Developments in commercial scale farming of microalgae and seaweeds

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-104
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Loftus ◽  
◽  
Zackary I. Johnson ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Commercial Farming ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Future Focus

Expanding markets for microalgae and macroalgae products have led to increased development of commercial farming operations. While microalgae and macroalgae, or seaweed, have historically been harvested in many parts of globe, more recent developments seek to improve productivity, decrease production costs, increase scale, and mitigate environmental impacts of cultivation. This chapter highlights some of those recent developments and identifies future focus areas for research and development.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in the Modelling of Transformer Windings

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2798
Author(s):  
Konstanty M. Gawrylczyk ◽  
Szymon Banaszak
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Frequency Response ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
Lumped Parameters ◽  
Wave Phenomena ◽  
Modelling Methods ◽  
Direct Calculations

The paper provides a review of the modelling techniques used to simulate the frequency response of transformer windings. The aim of the research and development of modelling methods was to analyze the influence of deformations and faults in the windings on the changes in the frequency response. All described methods are given with examples of the modelling results performed by the authors of this paper and from literature sources. The research is prefaced with a thorough literature review. There are described models based on lumped parameters with input data coming from direct calculations based on the winding geometry and obtained from FEM modelling software and models considering the wave phenomena in the windings. The analysis was also performed for practical problems in winding modelling: the influence of windings other than the modelled one and the influence of parallel wires in a winding.

Patent highlights October–November 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Hermann AM Mucke
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Patent Literature

A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.

scholarly journals Recent Developments and Current Status of Commercial Production of Fuel Ethanol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuan-Dung Hoang ◽  
Nhuan Nghiem
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments

Ethanol produced from various biobased sources (bioethanol) has been gaining high attention lately due to its potential to cut down net emissions of carbon dioxide while reducing burgeoning world dependence on fossil fuels. Global ethanol production has increased more than six-fold from 18 billion liters at the turn of the century to 110 billion liters in 2019 (1,2). Sugar cane and corn have been used as the major feedstocks for ethanol production. Lignocellulosic biomass has recently been considered as another potential feedstock. This paper reviews recent developments and current status of commercial production of ethanol across the world. The review includes the ethanol production processes used for each type of feedstock, both currently practiced at commercial scale and newly developed technologies, and production trends in various regions and countries in the world.

scholarly journals Patent highlights August–September 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Hermann AM Mucke
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Patent Literature

A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.

Deciphering the true life cycle environmental impacts and costs of the mega-scale shale gas-to-olefins projects in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 820-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang He ◽  
Fengqi You
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Environmental Models ◽  
The U.S

Using detailed techno-economic-environmental models, we investigate the environmental impacts and production costs of the mega-scale shale gas-to-olefins projects in the U.S.

Optical Interconnects and Interfaces for Electronic Subsystems

1992 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rajasekharan ◽  
J.P. Krusius ◽  
J. Sutherland ◽  
G. George
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Optical Waveguides ◽  
Optical Interconnects ◽  
Electronic Computer ◽  
Computer Applications ◽  
Optical Interconnect ◽  
Optical Coupling ◽  
Optical Source ◽  
Recent Developments

AbstractThe potential, feasibility, and time scale of optical interconnect and interfaces are examined for electronic computer applications. Link, bus and random interconnect topologies are included. Recent developments in optical source and detector devices, optical waveguides and optical fiber characteristics are reviewed. Then optical coupling, alignment, interfacing and overall compatibility issues are explored. From this understanding the requirements for the packaging of optical interconnect are derived. Finally key research and development needs are defined.

scholarly journals Materials and Applications for Low-Cost Ceramic Membranes

Membranes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanmyrat Abdullayev ◽  
Maged Bekheet ◽  
Dorian Hanaor ◽  
Aleksander Gurlo
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Ceramic Membranes ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
High Temperature Stability ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Materials Used

In water treatment applications, the use of ceramic membranes is associated with numerous advantages relative to polymer-based filtration systems. High-temperature stability, fouling resistance, and low maintenance requirements contribute to lower lifecycle costs in such systems. However, the high production costs of most commercially available ceramic membranes, stemming from raw materials and processing, are uneconomical for such systems in most water treatment applications. For this reason, there is a growing demand for new ceramic membranes based on low-cost raw materials and processes. The use of unrefined mineral feedstocks, clays, cement, sands, and ash as the basis for the fabrication of ceramic membranes offers a promising pathway towards the obtainment of effective filtration systems that can be economically implemented in large volumes. The design of effective ceramic filtration membranes based on low-cost raw materials and energy-efficient processes requires a balance of pore structure, mass flow, and robustness, all of which are highly dependent on the composition of materials used, the inclusion of various pore-forming and binding additives, and the thermal treatments to which membranes are subjected. In this review, we present recent developments in materials and processes for the fabrication of low-cost membranes from unrefined raw materials, including clays, zeolites, apatite, waste products, including fly ash and rice husk ash, and cement. We examine multiple aspects of materials design and address the challenges relating to their further development.

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