scholarly journals Materials and Applications for Low-Cost Ceramic Membranes

Membranes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanmyrat Abdullayev ◽  
Maged Bekheet ◽  
Dorian Hanaor ◽  
Aleksander Gurlo
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Ceramic Membranes ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
High Temperature Stability ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Materials Used

In water treatment applications, the use of ceramic membranes is associated with numerous advantages relative to polymer-based filtration systems. High-temperature stability, fouling resistance, and low maintenance requirements contribute to lower lifecycle costs in such systems. However, the high production costs of most commercially available ceramic membranes, stemming from raw materials and processing, are uneconomical for such systems in most water treatment applications. For this reason, there is a growing demand for new ceramic membranes based on low-cost raw materials and processes. The use of unrefined mineral feedstocks, clays, cement, sands, and ash as the basis for the fabrication of ceramic membranes offers a promising pathway towards the obtainment of effective filtration systems that can be economically implemented in large volumes. The design of effective ceramic filtration membranes based on low-cost raw materials and energy-efficient processes requires a balance of pore structure, mass flow, and robustness, all of which are highly dependent on the composition of materials used, the inclusion of various pore-forming and binding additives, and the thermal treatments to which membranes are subjected. In this review, we present recent developments in materials and processes for the fabrication of low-cost membranes from unrefined raw materials, including clays, zeolites, apatite, waste products, including fly ash and rice husk ash, and cement. We examine multiple aspects of materials design and address the challenges relating to their further development.

Recent Developments in Polyurethane Foams Containing Low-Cost and Pro-Ecological Modifiers

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4s) ◽  
pp. 571-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Kosmela ◽  
◽  
Lukasz Zedler ◽  
Krzysztof Formela ◽  
Jozef Haponiuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Pu Foams

Diversity of the polyurethane (PU) foams applications cause that investigation of the relationships between their structure and properties is currently very popular topic among the many research institutions and companies. At the turn of the last years many scientific papers about PU foams and their composites were published. The one of the main trends in research in this field is related to the reduction of production costs of PU foams. This aim can be successfully achieved through the incorporation of raw materials of natural origin or the utilization of waste materials. This work reviews the progress and recent developments in area of PU foams containing low-cost and pro-ecological modifiers, such as crude glycerol, liquefied biomass, ground tire rubber, etc.

scholarly journals Materials for Photovoltaics: State of Art and Recent Developments

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 976 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luceño-Sánchez ◽  
Ana Díez-Pascual ◽  
Rafael Peña Capilla
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Photovoltaic Cell ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Cell Technology ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Of Art

In recent years, photovoltaic cell technology has grown extraordinarily as a sustainable source of energy, as a consequence of the increasing concern over the impact of fossil fuel-based energy on global warming and climate change. The different photovoltaic cells developed up to date can be classified into four main categories called generations (GEN), and the current market is mainly covered by the first two GEN. The 1GEN (mono or polycrystalline silicon cells and gallium arsenide) comprises well-known medium/low cost technologies that lead to moderate yields. The 2GEN (thin-film technologies) includes devices that have lower efficiency albeit are cheaper to manufacture. The 3GEN presents the use of novel materials, as well as a great variability of designs, and comprises expensive but very efficient cells. The 4GEN, also known as “inorganics-in-organics”, combines the low cost/flexibility of polymer thin films with the stability of novel inorganic nanostructures (i.e., metal nanoparticles and metal oxides) with organic-based nanomaterials (i.e., carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives), and are currently under investigation. The main goal of this review is to show the current state of art on photovoltaic cell technology in terms of the materials used for the manufacture, efficiency and production costs. A comprehensive comparative analysis of the four generations is performed, including the device architectures, their advantages and limitations. Special emphasis is placed on the 4GEN, where the diverse roles of the organic and nano-components are discussed. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives are summarized.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1148-1166
Author(s):  
Ganjar Fadillah ◽  
Septian Perwira Yudha ◽  
Suresh Sagadevan ◽  
Is Fatimah ◽  
Oki Muraza
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Photocatalytic Oxidation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Magnetic Iron Oxide ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractPhysical and chemical methods have been developed for water and wastewater treatments. Adsorption is an attractive method due to its simplicity and low cost, and it has been widely employed in industrial treatment. In advanced schemes, chemical oxidation and photocatalytic oxidation have been recognized as effective methods for wastewater-containing organic compounds. The use of magnetic iron oxide in these methods has received much attention. Magnetic iron oxide nanocomposite adsorbents have been recognized as favorable materials due to their stability, high adsorption capacities, and recoverability, compared to conventional sorbents. Magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites have also been reported to be effective in photocatalytic and chemical oxidation processes. The current review has presented recent developments in techniques using magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites for water treatment applications. The review highlights the synthesis method and compares modifications for adsorbent, photocatalytic oxidation, and chemical oxidation processes. Future prospects for the use of nanocomposites have been presented.

scholarly journals High accuracy infrared emissivity between 50 and 1000 ᵒC for solar materials characterization

2020 ◽  
Vol 307 ◽  
pp. 01043
Author(s):  
Raquel Fuente ◽  
Telmo Echániz ◽  
Iñigo González de Arrieta ◽  
Irene Urcelay-Olabarria ◽  
Josu M Igartua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basque Country ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Spectral Emissivity ◽  
High Temperature Stability ◽  
Working Temperature ◽  
Material Efficiency ◽  
Solar Thermal Collector ◽  
Infrared Spectral ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Emissivity Measurements

The total hemispherical emissivity of materials used in the solar energy industry is a critical parameter in the calculation of the radiative thermal losses and material efficiency, especially in solar thermal collector absorbing surfaces. This is because the radiative heat losses have a significant economic impact on the final cost of the electricity produced in solar plants. Our laboratory, HAIRL, in the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) in Spain [1] is the first to have published infrared spectral emissivity measurements in Solar Absorber Surfaces (SAS) at working temperature [2]. The laboratory allows measuring between 50 and 1000 ºC in the 0.83-25 μm range and is also capable of doing directional measurements at different angles between 0 and 80 degrees. Therefore, it is suitable for measuring solar selective coatings, for studying high temperature stability and for characterizing thermal energy harvesting materials. In this presentation, we show the specifications of our laboratory, the results of spectral emissivity measurements in air-resistant solar selective coatings and in eutectic alloys for thermal storage and we demonstrate the necessity of measuring at working temperature in order to possess reliable data.

scholarly journals Thermal decomposition characteristics of foundry sand for cast iron in nitrogen atmosphere

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 181091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingwei Xu ◽  
Kaili Xu ◽  
Xiwen Yao ◽  
Jishuo Li ◽  
Li Li
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
High Temperature Stability ◽  
Kinetics Parameters ◽  
Foundry Sand ◽  
Exponential Factor

Sand casting, currently the most popular approach to the casting production, has wide adaptability and low cost. The thermal decomposition characteristics of foundry sand for cast iron were determined for the first time in this study. Thermogravimetry was monitored by simultaneous thermal analyser to find that there was no obvious oxidation or combustion reaction in the foundry sand; the thermal decomposition degree increased as the heating rate increased. There was an obvious endothermic peak at about 846 K due to the transition of quartz from β to α phase. A novel technique was established to calculate the starting temperature of volatile emission in determining the volatile release parameter of foundry sand for cast iron. Foundry sand does not readily evaporate because its volatile content is only about 2.68 wt% and its main components have high-temperature stability. The thermal decomposition kinetics parameters of foundry sand, namely activation energy and pre-exponential factor, were obtained under kinetics theory. The activation energy of foundry sand for cast iron was small, mainly due to the wide temperature range of thermal decomposition in the foundry sand.

scholarly journals Ecological-and-Economic Evaluation of Vinyl Chloride Production in Mineral Resource Clusters

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 02025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Kudryashova ◽  
Evgeniy Kharlampenkov ◽  
Natalia Zakharova ◽  
Anastasiya Kolevatova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Material Consumption ◽  
Chemical Company ◽  
The Past ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
Energy Companies

Over the past six years, the volume of plastics production inprimary forms in Russia increased by 57%, exceeding 7.8 million tons in 2017. During this period, the production capacities were substantially renovated; new plants were put into operation. Increasing the competitiveness of Russian polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is possible on the basis of the integrated use of raw materials, the use of innovative technologies and reduction of production costs. When calculating costs, the following aspects were taken into account: type, availability and cost of raw materials, the number of chemical stages of final product production, its yield, energy intensity and material consumption of the process, the possibility of combining this method of production with other productionp rocesses of a chemical company, i.e. complex use of all obtained products. This is due to the low cost of raw materials, the clustering of coaland chemical enterprises and energy companies located in the Kemerovo region, which makes the production of PVC competitive.

scholarly journals GM foods: is there a way forward?

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huw D. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Linkage Drag ◽  
Biochemical Basis ◽  
Natural Genetic Variation ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Deleterious Alleles ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Materials Used

There are many quality targets in cereals that could generate step-change improvements in nutritional or food-processing characteristics. For instance, levels of acrylamide, soluble and insoluble fibre, antioxidants, allergens and intolerance factors in food are, to a large extent, determined by the genetics of the raw materials used. However, improvements to these traits pose significant challenges to plant breeders. For some traits, this is because the underlying genetic and biochemical basis of the traits is not fully understood but for others, there is simply a lack of natural genetic variation in commercially useful germplasm. One strategy to overcome the latter hindrance is to use wide crosses with more exotic germplasm; however, this can bring other difficulties such as yield loss and linkage drag of deleterious alleles. As DNA sequencing becomes cheaper and faster, it drives the research fields of reverse genetics and functional genomics which in turn will enable the incorporation of desirable traits into crop varieties via molecular breeding and biotechnology. I will discuss the evolution of these techniques from conventional genetic modification to more recent developments in targeted gene editing and the potential of biotechnology to complement conventional breeding methods. I will also discuss the role of risk assessment and regulation in the commercialisation of GM crops.

Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test for Porous Asphalt Concrete

2012 ◽  
Vol 178-181 ◽  
pp. 1338-1343
Author(s):  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Jing Jing Xiao
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Water Stability ◽  
High Temperature Stability ◽  
Porous Asphalt ◽  
Wheel Tracking Test ◽  
Wheel Tracking ◽  
Hamburg Wheel Tracking

According to the porous asphalt concrete’s big void structure as well as high temperature and rainy application environment, the author point out that using the conventional evaluation index such as high temperature stability and water stability to evaluate the PAC’s performance seem single, and then put up with estimating the PAC’s pavement performance by means of Hamburg Wheel Tracking under the water-high temperature’s comprehensive action. Studied on the PAC with the same raw materials and different gradations, and compared with the experimental results of AC-13 modified asphalt mixture and SMA-13, the results shows that, Hamburg Wheel Tracking test not only considered the water-high temperature’s comprehensive action on mixture, but also considered the mixture’s performance decay under long-term loading. Hamburg Wheel Tracking test can evaluate the PAC’s performance more practically, the PAC which materials and graduations reasonably designed have good performance, and its Hamburg Wheel Tracking final deformation is only 3.89mm, it can satisfy the demand from the high temperature and rainy environment. As well, the test results also comes to the conclusions that under the same materials and the same air voids, the PAC with coarse framework structure own better water stability and water-high temperature stability.

Carbon Materials as Adsorbents for the Removal of Pollutants from the Aqueous Phase

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 890-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Moreno-Castilla ◽  
José Rivera-Utrilla
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
World Production ◽  
Variable Surface ◽  
Materials Used

Activated carbons are the most important carbon materials used in water treatment. Their known world production is around 500,000 tons per year, of which about 80% is used for liquid-phase applications. These solids are manufactured in powder or granular form from a large variety of raw materials and are unique and versatile adsorbents due to their highly developed porosity, their large surface area (which in some cases can be up to 3000 m2/g), and their variable surface chemistry.

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