Prevalence Des Infections Parasitaires Dues Aux Protozoaires Identifies Au Laboratoire National De Biologie Clinique Et De Sante Publique, Bangui Republique Centrafricaine

Les Protozoaires sont des parasites de petite taille, de forme diverses parmi lesquels on distingue les Protozoaires intestinaux (Amibes, Flagellés, Coccidies, Ciliés et Microsporidies) qui sont les plus répandus. Selon l’OMS, les parasitoses intestinales constituent un problème de santé publique dans le monde en général et en Afrique en particulier. Les formes graves sont généralement provoquées par certains protozoaires intestinaux à savoir Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis et Trichomonas intestinalis qui jouent un rôle dans la survenue du syndrome dysentérique. C’est dans ce contexte que cette étude est menée dans l’objectif est d’évaluer la prévalence des Protozoaires digestifs selon leur degré de pathogénicité chez les patients. La mise en évidence des parasites a été effectuée par la technique de Formolether et de l’examen à l’état frais. Cette étude a montré que sur 11500 patients, 3922 soit 34,1% étaient parasités. Parmi les patients parasités le sexe féminin était prédominant avec un pourcentage de 57,51%. La tranche d’âge la plus touchée est celle comprises entre 20 à 29 ans (39,4%), les enfants de moins de 1 an étaient moins touchés (1,2%). Le parasite le plus représentatif est le kyste d’Entamoeba histolytica 30,40% suivi de Trichomonas intestinalis 1,4%. L’amibiase, la giardiose et la trichomonose restent les protozooses les plus pathogènes associées à l’hygiène défectueuse et du péril fécal. Protozoa are parasites of small size, of various shapes, among which we distinguish the intestinal Protozoa (Amoeba, Flagellates, Coccidia, Ciliates and Microsporidia) which are the most widespread. According to WHO, intestinal parasitosis is a public health problem in the world in general and in Africa in particular. The severe forms are generally caused by certain intestinal protozoa namely Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas intestinalis which play a role in the occurrence of dysenteric syndrome. It is in this context that this study is being carried out with the objective of assessing the prevalence of digestive protozoa according to their degree of pathogenicity in patients. The detection of the parasites was carried out by the formalin-ether technique and the examination in the fresh state. This study showed that out of 11,500 patients, 3,922 or 34.1% were parasitized. Among the parasitized patients the female sex was predominant with a percentage of 57.51%. The most affected age group is between 20 to 29 years old (39.4%), children under 1 year old were less affected (1.2%). The most representative parasite is the Entamoeba histolytica cyst 30.40% followed by Trichomonas intestinalis 1.4%. Amebiasis, giardiasis and trichomoniasis remain the most pathogenic protozoa associated with poor hygiene and faecal hazard.

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Intestinal Protozoan Parasitosis in 4- and 11-year-old Children in Cunduana Community, Riobamba Canton, Chimborazo, June 2019 June

ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M. ◽

10.18502/espoch.v1i6.9658 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Silvia Marcela Inca Martínez ◽

Martha Cecilia Bonilla Caicedo ◽

Silvana Paola Ocaña Coello

Keyword(s):

Entamoeba Histolytica ◽

Giardia Lamblia ◽

Intellectual Development ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Oral Route ◽

School Age Children ◽

Intestinal Protozoan ◽

Intestinal Protozoa ◽

Intestinal Parasitosis ◽

Physiological Serum

Introduction: Parasitosis is a public health problem that affects millions of people, school-age children are more vulnerable, affects their physical and intellectual development, are transmitted by fecal-oral route, and is associated with poor hygienic and sanitary conditions. In Ecuador they constitute the second reason for medical consultation. Objective: To contribute to the epidemiological knowledge of intestinal parasitosis by protozoa in our environment. Methodology: An experimental descriptive study, with a universe of 80 children, obtaining 55 samples, a direct examination was carried out in preparations with physiological serum and lugol, identifying the parasites by their microscopic morphology. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasitosis by protozoa was 78.18%, while for the parasites Endolimax nana 30.9% Entamoeba histolytica, 34.5% and Giardia lamblia 14.5%. 40% of the participants were monoparasitized and 38.2% had polyparasitosis. Conclusion: High prevalence of parasitosis by intestinal protozoa was determined in the children of the Unit with 78.18%. The most prevalent ameboid protozoan was E. nana, followed by the pathogenic protozoan E. histolytica, while G. lamblia was flagellated protozoan identified. The lack of adequate sanitary infrastructure, habits of hygiene, environmental pollution, influence the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis. Keywords: protozoan infections, intestinal diseases, child. RESUMEN Introducción: Parasitosis es un problema de salud pública que afecta a millones de personas, los niños en edad escolar son más vulnerables, afecta su desarrollo físico e intelectual, se transmiten por vía fecal-oral, y está asociada a deficientes condiciones higiénicas y sanitarias. En Ecuador constituyen el segundo motivo de consulta médica. Objetivo: contribuir al conocimiento epidemiológico de las parasitosis intestinales por protozoos en nuestro medio. Metodología: estudio descriptivo experimental, con un universo de 80 niños y niñas, obteniendo 55 muestras, se realizó examen directo en preparaciones con suero fisiológico y lugol, identificando los parásitos por su morfología microscópica. Resultados: La prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal por protozoos fue de 78,18%, mientras que para los parásitos Endolimax nana 30,9%, Entamoeba histolytica 34,5% y Giardia lamblia 14,5%. El 40% de los participantes fue monoparasitado y el 38,2% presentó poliparasitosis. Conclusiones: Se determinó alta prevalencia de parasitosis por protozoos intestinales en los niños y niñas de la Unidad con un 78,18%. El protozoo ameboideo de mayor prevalencia fue E. nana, seguido del protozoo patógeno E. histolytica, mientras que G. lambia fue protozoo flagelado identificado. La falta de una adecuada infraestructura sanitaria, hábitos de higiene, contaminación ambiental, influyen en la prevalencia de la parasitosis intestinal. Palabras clave: infecciones por protozoos, parasitosis intestinales, niños.

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Drug-Free Approach To Study the Unusual Cell Cycle of Giardia intestinalis

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00384-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Kathleen Horlock-Roberts ◽

Chase Reaume ◽

Guillem Dayer ◽

Christine Ouellet ◽

Nicholas Cook ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Drug Targets ◽

Giardia Intestinalis ◽

Centrifugal Elutriation ◽

Active Infection ◽

Intestinal Protozoa ◽

Restriction Point ◽

The World ◽

Drug Free ◽

Potential Drug Targets

ABSTRACT Giardias are among the most commonly reported intestinal protozoa in the world, with infections seen in humans and over 40 species of animals. The life cycle of giardia alternates between the motile trophozoite and the infectious cyst. The regulation of the cell cycle controls the proliferation of giardia trophozoites during an active infection and contains the restriction point for the differentiation of trophozoite to cyst. Here, we developed counterflow centrifugal elutriation as a drug-free method to obtain fractions of giardia cultures enriched in cells from the G1, S, and G2 stages of the cell cycle. Analysis of these fractions showed that the cells do not show side effects associated with the drugs used for synchronization of giardia cultures. Therefore, counterflow centrifugal elutriation would advance studies on key regulatory events during the giardia cell cycle and identify potential drug targets to block giardia proliferation and transmission. Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis, a form of severe and infectious diarrhea. Despite the importance of the cell cycle in the control of proliferation and differentiation during a giardia infection, it has been difficult to study this process due to the absence of a synchronization procedure that would not induce cellular damage resulting in artifacts. We utilized counterflow centrifugal elutriation (CCE), a size-based separation technique, to successfully obtain fractions of giardia cultures enriched in G1, S, and G2. Unlike drug-induced synchronization of giardia cultures, CCE did not induce double-stranded DNA damage or endoreplication. We observed increases in the appearance and size of the median body in the cells from elutriation fractions corresponding to the progression of the cell cycle from early G1 to late G2. Consequently, CCE could be used to examine the dynamics of the median body and other structures and organelles in the giardia cell cycle. For the cell cycle gene expression studies, the actin-related gene was identified by the program geNorm as the most suitable normalizer for reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis of the CCE samples. Ten of 11 suspected cell cycle-regulated genes in the CCE fractions have expression profiles in giardia that resemble those of higher eukaryotes. However, the RNA levels of these genes during the cell cycle differ less than 4-fold to 5-fold, which might indicate that large changes in gene expression are not required by giardia to regulate the cell cycle. IMPORTANCE Giardias are among the most commonly reported intestinal protozoa in the world, with infections seen in humans and over 40 species of animals. The life cycle of giardia alternates between the motile trophozoite and the infectious cyst. The regulation of the cell cycle controls the proliferation of giardia trophozoites during an active infection and contains the restriction point for the differentiation of trophozoite to cyst. Here, we developed counterflow centrifugal elutriation as a drug-free method to obtain fractions of giardia cultures enriched in cells from the G1, S, and G2 stages of the cell cycle. Analysis of these fractions showed that the cells do not show side effects associated with the drugs used for synchronization of giardia cultures. Therefore, counterflow centrifugal elutriation would advance studies on key regulatory events during the giardia cell cycle and identify potential drug targets to block giardia proliferation and transmission.

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Serious non-fatal unintentional injuries among in-school adolescents in Sri Lanka: results from the 2016 Sri Lankan Global School-Based Health Survey

10.21203/rs.3.rs-27879/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sashimali Wickramasinghe ◽

Nalika Gunawardena ◽

Dhanusha Punyadasa ◽

Shanthi Gunawardena ◽

Champika Wickramasinghe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Health Survey ◽

Health Problem ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Age Group ◽

Unintentional Injuries ◽

School Based ◽

The World

Abstract Background Unintentional injuries among adolescents is a major public health problem the world over. A great majority of the annual deaths among adolescents is due to unintentional injuries; it is also the leading cause of death among adolescents in the world. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of injuries and their associated factors among school going adolescents aged 13-17 years using data from the most recent Global School-Based Health Survey (GSHS) conducted in Sri Lanka. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire, among 3,262 adolescents attending government schools. The sample was selected through a two-staged cluster sampling technique. In the first stage, 40 schools were selected using probabilities proportional to school enrollment size, from all schools in the country that have classes in grades 8-12 . Then, from the selected schools, classes were selected using systematic equal probability sampling with a random start. The weighted prevalence was calculated, and logistic regression analysis was conducted in order to determine the correlates. Results During the 12 months before the survey, 35.8% (95% CI-30.7 - 41.1) of the students reported being seriously injured one or more times. The injuries were more common among males, but were equally common among the two different age groups (13-15 age group vs 16-17 age group). The most common type of injury was cut or stab wounds (5.5%), followed by broken bones/dislocated joints (5.3%). Multivariable analysis revealed that only a few factors were associated with injury, such as being of the male sex, being bullied, being physically attacked, and/or being in a physical fight. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the prevalence of serious unintentional injuries among school going adolescents is a major public health problem in Sri Lanka. This timely and comprehensive survey would help policy makers and researchers identify the unmet needs related to adolescent injuries. Furthermore, evidence generated form the study should be given due consideration when designing school-based interventions to prevent adolescent injuries.

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Epidemiology of attempted suicides in emergency of Mayo Hospital in 2004

Annals of King Edward Medical University ◽

10.21649/akemu.v11i4.1058 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aftab Asif ◽

Fatima Yusuf ◽

Kamran Haider ◽

Gul H ◽

Usman S ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attempted Suicide ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Male Dominance ◽

World Health ◽

International Studies ◽

Age Group ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Legal Cases ◽

Female Ratio ◽

The World

Background: Suicide is one of the ten leading causes of death in the world, it ranks 8th leading cause in America and 4th as years of lost life. It accounts for more than 400,000 deaths annually. Different countries have different incidence rate and suicidal patterns, which are in accordance to their cultural, religious and social values. Suicide, a major global public health problem, is an under-studied and under researched subject in Pakistan, a conservative Islamic and developing country, with severe, legal, social and religious sanctions against it. Basic epidemiological data including national suicide rates are neither known nor reported to the World Health Organization. Despite this there is strong suggestive evidence that suicide not only occurs regularly but there has been an increase in the incidence over the last few years. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate all the cases that presented in Mayo hospital Lahore from the duration 1st January 2004-31st December 2004, of attempted suicide. We wanted to find out what area they belonged to, which age group had an increased incidence, what was the male to female ratio, What method of suicide was adopted and during which season was the incidence the greatest. Materials and methods: All people who attempted suicide (medico-legal cases) from 1st January 2004 to 31st December 2004 were included in the study. Detailed information was provided by forensic department in Mayo Hospital, about age, sex, date of attempt and area they belonged to. Results: showed a male dominance, also the age group of 21-30 years showed the greatest frequency. Greater number of cases belonged to the urban area, the most common mode of suicide was by poisoning and contrary to international studies the greatest number of attempts was during the summer season. Conclusion: The results in our study show that attempted suicidal rate has rapidly increased since 1995. In 2004 almost 4/day of attempted suicide (medico-legal) cases presented in the emergency department of Ma yo hospital compared to less than 0.4/day in 1995. Our study also shows male dominance in number of attempted suicide. It also showed that in our population 21-30years had the highest number of attempts. . Our study also shows a greater number of attempts during summer months where as in the western countries a greater number is shown during spring and winter.

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STUDIES ON AMOEBIASIS IN CANADA: PART I. THE INCIDENCE OF INTESTINAL PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS IN TWO INSTITUTIONALIZED GROUPS IN CANADA

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr47e-001 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 25e (1) ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

M. J. Miller ◽

L. P. E. Choquette

Keyword(s):

Old Age ◽

Entamoeba Histolytica ◽

Age Group ◽

Intestinal Protozoa ◽

Younger Age

The authors have made a survey of the intestinal protozoa in two institutions: an orphanage and an old people's home. Results showed that the incidence of infection was high in both groups but that the younger age group showed a consistently higher rate of infection for all species found. Entamoeba histolytica was found in 37% of the children and in 20.5% of the 'old-age' group.

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Occurrence of intestinal parasites among the teachers, students and staffs of Dhaka University

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Science ◽

10.3329/jasbs.v39i2.17863 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 239-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hamida Khanum ◽

Farzana Rahman ◽

Rimi Farhana Zaman

Keyword(s):

Entamoeba Histolytica ◽

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Medical Center ◽

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Winter Season ◽

Trichuris Trichiura ◽

Giardia Intestinalis ◽

Helminth Parasites ◽

Intestinal Protozoa

The present study was conducted to find out the incidence of the intestinal parasites and their prevalence among the teachers, students and staffs of University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study revealed that the prevalence of intestinal protozoa and helminth parasites are common among the outdoor patients of University of Dhaka. A total of 350 stool samples was examined in the Pathology department of Medical Center of University of Dhaka from June 2009 to May 2010, four species of intestinal parasites were identified of which two species were protozoa (Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis) and two species were nematodes (Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura). The overall prevalence of infestation was 23.14% where Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were found as 4.86%, 3.71%, 11.14% and 3.43% respectively. Highest prevalence was recorded in Ascaris lumbricoides (11.14%) and the seasonal pattern showed that highest (30%) prevalence occurred in rainy season and lowest (17.19%) in winter season. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was higher in female (30.56%) than in male (22.29%). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v39i2.17863 J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 39(2): 239-246, December 2013

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Study the infection with intestinal protozoa Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia among Patients who attending Bint Al- Huda for maternity and children hospital and Al hussin hospital in Nassriyia city in Thi-Qar province

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.12.3.468-473 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 468-473

Author(s):

Baghdad Science Journal

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Family Member ◽

Entamoeba Histolytica ◽

Giardia Lamblia ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Family Members ◽

Age Group ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Intestinal Protozoa ◽

One Year

The aims of this study the infection with parasites Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia and prevalence rates and their relationship with gende , age group , the number of family members and source of drinking water among the patients at attending the Bint Al Huda and Al- Hussin Teaching hospital in Nassriyia city in Thi- Qar province , it was noticed that the percentage of parasitic infection at females was 38.55% and at males was 61.45% and the percentage of parasitic infection with Entamoeba histolytica 97% was higher than the percentage of parasitic infection with Giardia lamblia 3%,and the reduction of percentage of infection is associated with increasing of the number of family member ,the percentage of infection was 49% at the age group less than one year while it was 4% at the age group more than 15 year ,and the percentage of infection was increasing with number of family members .It was noticed that the higher percentage of infection was (45%) at families with members more than 15 person

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An Assessment of the Cariogenicity of Commonly Used Infant Milk Formulae Using Microbiological and Biochemical Methods

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2011/320798 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shweta Dixit Chaudhary ◽

Mayur Chaudhary ◽

Asha Singh ◽

Sanket Kunte

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Oral Disease ◽

Age Group ◽

Dental Public Health ◽

Ph Values ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Plaque Ph ◽

The World ◽

Salivary Ph

Dental caries is an important dental public health problem and is the most prevalent oral disease among children in the world. The present study was undertaken to evaluate and comparatively assess the change in plaque and salivary pH after ingestion of various commercially available infant milk formulae, and also to evaluate and comparatively assess plaque and salivary samples for change in colony-forming units ofStreptococcus mutanscaused due to their ingestion. 36 children in the age group of 1-2 years were fed with infant milk formulae three times a day for 21 days and results quantified. The present study revealed a highly significant increase in the levels of colony-forming units ofStreptococcus mutansin both the plaque and salivary samples when assessed at baseline and after a period of 21 days, with thetvalue being 11.92 for the plaque samples and 11.66 for the salivary samples. It was also observed that all the test samples produced significantly lower plaque pH values than pre-feed pH. Based upon this study, further evaluation of the cariogenicity of infant milk formulae is recommended.

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Serious non-fatal unintentional injuries among in-school adolescents in Sri Lanka: results from the 2016 Sri Lankan global school-based health survey

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-09839-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sashimali Wickramasinghe ◽

Nalika Sepali Gunawardena ◽

Dhanusha Punyadasa ◽

Shanthi Gunawardena ◽

Champika Wickramasinghe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Health Survey ◽

Health Problem ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Age Group ◽

Unintentional Injuries ◽

School Based ◽

The World

Abstract Background Unintentional injuries among adolescents is a major public health problem the world over. A great majority of the annual deaths among adolescents is due to unintentional injuries; it is also the leading cause of death among adolescents in the world. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of injuries and their associated factors among school going adolescents aged 13–17 years using data from the most recent Global School-Based Health Survey (GSHS) conducted in Sri Lanka. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire, among 3262 adolescents attending government schools. The sample was selected through a two-staged cluster sampling technique. In the first stage, 40 schools were selected using probabilities proportional to school enrollment size, from all schools in the country that have classes in grades 8–12. Then, from the selected schools, classes were selected using systematic equal probability sampling with a random start. The weighted prevalence was calculated, and logistic regression analysis was conducted in order to determine the correlates. Results During the 12 months before the survey, 35.8% (95% CI-30.7 - 41.1) of the students reported being seriously injured one or more times. The injuries were more common among males, but were equally common among the two different age groups (13–15 age group vs 16–17 age group). The most common type of injury was cut or stab wounds (5.5%), followed by broken bones/dislocated joints (5.3%). Multivariable analysis revealed that only a few factors were associated with injury, such as being of the male sex, being bullied, being physically attacked, and/or being in a physical fight. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the prevalence of serious unintentional injuries among school going adolescents is a major public health problem in Sri Lanka. This timely and comprehensive survey would help policy makers and researchers identify the unmet needs related to adolescent injuries. Furthermore, evidence generated form the study should be given due consideration when designing school-based interventions to prevent adolescent injuries.

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GAMBARAN KEJADIAN TUBERKULOSIS DI KABUPATEN PATI

Jurnal Litbang Media Informasi Penelitian Pengembangan dan IPTEK ◽

10.33658/jl.v13i2.100 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 115-126

Author(s):

Dwi Murtono

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Age Group ◽

Men And Women ◽

Group 4 ◽

The World ◽

Positive Smear

ENGLISHTuberculosis is one of the long-known diseases and still becomes the leading cause of death in the world. The TB incidence needs a serious attention because it is a major public health problem. The objective of the study was to describe the TB incidence in Pati Regency in the period 2014-2016. It used quantitative and descriptive approaches. Secondary data sourced from Integrated Tuberculosis Information System (SITT) period 2014-2016 at Health Service of Pati Regency. Data were classified based on sex, TB classification, and age. Data were tested using descriptive analysis. The results of the study were: (1) The TB incidence showed an increase, (2) The increase of TB incidence was found both in men and women, but the number of TB cases was higher in men compared to the counterparts. (3) The number of TB cases increased in all TB classification groups, which the highest was found in positive smear pulmonary group. (4) The number of TB cases rose along with the increase of age, which the majority cases occurred in the productive age group. INDONESIATuberkulosis (TB) merupakan salah satu penyakit yang telah lama dikenal dan sampai saat ini masih menjadi penyebab utama kematian di dunia. Kejadian TB perlu mendapat perhatian serius karena TB merupakan masalah kesehatan publik mayor. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan gambaran kejadian TB di Kabupaten Pati dalam kurun waktu tahun 2014-2016. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif. Data sekunder berasal dari Sistem Informasi Tuberculosis Terpadu (SITT) Kabupaten Pati tahun 2014-2016 dari Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Pati. Data diolah berdasarkan jenis kelamin, klasifikasi TB dan umur penderita TB. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian adalah (1) angka kejadian TB menunjukkan adanya peningkatan; (2) angka kejadian TB berdasarkan klasifikasi jenis kelamin lebih banyak ditemukan pada jenis kelamin laki-laki dan menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan kejadian TB baik untuk laki-laki maupun perempuan; (3) angka kejadian TB berdasarkan klasifikasi TB secara umum menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan dan mayoritas kejadian adalah TB paru BTA positif; (4) kejadian TB mengalami peningkatan seiring dengan bertambahnya umur. Secara umum, kejadian TB paling besar terjadi pada usia produktif.

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