Sex Reversal on Congo Tetra Fish (Micraleptus intterruptus ) Larvae

ABSTRACT Experiment was performed to assess the effect of 17a-methyltestosterone (MT) treatment on Congo tetra fish larvae. To evaluate the optimal pattern of MT treatment, three different treatments were administrated. Three months old larvae were submerged in three different doses of MT; 1, 2 and 4 mg/l. These studies showed that the highest percentage of male fish was obtained by 4 mg/l MT treatment, 87,17%. The 2 mg/l and 1 mg/l MT treatments obtained 77,53% and 69,86% male respectively, two times higher than control, 38,96%. On the other hand, the 4 mg/l MT treatment also resulted the highest percentage of hermaphrodite fishes, 17,58%. The highest survival rate was shown by 1 mg/l MT treatment, 62,77% and the lowest was shown by the 4 mg/l MT treatment, 47,20%. The highest rate of fish length and weight was shown by the 4 mg/l MT treatment, 4,4 cm and 1,65 gram respectively. These findings suggest that MT treatment offers an advantage in growth of tetra Congo larvae. Key word : Sex reversal, methyltestosterone, Congo tetra fish, Micraleptus intterruptus. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perendaman larva di dalam larutan hormon 17a-metiltestosteron pada dosis 1, 2 dan 4 mg/l larutan. Persentase tertinggi ikan jantan dihasilkan oleh perlakuan 4 mg/l, yaitu 87,17%. Perlakuan 2 mg/l dan 1 mg/l masing-masing menghasilkan 77,53% dan 69,86% sedangkan kontrol menghasilkan 38,96% jantan. Efek lain dari perlakuan MT ini adalah hermafroditisme. Perlakuan 4 mg/l menghasilkan persentase hermafrodit tertinggi yaitu 17,58%, sedangkan pada kontrol kelangsungan hidup tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan 1 mg/l (62,77%) dan terendah pada perlakuan 4 mg/l (47,20%). Hasil tersebut menunjukkan adanya pengaruh dosis hormon terhadap kelangsungan hidup ikan. Pengukuran bobot dan panjang ikan pada setiap perlakuan menunjukkan nilai tertinggi dihasilkan oleh perlakuan 4 mg/l yaitu 1,65 gram dan 4,40 cm. Hal ini diduga bahwa hormon MT merangsang pula pertumbuhan ikan.Kata kunci : Pergantian kelamin, metiltestosteron, ikan tetra Kongo, Micraleptus intterruptus.

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Survival Rate and Growth of Fighting Fish Larvae (Betta splendens Regan) Fed on Various Live Foods

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.4.13-16 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. Budiardi ◽

T. Nursyams ◽

Agus Oman Sudrajat

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Fish Larvae ◽

Betta Splendens ◽

The Other ◽

Live Food ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Total Length ◽

Other Hand

Larval of fighting fish (Betta splendens Regan) requires precise live foods for its growth and survival. In this experiment, fish larvae were fed on either Paramecium + Artemia, Paramecium + Artemia + Tubifex, Paramecium + Moina, or Paramecium + Moina + Tubifex. The fish were fed Paramecium from day-2 till day-7 after hatching. There after, the live food was changed according to the treatments till day-28. Results showed that fish fed on Paramecium + Artemia significantly had the highest total length (12.63 mm) than other treatments (11.86 mm). On the other hand, survival rate of fish had no significant affected by the treatments. Keywords: fighting fish, Betta splendens, Paramecium, Moina, Artemia, Tubifex, larvae ABSTRAK Larva ikan betta (Betta splendens Regan) membutuhkan jenis pakan alami yang tepat bagi kelangsungan hidup dan pertumbuhannya. Pada penelitian ini, larva ikan diberi pakan berupa Paramecium + Artemia, Paramecium + Artemia + Tubifex, Paramecium + Moina, atau Paramecium + Moina + Tubifex. Ikan diberi pakan pakan berupa Paramecium dari hari ke-2 hingga hari ke-7. Setelah itu, pemberian pakan alami diubah berdasarkan masing-masing perlakuan hingga hari ke-28. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ikan yang diberi pakan Paramecium + Artemia memiliki tubuh secara signifikan lebih panjang (12,63 mm) dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya (11,86 mm). Sementara itu, kelangsungan hidup tidak dipengatuhi oleh perlakuan. Kata kunci: ikan betta, Betta splendens, Paramecium, Moina, Artemia, Tubifex, larva

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Role of Vitamin E on Indomethacin induced low pH of Seminal Fluid in Long Evans Rats

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy ◽

10.3329/bja.v8i1.6103 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 13-15

Author(s):

Md Jahangir Alam ◽

Humaira Naushaba ◽

Uttam Kumar Paul ◽

Tahmina Begum ◽

Sunjida Shahriah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Seminal Fluid ◽

Low Ph ◽

The Other ◽

Testicular Damage ◽

Other Hand ◽

Long Evans ◽

Different Doses

Context: Indomethacin is the most commonly and widely used nonsteroidal antinflammatory analgesic and antipyretic drug. Though it is effective drug in various diseases, indomethacin causes inhibition of spermatogenesis by lowering the pH of seminal fluid leading to infertility. On the other hand, vitamin E enhances spermatogenesis by increasing pH of the seminal fluid. Therefore, the present study was designed to observe the protective role of vitamin E on indomethacin induced low pH of seminal fluid in testicular damage. Objective: To observe the effects of vitamin E on indomethacin induced low pH of seminal fluid in testicular damage in Long Evans rats. Study design: An experimental study. Place and period of study: The study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka in the period of August, 2005 to June, 2006. Materials and methods: Eightyfour mature Long Evans male rats were divided into four groups (I, II, III and IV). The rats of group I, II and III were treated with indomethacin at different doses and duration. Group IV rats were treated with indomethacin plus vitamin E at different doses for 49 days. The pH of seminal fluid were measured biochemically. Results: There was significant reduction (P<0.001) of pH of seminal fluid when the rats were treated with indomethacin at low (2 mg/kg body weight/day) and high (10 mg/kg body weight/day) doses for 7, 14 and 42 days, respectively. On the other hand, rats treated with indomethacin plus vitamin E for 49 days showed increase in pH of seminal fluid compared to other groups (P<0.001). Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that vitamin E has potential role in the prevention of the antispermatogenic effects of indomethacin by increasing the pH of seminal fluid. Key words: seminal fluid; indomethacin; vitamin E DOI: 10.3329/bja.v8i1.6103 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2010, Vol. 8 No. 1 pp. 13-15

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Sex Control in Fish with Particular Reference to Salmonids

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f82-012 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 99-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 126

Author(s):

Edward M. Donaldson ◽

George A. Hunter

Keyword(s):

Surgical Procedures ◽

Inbred Lines ◽

Sex Reversal ◽

The Other ◽

Experimental Production ◽

Steroid Administration ◽

Sex Control ◽

Androgen Treatment ◽

Other Hand

Techniques for sex control in trout, char, and salmon are reviewed in the context of their application to salmonid culture. Procedures for the production of all female, male, or sterile salmonids using estrogen or androgen treatment, respectively, are described and compared for Salmo, Salvelinus, and Oncorhynchus species. The production of homozygous monosex salmonids by radiation gynogenesis and techniques for the production of potentially sterile triploid and polyploid salmonids arc discussed. Finally, alternative sterilization techniques which do not depend on steroid administration or zygote manipulation are reviewed including irradiation, and autoimmune and surgical procedures. Direct and indirect hormonal techniques for production of all female salmonid groups are now sufficiently developed to permit pilot application as is the direct androgen sterilization technique. The procedure of radiation gynogenesis is available for the rapid experimental production of inbred lines. On the other hand, further work is required to determine the effectiveness of induced triploidy and polyploidy as sterilization procedures.Key words: sex reversal, estrogen, androgen, sterilization, gynogenesis, androgenesis, polyploidy, Salmo, Oncorhynchus, Salvelinus

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Century Bonds: Debt Or Equity Securities?

Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) ◽

10.19030/jabr.v19i3.2175 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Kam C. Chan ◽

P.V. Viswanath ◽

Annie Wong

Keyword(s):

Systematic Risk ◽

Tax Avoidance ◽

The Other ◽

Formal Structure ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Firm Characteristics ◽

Font Size ◽

Other Hand ◽

Equity Securities

In this study, we examine the characteristics of firms that have issued century bonds and the debt-versus-equity classification of these bonds.  Although it is commonly assumed that such bonds are issued for tax-avoidance purpose, an examination of firm characteristics suggests that firms have non-tax related motives in issuing century bonds.  The formal structure of century bonds also suggests that century bonds are similar to debt.  On the other hand, our analysis of the systematic risk of issuing firm's equity shows that century bonds are more similar to equity than to debt.  Thus, ultimately, the relative importance of these three factors will have to determine whether they are to be considered debt or equity.

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On the study of the experience of the adult Tatar population

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kazmj58106 ◽

1930 ◽

Vol 26 (7) ◽

pp. 29-41

Author(s):

F. G. Mukhamedyarov

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Population Group ◽

The Other ◽

Probability Of Survival ◽

Force Of Mortality ◽

Other Hand ◽

Age Related ◽

Complex Methods ◽

Related Mortality ◽

Sanitary State

Determining the survival rate of the population and the order of its extinction is one of the main tasks of social and hygienic examination, the sanitary characteristics of a particular region of a particular population group. Without these data, it is difficult to get a correct idea of the sanitary state of the study area. On the other hand, the study of the problem of experiencing is a rather difficult task and requires the use of complex methods. The essence of the method is to compare the numbers of the distribution by age of the deceased with the numbers of the distribution by age of the living and to obtain the probability of survival to the next age period. The probability of survival obtained in this way makes it possible to calculate the order of extinction of a non-existent (hypothetical) generation with age-related mortality equal to the force of mortality for the period of time for which the census took place.

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Μεταξύ Αττίλα και Βαϊανού. Το Βυζάντιο και οι νομαδικοί λαοί από το 453 έως το 558

BYZANTINA SYMMEIKTA ◽

10.12681/byzsym.1139 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 67

Author(s):

Γεώργιος ΚΑΡΔΑΡΑΣ

Keyword(s):

Central Europe ◽

Geographical Area ◽

Cultural Influence ◽

The Other ◽

Font Size ◽

Other Hand ◽

Before And After ◽

Decorative Motifs

Between Attila and Bajan. Byzantium and the nomads from 453 to 558  The paper highlights the relations of Byzantium with the nomads in the period between the collapse of the Hunnic hegemony in Central Europe and the coming of the Avars to the northern frontiers of the Empire. Taking into account the written testimonies, as well as the archaeological finds, the geographical area of the nomadic settlements, the conflicts and treaties with Byzantium, the role of the nomads in the Byzantine-Persian relations, the nomad mercenaries in the Byzantine army and certain Byzantine finds, as jewellery, swords, pendant capsule or other decorative motifs are considered. These relations are distinguished in two periods, before and after 491. During the first one, the Empire was able to control the activity of the nomads offering them settlement permit on Byzantine soil, while for the second is noted, beside the strong conflicts, the cultural influence of Byzantium through Christianity and, on the other hand, the nomadic influences on the Byzantine army.

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KONTROVERSI PENGENAAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN ATAS TRANSAKSI VALUTA ASING

Media Riset Akuntansi Auditing & Informasi ◽

10.25105/mraai.v4i2.1863 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 207

Author(s):

Solihin Makmur Alam

Keyword(s):

Foreign Exchange ◽

Income Tax ◽

The Other ◽

Tax Law ◽

Font Size ◽

Other Hand ◽

Income Tax Law ◽

Economic Capacity

Article 4 section (1) Income Tax Law No. 17 / 2000 introduces what does the mean of Tax Objects. According to this article, Tax Objects shall be income, namely every kind of addition to economic capacity received or eamed by Taxpayers, derived both from Indonesia and outside Indonesia, which may be used for consumption or addition to property of the Taxpayers concerned, in whatever name or form.Income is the amount that a person can consume during a period of time and be as well-off at the end of the time as it was at the beginning. In other words, income is the amount that a person can be consumed without encroaching upon the capital.Moreover, income tax objects are very kind of addition to economic capacity, on the other hand, foreign exchane purchase transaction is an equity conversion in one form to another form which has the same value with it beginning equity. Thus, in this transaction , there is no addition to economic capacity received or earned by taxpayers. That's why, income tax deemed to foreign exchange purchase trasaction is not appropriate, because it will break the essence of source of law of income tax itself, that is income tax law No. 17/2000Keywords: Fiscal Stabilisation, tax object, Income, income tax deemed to foreign exchange purchase transaction.

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Effect of Orally Administrated Acriflavine to larval of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) on Their Sex Ratio

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.4.131-137 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 131

Author(s):

M. Zairin Junior ◽

D. Nurlestiyoningrum ◽

M. Raswin

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Sex Reversal ◽

Fish Growth ◽

Male Fish ◽

Red Tilapia ◽

Sex Development ◽

And Control ◽

Marketable Size

Uncontrolled and excessive spawning of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) hinders fish growth to reach marketable size. Several techniques have been developed to produce monosex population to overcome the problem, such as sex reversal by hormonal administration. Androgen hormone is generally employed to meet the goal, although the use of this hormone had been restricted and its price is relatively high. Acriflavine is an alternative chemical and its effect on sex development toward male fish has been proved. In this study, acriflavine at dose of 0, 15, 25 and 35 mg/kg feed were fed to 10-day-old larvae for 6 weeks. Feeding of larvae by diet containing 17a-methyltestosterone (MT) at dose of 50 mg/kg was also observed as a comparison of acriflavin treatment. The results indicated that feeding of larvae by diet containing acriflavine 25 mg/kg (78.3%) and 35 mg/kg (79.0%) produced significantly higher percentage of male fish compared to 15 mg/kg and control. However, the result is still lower compared to that of MT treatment (99.2%). Acriflavine treatment had no effect on survival of red tilapia and survival rate was similar among treatments, ranged from 91.7% to 95.0%. Keywords: red tilapia, Orechromis sp., monosex, acriflavine ABSTRAK Pemijahan tak terkontrol dan berlebih pada ikan nila merah (Oreochromis sp.) menghambat pertumbuhan ikan untuk mencapai ukuran konsumsi. Beberapa teknik yang telah dikembangkan untuk menghasilkan ikan monosek sebagai solusi permasalahan tersebut antara lain dengan seks reversal menggunakan hormon. Secara umum, hormon golongan androgen digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan, namun penggunaannya mulai dibatasi dan harganya relatif mahal. Akriflavin merupakan bahan alternatif yang terbukti dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan kelamin ke arah jantan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pemberian akriflavin dengan dosis 0, 15, 25 dan 35 mg/kg pakan ke larva umur 10 hari selama 6 minggu. Sebagai pembanding juga dilakukan pemberian pakan yang mengandung hormon 17a-metiltestosteron dosis 50 mg/kg pakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pakan yang mengandung akriflavin 25 mg/kg pakan (78,3%) dan 35 mg/kg pakan (79,0%) menghasilkan ikan jantan dengan persentase lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan perlakuan 15 mg/kg (72,46%) dan kontrol (58,37%). Namun demikian, hasil tersebut masih lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan perlakuan MT (99,2%). Perlakuan akriflavin tidak mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidup ikan nila merah dan tidak berbeda nyata dengan kontrol, berkisar antara 91,7-95,0%. Kata kunci: Nila merah, Orechromis sp., monoseks, akriflavin

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Effects of the Level and Frequency of Fertilization with hen Droppings on Zooplanktonic Density and Growth Performance of Common Carp Post-Larvae (CyprinusCarpio)

International Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development ◽

10.14302/issn.2691-6622.ijar-20-3490 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 13-21

Author(s):

Djikengoue Kameni Patricia Linda ◽

Mambe Tameghe Flora ◽

Kpoumie Nsangou Amidou ◽

Tonfack Achile Peguy

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Common Carp ◽

The Other ◽

Other Hand ◽

Zooplankton Production

Zooplankton production and growth performance of post-larvae of common carp according to the level and frequency of fertilization with chicken droppings were studied between May and October 2017 at the IRAD pisciculture station in Foumban. To this end, two doses of hen droppings, namely 450 g/m3 (D450) and 600 g/m3 (D600), were each applied at two application frequencies (weekly (F2) and bimonthly (F1)). Thus, 1200 post-carp larvae were distributed in 12 identical concrete tanks (1.2m x 0.75m x 1m) each filled with 400 liters of water. The 2 doses applied at 2 frequencies were applied randomly in the 12 tanks in a complete random device comprising 3 treatments and 2 repetitions. Six days after fertilization, each tank was sown with zooplankton at a density of 7 individuals per liter (ind/l). The loading was carried out 12 days after fertilization at a density of 100 ind/m2. The results show that regardless of the dose and the frequency of droppings applied, the production of zooplankton was optimal 10 to 12 days after fertilization. Considering the growth performance, the tanks receiving the 600 g/m3 dose every 2 weeks presented the highest significant values (p <0.05). On the other hand, the survival rate (36% on average) was not significantly influenced (p˃0.05) by the dose and the frequency of fertilization. The 600 g/m3 dose applied every two weeks can be recommended for the rearing of post-larvae common carp.

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Survival and fertility of bitches undergoing caesarean section

Veterinary Record ◽

10.1136/vr.105123 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 186 (13) ◽

pp. 416-416

Author(s):

Theresa Conze ◽

Andrzej Jurczak ◽

Vanessa Fux ◽

Piotr Socha ◽

Axel Wehrend ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Caesarean Section ◽

High Mortality ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Fertility Rate ◽

The Other ◽

Medical Indication ◽

Other Hand ◽

Overall Mortality

BackgroundWith the increasing popularity of planned caesarean section, the need for knowledge regarding this surgery has become increasingly important. The reported death and survival rates for caesarean sections vary widely. Another important aspect is the fertility rate in subsequent oestrous after caesarean section. The aim of this study was to investigate the mortality and survival rate of bitches during caesarean section. Additionally, the fertility of bitches after caesarean sections was determined.MethodsCaesarean sections which were performed in the years 1997–2009 at two university clinics were evaluated retrospectively. A distinction was made between bitches in which a conservative caesarean section was performed and bitches with a caesarean section followed by an ovariohysterectomy.ResultsA total of 482 caesarean sections were included in the study. The overall mortality rate was 3.11 per cent, with 2.59 per cent during or after a conservative caesarean section and 4.19 per cent during or after caesarean section with ovariohysterectomy. The reason for ovariohysterectomy was the owner’s preference in 63 bitches (47.01 per cent); in 71 (52.98 per cent) bitches, ovariohysterectomy was performed due to a medical indication. The fertility rate after caesarean section was 100 per cent.ConclusionThe results show a high mortality rate during and after caesarean section. On the other hand, caesarean section does not seem to have a big impact on further fertility. Further studies are needed to investigate possible reduction of litter sizes and the suitability of caesarean section in subsequent pregnancies.

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