Social Inequalities in Intimate Partner Violence: A Study of Women in Kenya

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Lawoko ◽  
Koustuv Dalal ◽  
Luo Jiayou ◽  
Bjarne Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Structural Differences

This study examines social inequalities in intimate partner violence (IPV) among women of reproductive age in Kenya. A sample comprising 3,696 women was retrieved from the Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey of 2003. The study design was cross-sectional. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that while high education among women reduced the risk of IPV exposure, both being employed and having a higher education/occupational status than her partner increased a woman’s vulnerability to IPV. Age differences between the partners, illiteracy, and lack of autonomy and access to information increased the likelihood of IPV. Finally, being in polygamous relationships was associated with IPV exposure. The findings indicate demographic, social, and structural differences in exposure to IPV with important implications for interventions.

Association of dowry practices with perceived marital life and intimate partner violence

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2298-2303
Author(s):  
Tazeen Saeed Ali ◽  
Neesha Hussain ◽  
Shah Zeb ◽  
Asli Kulane
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
World Health ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Psychological Violence ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective: To understand the perceptions of women about the influence of dowry customs on their marital life and on intimate partner violence (IPV) in a marriage. Method: This was a cross-sectional study on married women of reproductive age in Karachi, Pakistan between 2008 and 2009. Data was collected through a reliable questionnaire developed by World Health Organization, which was validated at local context and has been translated in to Urdu and then back translated in to English. Results: This study found that women whose marriages were decided conditionally on the provision of dowry to the groom’s family reported it to have had a positive impact on marital life (aOR: 11.5). Consenting to a marriage was positively associated with positive marital life (aOR: 36.8), as was the case when the marriage was contingent on dowry to be given to the groom’s family (aOR: 10.4). Provision of a dowry was not protective from physical (aOR: 3.7), sexual (aOR: 3.7), or psychological violence (aOR: 8.9). Conclusion: Dowry practices exist in Pakistani culture, despite the fact that dowry wives experience IPV. However, women perceive that the provision of dowry to groom’s family has a positive impact on marital life. In the immediate future, to protect women in and entering into marriage, there should be a strengthening of women’s organizations to provide legal, social and medical supports to women in need as well as the training of medical and paramedical professionals to recognize and respond to IPV.  Continuous...

scholarly journals Intimate partner violence against reproductive age women during COVID-19 pandemic in northern Ethiopia 2020: a community-based cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gebremeskel Tukue Gebrewahd ◽  
Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel ◽  
Degena Bahrey Tadesse
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Partner Violence Against Women ◽  
Staying At Home

Abstract Background As the global pandemic of corona virus (COVID-19) spreads across continents and communities, people are forced to respond with strict preventive measures such as staying at home and keeping social distance. In relation with these measures, particularly with the staying at home, increasing rates of domestic violence are beginning to surface. Hence, this study was aimed at determining the prevalence of intimate partner violence against reproductive age women in northern Ethiopia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed. The data were collected during the period of April to May, 2020 using interviews and a self-administered standard questionnaire. The data were entered into the Epi-data manager version 4.2 and exported to SPSS 22 for analysis. The descriptive analysis such as frequency distribution, percentage, and measures of central tendency were used. This was followed by binary and multiple logistic regression analysis to infer the association between the outcome and independent variables. Results A total of 682 participants were included in the study. The prevalence of intimate partner violence against women was found to stood at 24.6% with psychological violence being the most prevalent (13.3%), followed by physical (8.3%) and sexual violence (5.3%). Women were more likely to suffer from violence if they were housewives (AOR, 95% CI (18.062 (10.088, 32.342))), age less than 30 (AOR, 95% CI (23.045 (5.627, 94.377))), women with arrange marriage (AOR, 95% CI (2.535 (1.572, 4.087))) and women with husband’s age being “between” 31–40 (AOR, CI 95% (2.212 (1.024, 4.777))). Conclusions This study showed the presence of a relatively high prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Thus, public reporting of any cases or concerns of abuse is critical and vital to mitigate the problem.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Factors Associated With Intimate Partner Violence Among Women With Abortion at Mulago Hospital, Kampala City, Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACKSON JOSEPH TABULEY ◽  
Nekemiah Katusiime ◽  
Othman Kakaire
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
P Value ◽  
Mulago Hospital ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Kampala City

Abstract Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health problem causing ill health among women especially of reproductive age. Its global prevalence is estimated to be 30-71%. The prevalence is higher among African and Asian populations compared to American and European populations. In Uganda, the prevalence of IPV among women with abortion was 56.4% in 2005. Since then, the Domestic Violence Act was enacted in 2010; sexual and gender based violence desks initiated in hospitals and a number of agencies working to prevent violence against women have sprung up. The objective of this study was to determine the current prevalence and factors associated with IPV among women with abortion at Mulago National Referral Hospital in Kampala city.Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted over 4 months on 480 women. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using STATA 13.0. Those variables with a p-value ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant at multi-variate analysis.Results: The prevalence of IPV among women with abortion was 71.3%. The factors that were significantly associated with intimate partner violence were: being divorced/widowed/separated (aOR 8.7, CI 1.1997-38.268, and p-value= 0.004), being never married (aOR 5.5, CI 2.700-11.138, and p-value <0.001), number of children (aOR 1.2, CI 1.053-1.411 and p-value =0.008) and witnessing abuse as an adult (aOR 6.1, CI 2.678-13.727, and p-value <0.001).Conclusion: This study has shown that the prevalence of IPV among women with abortion is still high despite interventions. More concerted effort needs to be directed toward improving contraceptive services, marriage and family support systems and community awareness on the effects of IPV on women and society.

scholarly journals Intimate Partner Violence and Depression in Women in China

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051988853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiman Yuan ◽  
Therese Hesketh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Psychological Violence ◽  
Cross Sectional

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is recognized as a major public health and social problem globally, with consequences for the individual, family, and society. But there is relatively little research on IPV in China. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of different types of violence among women and to determine the risk factors and the association with depression. A cross-sectional study among women who had ever been in a relationship was conducted in six provinces across the three regions of China from July to September 2018 using a self-completion questionnaire developed for the study. The provincial capital and one rural county were purposively selected in each province. Questionnaires were distributed in hospitals and public places. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to measure depression. Data for 2,987 women were analyzed. The prevalence of psychological, physical, and sexual violence was 77.7%, 40.2%, and 11%, respectively: 52% had experienced two or three types of violence in their life. After adjustment, risk factors for all-type IPV were low occupational status, having one child or more, living in western provinces, having an income lower than partner’s, and economic pressure. The prevalence of depression was 65.8% in women who experienced psychological violence, 69.5% for physical violence, and 75.8% for sexual violence. For psychological, physical, and sexual violence, the odds ratio for depression were 2.57 (95% confidence interval [CI] = [2.15, 3.07]), 2.07 [1.76, 2.43], and 2.26 [1.73, 2.95], respectively, after controlling for age, occupation, education attainment, and residence. There is a clear need to raise awareness about IPV and to develop approaches for prevention and management. The new Domestic Violence Law represents a step in the right direction.

scholarly journals HIV Testing Among Women of Reproductive Age Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence in Uganda

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-287
Author(s):  
Nanyanzi Salima ◽  
Emegwa Leah ◽  
Lawoko Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background:Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) occur as dual epidemics with gender dimensions. IPV sometimes result in lack of decision making autonomy over one’s own health and this may negatively affect uptake HIV testing services.Objective:The study aimed to examine the association between exposure to IPV and HIV testing among women of reproductive age in Uganda.Method:The study is based on cross-sectional data from 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS). A sub-sample of 1705 ever-partnered women aged 15-49 who responded to the domestic violence module was examined in the study. Bivariate and multivariable (logistic regression) analyses were used to determine the association between exposure to IPV and HIV testing.Results:Up to 82.3% and 61.5% of the respondents were tested for HIV ever and in the past year, respectively. The prevalence of physical IPV and IPV of any form in the past year was 25.6% and 44% respectively. Exposure to physical IPV and emotional IPV in the past year was associated with HIV testing within the past year. In the multivariate analysis, exposure to physical IPV remained significantly associated with HIV testing within the past year (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.03-1.73). Frequent access to newspapers remained a significant predictor of HIV testing uptake.Conclusion:HIV testing in the past year is associated with exposure to IPV among women of reproductive age in Uganda. There is a need to include IPV as a part of global strategy to address HIV/AIDS.

scholarly journals Association of adverse pregnancy outcome and domestic/intimate partner violence

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 2527
Author(s):  
Vijyeta R. Jagtap ◽  
Padmaja Y. Samant
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Pregnancy Outcome ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcome ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Background: Domestic/intimate partner violence is not a mere household issue. It is a global phenomenon that occurs in all the countries and cuts across all strata, races and countries. Apart from being an issue of human/individual rights, it also has major health consequences. The main aim of this study is to stress the need of screening and detecting violence in antenatal women.Methods: This was a questionnaire based observational cross sectional study done at King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India over a span of one year. A total of 200 antenatal/postnatal patients seeking healthcare were enrolled after an informed consent with approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Percentages of various parameters were analysed. Test of significance was Chi square test and Odd’s ratio (p <0.05).Results: Prevalence of domestic/intimate partner violence in our study was 12.5% and 7% in the group with normal pregnancy outcome and 18% in group with adverse pregnancy outcome. It was found that violence was more prevalent in age group of 21 to 30 years, love marriages, nuclear families, lower educational level of partner, addiction in partner, unplanned pregnancies, lower economic conditions and families supporting dowry and gender bias and allowing freedom of choice and contraception.Conclusions: Need for routine screening for violence in women of reproductive age group with vulnerable subset of pregnant women. Creating awareness/sensitivity amongst healthcare professionals and to train them to identify and help these women.

Prevalence and Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Experience Among Partners of Naval Personnel in Lagos, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 0272684X2097422
Author(s):  
Chinedu Paul Igwe ◽  
Oyindamola B. Yusuf ◽  
Olufunmilayo I. Fawole
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
History Of

Background Military personnel are one of the high risk groups recognized as perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV). Little is known about IPV experience of partners of naval personnel. This study determined the prevalence and correlates of IPV experience among partners of naval personnel. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 435 male and female partners of naval personnel selected using the multistage sampling technique from the Navy Barracks in Lagos, Nigeria was conducted. Data were collected using a 40 item interviewer-administered questionnaire between August and September 2017. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis was done to identify the predictors of partners’ experience of IPV. Analysis was done at p-value ≤0.05. Results The mean age of the respondents was 32.7 ± 7.86yrs and 72% were females. The lifetime prevalence of any IPV experience was 40.7% (with 74.4% of this experienced by females, CI: 0.81–1.91). The prevalence of controlling behaviour, psychological, sexual, economic and physical IPV were 31.5%, 16.3% 12.4%, 12.0% and 8.5% respectively. There was a positive association between experience of IPV and respondents’ occupational status (p < 0.0001), lifetime experience of physical (p < 0.0001), sexual abuse (<0.0001), and history of childhood abuse (p < 0.0001). After adjustment for confounders, age (AOR = 2.11, CI = 1.07–4.16), occupational status (AOR = 4.56, CI = 2.30–9.02), history of childhood abuse (AOR = 2.10, CI = 1.26–3.49,) and partners’ alcohol use (AOR = 3.41, CI = 1.38–8.39) remained significant factors influencing experience of IPV. Conclusion The prevalence of IPV experience among partners of naval personnel was high. Being unemployed, experience of abuse in childhood and having a partner who consumed alcohol increased partners’ vulnerability to IPV. Naval personnel would benefit from marital counseling and training on non-violence conflict resolution strategies.

Intimate Partner Violence and its Association With Contraceptive Use Among Women in Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (Spring 2019) ◽  
pp. 157-173
Author(s):  
Kashif Siddique ◽  
Rubeena Zakar ◽  
Ra’ana Malik ◽  
Naveeda Farhat ◽  
Farah Deeba
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Odds Ratios

The aim of this study is to find the association between Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and contraceptive use among married women in Pakistan. The analysis was conducted by using cross sectional secondary data from every married women of reproductive age 15-49 years who responded to domestic violence module (N = 3687) of the 2012-13 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. The association between contraceptive use (outcome variable) and IPV was measured by calculating unadjusted odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals using simple binary logistic regression and multivariable binary logistic regression. The result showed that out of 3687 women, majority of women 2126 (57.7%) were using contraceptive in their marital relationship. Among total, 1154 (31.3%) women experienced emotional IPV, 1045 (28.3%) women experienced physical IPV and 1402 (38%) women experienced both physical and emotional IPV together respectively. All types of IPV was significantly associated with contraceptive use and women who reported emotional IPV (AOR 1.44; 95% CI 1.23, 1.67), physical IPV (AOR 1.41; 95% CI 1.20, 1.65) and both emotional and physical IPV together (AOR 1.49; 95% CI 1.24, 1.72) were more likely to use contraceptives respectively. The study revealed that women who were living in violent relationship were more likely to use contraceptive in Pakistan. Still there is a need for women reproductive health services and government should take initiatives to promote family planning services, awareness and access to contraceptive method options for women to reduce unintended or mistimed pregnancies that occurred in violent relationships.

scholarly journals The Impact of NORTH STAR on Suicidality, Substance Problems, Intimate Partner Violence, and Child Abuse

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy M Smith Slep ◽  
Richard E Heyman ◽  
Michael F Lorber ◽  
David J Linkh
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Institutional Review Board ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction We evaluated the effectiveness of New Orientation for Reducing Threats to Health from Secretive-problems That Affect Readiness (NORTH STAR), a community assessment, planning, and action framework to reduce the prevalence of suicidality, substance problems, intimate partner violence, and child abuse. Materials and Methods One-third of U.S. Air Force bases worldwide were randomly assigned to NORTH STAR (n = 12) or an assessment-and-feedback-only condition (n = 12). Two Air Force-wide, cross-sectional, anonymous, web-based surveys were conducted of randomly selected samples assessing risk/protective factors and outcomes. This study was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board at the investigators’ university and by the institutional review board at Fort Detrick. Results NORTH STAR, relative to control, bases experienced a 33% absolute risk reduction in hazardous drinking rates and cumulative risk, although, given the small number of bases, these effects were not statistically significant. Conclusions Given its relatively low cost, use of empirically supported light-touch interventions, and emphasis on sustainability with existing resources, NORTH STAR may be a useful system for prevention of a range of adult behavioral health problems that are difficult to impact.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution and determinants of intimate partner violence among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: Spatial and Multilevel analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dessie Abebaw Angaw ◽  
Alemakef Wagnew Melesse ◽  
Bisrat Misganaw Geremew ◽  
Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
P Value ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
Reproductive Age Women

Abstract Background Intimate partner violence is a serious global public health problem particularly in low-and middle-income countries such as Ethiopia where women's empowerment is limited. Despite the high prevalence of intimate partner violence in Ethiopia, there is limited evidence on the spatial distribution and determinants of intimate partner violence among reproductive-age women. Exploring the spatial distribution of intimate partner violence is crucial to identify hotspot areas of intimate partner violence to design targeted health care interventions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution and determinants of intimate partner violence among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Methods A secondary data analysis was done based on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A total weighted sample of 6090 reproductive-age women were included in the study. The spatial scan statistical analysis was done to identify the significant hotspot areas of intimate partner violence. A multilevel binary logistic regression analysis was fitted to identify significant determinants of intimate partner violence. Deviance, Intra-cluster Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Median Odds Ratio, and Proportional Change in Variance (PCV) were used for model comparison as well as for checking model fitness. Variables with a p-value less than 0.2 were considered in the multivariable analysis. In the multivariable multilevel analysis, the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were reported to declare statistical significance and strength of association between intimate partner violence and independent variables. Results The spatial analysis revealed that the spatial distribution of intimate partner violence was significantly varied across the country (Moran’s I = 0.1007, p-value < 0.0001). The SaTScan analysis identified a total of 192 significant clusters, of these 181 were primary clusters located in the Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambella, northwest Amhara, and west Oromia regions. In the multivariable multilevel analysis; women aged 45–49 years (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI 1.52–5.10), women attained secondary education (AOR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.38–0.98), women in the richest household (AOR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.35–0.97), > 10 family size (AOR = 3.85, 95% CI 1.41–10.54), and high community women empowerment (AOR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.49–0.8)) were significantly associated with intimate partner violence. Conclusions Intimate partner violence among reproductive-age women had significant spatial variation across the country. Women's age, education status, family size, community women empowerment, and wealth status were found significant determinants of intimate partner violence. Therefore, public health programs should design targeted interventions in identified hot spot areas to reduce the incidence of intimate partner violence. Besides, health programmers should scale up public health programs designed to enhance women's autonomy to reduce the incidence of intimate partner violence and its consequences.

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