The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale in Critical Care Nurses: A Psychometric Analysis

Objective: (a) To investigate the factor structure of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in critical care nurses, using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and (b) to assess reliability and known group differences of the CD-RISC on critical care nurses. Methods: CD-RISC surveys were collected on 744 critical care nurses across the United States. An abridged version of the CD-RISC was used for the EFA and CFA. Further reliability and known group differences were also tested. Results: EFA identified 3 factors with eigenvalues >1.0 and an explained variance of 59%. The factors were labeled personal competence, perseverance, and leadership, and each factor had salient loadings. The 3-factor CFA provided good fit to the data, χ2 = 243.1, p < .001; RMSEA = .062; CFI = .935, although correlations among the 3 factors were high (.78–.86). A 1-factor model was subsequently tested but did not produce a better fit, and model comparison analyses supported retention of the 3-factor model. Known group differences was supported as intensive care unit (ICU) nurses with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) had significantly lower total resilience scores (M = 75.43) compared to those without a diagnosis of PTSD (M = 83.21; t = 5.01; p < .001). Discussion: The current investigation found that the 3-factor structure provided the best fit for the data on the abridged version of the CD-RISC in a population of ICU nurses. Analyses also supported the reliability and known group differences of the 16-item measure. Further research is needed to examine trait and capacity features of resilience as it relates to this population.

Download Full-text

Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Maslach Burnout Inventory to Measure Burnout Syndrome in Critical Care Nurses

Journal of Nursing Measurement ◽

10.1891/jnm-d-18-00055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. E18-E29

Author(s):

Alexander Schneider ◽

Jeri E. Forster ◽

Meredith Mealer

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Critical Care ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Model ◽

Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽

The United States ◽

Critical Care Nurses ◽

Burnout Syndrome ◽

Confirmatory Factor

Background and PurposeBurnout syndrome is common in critical care nursing. The Critical Care Societies Collaborative recently released a joint statement and call to action on burnout in critical care professionals.MethodsWe conducted an exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the 22-item MBI.ResultsThe exploratory factor analysis identified three factors but after questions were removed; we were left with a 2-factor, 10-item abridged version of the MBI-HSS to test with CFA modeling. The CFA indicated conflicting fit indices.Conclusionswe conducted an exploratory and CFA of the abridged MBI-HSS in critical care nurses from the United States and found the two-factor model was the best fit achieved.

Download Full-text

Factorial Structure of the Therapist Adherence Measure-Revised (TAM-R) Within Multisystemic Therapy

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759/a000505 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 427-431

Author(s):

Aurelie M. C. Lange ◽

Marc J. M. H. Delsing ◽

Ron H. J. Scholte ◽

Rachel E. A. van der Rijken

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Factor Model ◽

Multisystemic Therapy ◽

Model Fit ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Adherence Measure ◽

Therapist Adherence ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

The Us

Abstract. The Therapist Adherence Measure (TAM-R) is a central assessment within the quality-assurance system of Multisystemic Therapy (MST). Studies into the validity and reliability of the TAM in the US have found varying numbers of latent factors. The current study aimed to reexamine its factor structure using two independent samples of families participating in MST in the Netherlands. The factor structure was explored using an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) in Sample 1 ( N = 580). This resulted in a two-factor solution. The factors were labeled “therapist adherence” and “client–therapist alliance.” Four cross-loading items were dropped. Reliability of the resulting factors was good. This two-factor model showed good model fit in a subsequent Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) in Sample 2 ( N = 723). The current finding of an alliance component corroborates previous studies and fits with the focus of the MST treatment model on creating engagement.

Download Full-text

An investigation into the factor structure of the Cognitive Therapy Scale – Revised (CTS-R) in a CBT training sample

Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy ◽

10.1017/s1352465820000983 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Sarah Beale ◽

Silia Vitoratou ◽

Sheena Liness

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Cognitive Therapy ◽

Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Factor Model ◽

Single Factor ◽

Behaviour Therapy ◽

Cognitive Behaviour ◽

Confirmatory Factor

Abstract Background: Effective monitoring of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) competence depends on psychometrically robust assessment methods. While the UK Cognitive Therapy Scale – Revised (CTS-R; Blackburn et al., 2001) has become a widely used competence measure in CBT training, practice and research, its underlying factor structure has never been investigated. Aims: This study aimed to present the first investigation into the factor structure of the CTS-R based on a large sample of postgraduate CBT trainee recordings. Method: Trainees (n = 382) provided 746 mid-treatment audio recordings for depression (n = 373) and anxiety (n = 373) cases scored on the CTS-R by expert markers. Tapes were split into two equal samples counterbalanced by diagnosis and with one tape per trainee. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted. The suggested factor structure and a widely used theoretical two-factor model were tested with confirmatory factor analysis. Measurement invariance was assessed by diagnostic group (depression versus anxiety). Results: Exploratory factor analysis suggested a single-factor solution (98.68% explained variance), which was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. All 12 CTS-R items were found to contribute to this single factor. The univariate model demonstrated full metric invariance and partial scalar invariance by diagnosis, with one item (item 10 – Conceptual Integration) demonstrating scalar non-invariance. Conclusions: Findings indicate that the CTS-R is a robust homogenous measure and do not support division into the widely used theoretical generic versus CBT-specific competency subscales. Investigation into the CTS-R factor structure in other populations is warranted.

Download Full-text

Reasons for attending support groups and organizational preferences: A replication study using the North American Scleroderma Support Group Survey

Journal of Scleroderma and Related Disorders ◽

10.1177/2397198319849806 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 173-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mia Pépin ◽

Linda Kwakkenbos ◽

Marie-Eve Carrier ◽

Sandra Peláez ◽

Ghassan El-Baalbaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Systemic Sclerosis ◽

North America ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Support Groups ◽

Support Group ◽

Factor Model ◽

The United States ◽

Confirmatory Factor

Peer-facilitated support groups are an important source for receiving disease-related information and support for people with systemic sclerosis (or scleroderma). A recent survey explored reasons for attending systemic sclerosis support groups in Europe and Australia and used exploratory factor analysis to group reasons for attendance into three main themes: (1) interpersonal and social support, (2) disease treatment and symptom management strategies, and (3) other aspects of living with systemic sclerosis. The objective of the present study was to replicate this study in a sample of patients from North America using confirmatory factor analysis. A 30-item survey was used to assess reasons for attendance and organizational preferences among systemic sclerosis patients in Canada and the United States. In total, 171 members completed the survey. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the three-factor model showed good fit to the data (χ2(399) = 646.0, p < 0.001, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.97, comparative fit index = 0.97, root mean square error approximation = 0.06). On average, respondents rated 22 (73%) of 30 items as “important” or “very important” reasons for attending support groups. Among organizational preferences, respondents emphasized the importance of the ability to share feelings and concerns, as well as educational aspects. Findings of our study suggest that reasons for attending support groups are similar for patients from Europe, Australia, and North America and that support groups should facilitate social support as well as disease education. These results inform the development of training programs for current and future systemic sclerosis support group leaders across the globe.

Download Full-text

The Development of the Scale of Protective Factors: Resilience in a Violent Trauma Sample

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00163 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 735-755 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Elisabeth Ponce-Garcia ◽

Amy N. Madewell ◽

Shelia M. Kennison

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Individual Factors ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Clinical Criteria ◽

Resilience Scale ◽

Confirmatory Factor

This research developed the Scale of Protective Factors (SPF-24) to measure protective factors contributing to resilience. We investigated the factor structure of 35 items. After exploratory factor analysis, we subjected 25 items representing 2 social-interpersonal and 2 cognitive-individual factors to confirmatory factor analysis. The sample consisted of 942 college students from 3 studies and 2 institutions. To examine the diagnostic function of the SPF, we used clinical criteria to identify a subsample of participants who had experienced violent trauma and scored low, moderate, or high on an established resilience scale. Results showed that the low-resilient group scored significantly lower on all subscales of the SPF with marked differences in prioritizing/planning behavior. Implications for the research and clinical settings are discussed.

Download Full-text

Further evidence for the structure of the Resilience Scale in portuguese language countries: An invariance study with brazilian and portuguese adolescents

Psicologia ◽

10.17575/rpsicol.v30i2.1125 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 33-46

Author(s):

Paulo Dias ◽

Irene Cadime ◽

Paulo Castelar Perim

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Short Version ◽

Resilience Scale ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Best Fitting ◽

Structural Invariance ◽

The One ◽

Portuguese Adolescents

Especially since the last decades of the 20th century, research about resilience provided some insights into how people deal and overcome adversity in a positive way. Given the recent research history on this topic, discussion about theories and measures is still ongoing. In this study we aim to explore the structural invariance of the Wagnild and Young’s Resilience Scale (RS), one of the most widely used measures of resilience, across Portuguese and Brazilian adolescents. A sample of 969 adolescents with ages ranging between 13 and 18 years old completed the RS. A five- and a two-factor structure for the full RS version with 25 items and a one-factor structure for a RS short version, composed of 14 items, were tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). After determining the best fitting structure, a multi-group CFA was performed to test the invariance of the instrument across the Portuguese and Brazilian samples. The five- and two-factor structures for the full version revealed a poor fit. The one-factor structure revealed a good fit in both samples. Moreover, evidence for the partial measurement invariance of the short version across both samples was found. Our results indicate that the RS short version can be used for cross-cultural studies of resilience in both countries and that the five- and two-factor structures might be inadequate for comparison purposes.

Download Full-text

Psychometric Properties of the 25-Item Connor-Davison Resilience Scale: Preliminary Data for a Romanian Military Population

Land Forces Academy Review ◽

10.2478/raft-2021-0005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 31-38

Author(s):

Iulia-Clarisa Giurcă ◽

Adriana Baban ◽

Sebastian Pintea ◽

Bianca Macavei

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Construct Validity ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Preliminary Data ◽

Model Fit ◽

Military Population ◽

Resilience Scale ◽

Confirmatory Factor

AbstractThe following study is aimed at investigating the construct validity of the 25-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 25) on a Romanian military population. The exploratory factor analysis was conducted on 434 male military participants, aged between 24 and 50 years (M = 34.83, S.D. = 6.14) and the confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on a sample of 679 military participants, of 605 men and 74 women, aged between 18 and 59 years (M = 38.37, S.D. = 9.07). Factor analysis of the scale showed it to be a bidimensional, rather than a multidimensional instrument, as the original five-factor structure was not replicated in this military Romanian sample. Moreover, EFAs suggested that a 14-item bidimensional model should be retained and CFA confirmed that this model fit the data best.

Download Full-text

Factor Structure and Gender Invariance Testing for the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2)

Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology ◽

10.1123/jcsp.2016-0036 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 201-217

Author(s):

Leilani A. Madrigal ◽

Vincenzo Roma ◽

Todd Caze ◽

Arthur Maerlender ◽

Debra Hope

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Online Survey ◽

Factor Model ◽

Anxiety Scale ◽

Negative Evaluation ◽

Psychometric Validation ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽

Analysis Group ◽

Confirmatory Factor

This study aimed to provide further psychometric validation of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) by assessing the factor structure, invariance across gender, and convergent and divergent validity of the SAS-2 by correlating both related (i.e., anxiety sensitivity, brief fear of negative evaluation, intolerance of uncertainty, and negative affect) and unrelated constructs (i.e., positive affect, self-confidence). A total of 542 current and former competitive athletes completed a questionnaire through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk system. All data were collected via online survey. Participants were randomly assigned to an exploratory factor analysis (n = 271) and confirmatory factor analysis group (n = 271). Results indicated that both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the three-factor model of anxiety involving somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption. Additionally, this study found the SAS-2 to be reliable, gender invariant, and have strong construct validity. Our findings extend the generalizability of the SAS-2 in more varied populations of athletic backgrounds.

Download Full-text

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test in Three International Samples

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027//1015-5759.17.1.1 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Robert J. Sternberg ◽

J.L. Castejón ◽

M.D. Prieto ◽

Jarkko Hautamäki ◽

Elena L. Grigorenko

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Model ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

The United States ◽

Underlying Structure ◽

School Students ◽

Theory Of Intelligence ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Order Factor

Summary: In the current study we compare different theoretical models of the underlying structure of the STAT (Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test), Level-H, by using the techniques of confirmatory factor analysis on a combined sample of 3278 school students from the United States, Finland, and Spain. The results of the comparison of a number of models - using the strategy of hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis (HCFA) and comparing nested and alternative models, specified under different assumed theories relative to a unidimensional concept of general intelligence, a traditional factorial concept, and a triarchic model - illustrate that the second-order factor model based on the triarchic theory of intelligence achieves the best (albeit far from perfect) fit to the empirical data.

Download Full-text

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Dospert Scale with Chinese University Students

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/09.03.pr0.114k15w2 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 114 (1) ◽

pp. 185-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Joseph Wu ◽

Hoi Yan Cheung

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Factor Model ◽

Empirical Support ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Domain Specific ◽

Confirmatory Factor

The factor structure of the 30-item Domain Specific Risk Taking Attitude (DOSPERT) scale (Blais & Weber, 2006) was examined with a convenience sample of 205 Chinese undergraduate students from Macao. A comparison of five competing models via confirmatory factor analysis yielded empirical support for the perspective that risk-taking attitude was content-dependent. After removing the items in the Financial subscale of the DOSPERT scale and some post hoc modifications, a reasonably good fit to the four-correlated-factor model was achieved, in concordance with the theoretical framework. However, items in some scales needed further revision to purify their factor structure so that the DOSPERT scale would be a more psychometrically sound measure for investigating one's risk-taking attitudes in different life domains.

Download Full-text