and maintaining a cardiac rehabilitation program

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara M. Murphy ◽  
Rosemary O. Higgins ◽  
Michael Le Grande ◽  
Alison Beauchamp ◽  
Marian U. Worcester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Effective Delivery ◽  
The Impact

We developed an intensive five-day training program for health professionals working in cardiac rehabilitation (CR). The training covers topics related to establishing, running, maintaining and evaluating a CR program. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the training on health professionals’ self-efficacy regarding the effective delivery of CR. From 2014 to 2018, 167 health professionals participated in one of five training programs. Participants completed a 28-item pre- and post-training self-efficacy scale. For a sub-group, self-efficacy was re-assessed 4 months later. Factor analysis was used to identify self-efficacy domains. Paired sample t-tests compared pre- and post-training self-efficacy scores; repeated measures analysis of variance investigated change over the three time points. Variations in self-efficacy across profession, role in CR, and years of CR practice were investigated. Factor analysis identified three domains: Operational aspects of CR; Medical aspects of heart disease; and Psychosocial aspects of CR. Health professionals’ self-efficacy increased significantly after training participation, across the three domains and for the total score. Effects were sustained in the 4-month follow-up. Few variations in self-efficacy trajectories by participant characteristics were identified. The study demonstrates that our health professional CR training significantly improves health professionals’ confidence in a range of areas related to establishing, running, maintaining and evaluating a CR program, with immediate improvements sustained four months later. The pattern of findings was largely consistent regardless of participants’ role and experience in CR. Findings highlight the benefits of this relatively brief intensive program on enhancing the capacity of the CR workforce.

The effect of vascular access type on intra-access flow volume during hemodialysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 746-751
Author(s):  
Hoon Suk Park ◽  
Woo Jeong Kim ◽  
Joonsung Choi ◽  
Hyung Wook Kim ◽  
Jun Hyun Baik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arteriovenous Fistula ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Vascular Access ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Arteriovenous Graft ◽  
Flow Volume ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Introduction: Previous studies have revealed that vascular access resistance is constant during hemodialysis, but differs according to vascular access type. It is possible that intra-access flow volume (Qac) variation during hemodialysis may also differ according to vascular access type. We conducted this study to investigate whether there are differences in Qac according to vascular access type during hemodialysis. Methods: A total of 58 lower-arm arteriovenous fistula, 14 lower-arm arteriovenous graft, 27 upper-arm arteriovenous fistula, and 45 upper-arm arteriovenous graft cases were studied. Three consecutive Qac values (at 30, 120, and 240 min after the start of hemodialysis) were measured in each patient by the ultrasound dilution technique. Variations in Qac over time were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and multivariate regression analyses, to assess the impact of different factors on Qac variation. Results: The repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that a significant interaction exists between time and vascular access type (p < 0.001). This suggests that vascular access type affects Qac change (%) variation over time during hemodialysis. In a multivariate analysis, mean arterial pressure change during hemodialysis (p = 0.009), access type (p < 0.001), and access location (p < 0.001) were independent variables causing Qac change variation. Conclusion: This study showed that there is a significant difference in Qac variation according to vascular access type during hemodialysis and that arteriovenous graft (vs arteriovenous fistula) and the lower-arm location (vs upper arm) were associated with a decrease in Qac during hemodialysis. This suggests that consideration of vascular access type is required to minimize Qac variation during hemodialysis.

scholarly journals Lower Extremity Muscle Activation in Alternative Footwear during Stance Phase of Slip Events

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1533
Author(s):  
Harish Chander ◽  
John C. Garner ◽  
Chip Wade ◽  
Adam C. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Lower Extremity Muscle ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Muscle activity from the slipping leg have been previously used to analyze slip induced falls. However, the impact of casual alternative footwear on slipping leg muscle activity when exposed to slippery environments is still unknown. The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of alternative footwear (crocs (CC) and flip-flops (FF)) compared to slip-resistant footwear (LT) on lower extremity muscle activity when exposed to dry gait (NG), unexpected (US), alert (AS), and expected slips (ES). Eighteen healthy males (age: 22.3 ± 2.2 years; height: 177.7 ± 6.9 cm; weight: 79.3 ± 7.6 kg) completed the study in a repeated measures design in three footwear sessions separated by 48 h. Electromyography (EMG) muscle activity from four muscles of the lead/slipping leg was measured during the stance phase of the gait-slip trials. A 3 (footwear) × 4 (gait-slip trials) repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze EMG dependent variables mean, peak, and percent of maximal voluntary contraction. Greater lower extremity muscle activation during the stance phase was seen in US and AS conditions compared to NG and ES. In addition, footwear differences were seen for the alternative footwear (CC and FF) during US and AS, while the low top slip resistant shoe had no differences across all gait trials, suggesting it as the most efficient footwear of choice, especially when maneuvering slippery flooring conditions, either with or without the knowledge of an impending slip.

scholarly journals Percepción de desigualdad económica y su influencia sobre la justificación de las diferencias de ingreso legítimas

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio César Iturra ◽  
Juan Carlos Castillo ◽  
Catalina Rufs ◽  
Luis Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Social System ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
The United States ◽  
System Justification ◽  
The Social ◽  
Experimental Survey

This study analyzes the effect of information about economic inequality on the justification of wage inequality. Using a representative sample of the metropolitan area of Santiago, Chile (n=732), we implemented an experimental survey design to replicate the results reported by Kriss-Stella Trump (2017) for the context of Sweden and the United States about wage gap justification. Our results show that factual wage information does not impact the overall wage gap justification. However, we evidenced that information about wage inequality increases the justification of wage gaps according to high and low-status occupations, which is enhanced by the joint exposure to the condition that seeks to motivate the social system justification. The study's methodological limitations are discussed, along with the implications of the evidence for the substantive analysis of attitudes toward inequality and economic redistribution.

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