Characterisation of fungal communities and functions in agricultural soils

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-68
Author(s):  
Andy F. S. Taylor ◽  
◽  
Thomas Freitag ◽  
Lucinda J. Robinson ◽  
Duncan White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
Recent Advances

One of the main drivers for the recent interest in utilising fungi has been the development of molecular technologies which allow us to investigate fungal communities in detail. We have made significant steps forward in understanding numbers and functions of fungal communities in soil. If we are to make progress in harnessing fungal communities for improving the sustainability of our production systems, we need to improve our ability to accurately monitor species composition, abundance and interactions, and to increase our understanding of functional traits. This chapter presents recent advances in the study of these ubiquitous and vital components of all terrestrial ecosystems.

Polystyrene Microplastics Interaction with Oryza sativa: Toxicity and Metabolic Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiani Wu ◽  
Weitao Liu ◽  
Aurang Zeb ◽  
Jiapan Lian ◽  
Yuebing Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Metabolic Mechanism

Little is known about the microplastic effects in terrestrial ecosystems, especially agricultural soils and terrestrial higher plants. Here, rice seedlings were exposed to two different sized polystyrene (PS) microplastics (100...

scholarly journals Plasticity in plant functional traits is shaped by variability in neighbourhood species composition

2016 ◽  
Vol 211 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Abakumova ◽  
Kristjan Zobel ◽  
Anu Lepik ◽  
Marina Semchenko
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Plant Functional Traits

scholarly journals Mixed-Cropping Between Field Pea Varieties Alters Root Bacterial and Fungal Communities

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Horner ◽  
Samuel S. Browett ◽  
Rachael E. Antwis
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Mixed Cropping

AbstractModern agricultural practices have vastly increased crop production but negatively affected soil health. As such, there is a call to develop sustainable, ecologically-viable approaches to food production. Mixed-cropping of plant varieties can increase yields, although impacts on plant-associated microbial communities are unclear, despite their critical role in plant health and broader ecosystem function. We investigated how mixed-cropping between two field pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties (Winfreda and Ambassador) influenced root-associated microbial communities and yield. The two varieties supported significantly different fungal and bacterial communities when grown as mono-crops. Mixed-cropping caused changes in microbial communities but with differences between varieties. Root bacterial communities of Winfreda remained stable in response to mixed-cropping, whereas those of Ambassador became more similar to Winfreda. Conversely, root fungal communities of Ambassador remained stable under mixed-cropping, and those of Winfreda shifted towards the composition of Ambassador. Microbial co-occurrence networks of both varieties were stronger and larger under mixed-cropping, which may improve stability and resilience in agricultural soils. Both varieties produced slightly higher yields under mixed-cropping, although overall Ambassador plants produced higher yields than Winfreda plants. Our results suggest that variety diversification may increase yield and promote microbial interactions.

Long-term effects of stump removal and tree species composition on the diversity and structure of soil fungal communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dixi Modi ◽  
Suzanne Simard ◽  
Jean Bérubé ◽  
Les Lavkulich ◽  
Richard Hamelin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Stump removal is a common forest management practice used to reduce the mortality of trees affected by the fungal pathogen-mediated root disease, Armillaria root rot, but the impact of stumping on soil fungal community structure is not well understood. This study analyzed the long-term impact of stumping and tree species composition on the abundance, diversity and taxonomic composition of soil fungal communities using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) marker-based DNA metabarcoding in a 48-year-old trial at Skimikin, British Columbia. A total of 108 samples were collected from FH (fermented and humus layers), and soil mineral horizons (A and B) from stumped and unstumped plots of six tree species treatments (pure stands and admixtures of Douglas-fir, western red-cedar and paper birch). Fungal α-diversity in the A horizon significantly increased with stumping regardless of tree species composition, while β-diversity was significantly affected by stumping in all the horizons. We also observed that the relative abundance of the saprotrophic fungal community declined while that of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community increased with stumping. In conclusion, increase in ectomycorrhizal fungal associations, which are positively associated with tree productivity, suggests that stumping can be considered a good management practice for mitigating root disease and promoting tree regeneration.

scholarly journals Iron-catalysed oxidation and halogenation of organic matter in nature

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Comba ◽  
Marion Kerscher ◽  
Torsten Krause ◽  
Heinz Friedrich Schöler
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Biomimetic Chemistry ◽  
Fenton Chemistry ◽  
Volatile Hydrocarbons ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Catalysed Oxidation

Environmental context Natural organohalogens produced in and released from soils are of utmost importance for ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Formation mechanisms of natural organohalogens are reviewed with particular attention to recent advances in biomimetic chemistry as well as in radical-based Fenton chemistry. Iron-catalysed oxidation in biotic and abiotic systems converts organic matter in nature to organohalogens. Abstract Natural and anthropogenic organic matter is continuously transformed by abiotic and biotic processes in the biosphere. These reactions include partial and complete oxidation (mineralisation) or reduction of organic matter, depending on the redox milieu. Products of these transformations are, among others, volatile substances with atmospheric relevance, e.g. CO2, alkanes and organohalogens. Natural organohalogens, produced in and released from soils and salt surfaces, are of utmost importance for stratospheric (e.g. CH3Cl, CH3Br for ozone depletion) and tropospheric (e.g. Br2, BrCl, Cl2, HOCl, HOBr, ClNO2, BrNO2 and BrONO2 for the bromine explosion in polar, marine and continental boundary layers, and I2, CH3I, CH2I2 for reactive iodine chemistry, leading to new particle formation) chemistry, and pose a hazard to terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. halogenated carbonic acids such as trichloroacetic acid). Mechanisms for the formation of volatile hydrocarbons and oxygenated as well as halogenated derivatives are reviewed with particular attention paid to recent advances in the field of mechanistic studies of relevant enzymes and biomimetic chemistry as well as radical-based processes.

Grazing animals as habitat engineers for ground-nesting birds – a review of the issues

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 68-68
Author(s):  
K. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Plant Species Composition ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Avian Biodiversity ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Grassland Habitats ◽  
Ground Nesting

Habitats associated with livestock production systems are important in terms of avian biodiversity in the UK and across Europe. Livestock play an integral role in structuring grassland habitats, which in turn affects their suitability for different ground-nesting bird species. Such habitat engineering is driven mainly by the effect of grazing on plant species composition and vegetation structure. However, ground-nesting birds are also negatively affected by the presence of grazing animals since livestock destroy nests mainly through trampling.

Agricultural production systems can serve as reservoir for human pathogens

2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper Schierstaedt ◽  
Rita Grosch ◽  
Adam Schikora
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Agricultural Production Systems

ABSTRACT Food-borne diseases are a threat to human health and can cause severe economic losses. Nowadays, in a growing and increasingly interconnected world, food-borne diseases need to be dealt with in a global manner. In order to tackle this issue, it is essential to consider all possible entry routes of human pathogens into the production chain. Besides the post-harvest handling of the fresh produce itself, also the prevention of contamination in livestock and agricultural soils are of particular importance. While the monitoring of human pathogens and intervening measures are relatively easy to apply in livestock and post-harvest, the investigation of the prevention strategies in crop fields is a challenging task. Furthermore, crop fields are interconnected with livestock via fertilizers and feed; therefore, a poor hygiene management can cause cross-contamination. In this review, we highlight the possible contamination of crop plants by bacterial human pathogens via the rhizosphere, their interaction with the plant and possible intervention strategies. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and questions that are still open.

Throughput analysis of production systems: recent advances and future topics

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (14) ◽  
pp. 3823-3851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingshan Li ◽  
Dennis E. Blumenfeld ◽  
Ningjian Huang ◽  
Jeffrey M. Alden
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Throughput Analysis ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Future Topics
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