scholarly journals Odpowiedź moim krytykom

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-90
Author(s):  
Wojciech Sady
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Thought Style ◽  
The Third ◽  
Scientific Revolutions ◽  
Theoretical System ◽  
Protective Belt

In the book The Structure of Relativistic and Quantum Revolutions in Physics, I presented the anti-Kuhnian and anti-Lakatosian model of scientific revolutions. Following Fleck, I assume that scientists’ ways of perceiving phenomena and thinking about them are conditioned by the thought style acquired in the process of being introduced to the profession. So how could it happen that scientists at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries began to think differently than they had been taught to think? My answer is that both revolutions were made by three generations of theorists. In the first generation (Maxwell; Boltzmann), the acquired knowledge and new experimental results led to conclusions that made the theoretical system inconsistent. Scientists of the second generation (Lorentz, Larmor, Poincaré; Planck, Einstein, Bohr) tried to apply these new conclusions together with old knowledge, and it was found that it was impossible to do it fully. Nevertheless, they obtained a number of new results. In the third generation (Einstein; Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Dirac and others), new conclusions began to be applied as standalone. If one were to use the Lakatosian language, some fragments of the protective belt of the old research program broke off as the cores of the new programs. In this article, I answer the objections that several outstanding philosophers of science have made against my model.

The Brown Mite, Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson (Acarina: Tetranychidae), on Apple in Nova Scotia.: I. Influence of Intratree Distribution on the Selection of Sampling Units. II. Differences in Habits and Seasonal Trends in Orchards With Bivoltine and Trivoltine Populations. III. Distribution of Diapause Eggs. IV. Hatching of Diapause Eggs

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1303-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Seasonal Trends ◽  
Sample Unit ◽  
The Third ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractIn Nova Scotia one leaf cluster with an adjoining 1 inch of twig taken from the inside of each of 10 apple trees replicated four times is an adequate sample unit to measure the density of the brown mite.The brown mite has one generation with a partial second in some orchards and one with a partial second and partial third in others. The first generation adults in the bivoltine and trivoltine populations lay summer eggs on the leaves and twigs, and diapause eggs on tin twigs. The second generation adults in the bivoltine populations lay only diapause eggs; in the trivoltine populations they lay both summer and diapause eggs. The adults of the third generation lay only diapause eggs.The brown mite is found on both the leaves and woody parts of the tree. In orchards with bivoltine populations the proportion of mites on leaves reached a peak of 80% by mid-July, but thereafter gradually decreased to 10% by the end of August. However, in orchards with trivoltine populations the proportion of mites on leaves reached a peak of 80 to 90% by mid-July, remained constant until mid-August, and thereafter decreased to approximately 40% by the end of August.The number of diapause eggs laid by adults of each generation in both the bivoltine and trivoltine populations varies widely. The eggs are deposited on the trunk as well as on the branches, with the heaviest deposition in the central area of the tree. The diapause eggs laid by adults of the first generation are the last to hatch and those laid by the third generation are the first to hatch the following spring.The factors responsible for the differences in the number of generations and in the number of diapause eggs laid are unknown.

scholarly journals Parameters of the seasonal cycle of Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) in the plains and foothills of the Northwestern Caucasus

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-128
Author(s):  
В.И. Щуров ◽  
А.С. Замотайлов
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
The Third ◽  
Female Immigrant ◽  
Northwestern Caucasus

Развитие первой генерации Corythucha arcuata в предгорьях и низкогорьях Северо-Западного Кавказа начинается в первых числах мая. При нижнем пороге пост-диапаузного развития имаго +11°С и при естественной длине дня ей требуется не менее 43 суток (аккумуляция 333-404 гр.-дн.). Гибель перезимовавших самок в этой зоне наблюдается к концу июня, совпадая с сокращением общей доли самок до 2-7%. В высокогорьях перезимовавшие имаго расселяются и в июне, доживая до июля на ивах и березах. Пик выхода имаго первого поколения приходится на конец июня. Массовая яйцекладка самками первого поколения (начало второго поколения) предваряется миграцией оплодотворенных самок на новые кормовые растения. Развитие преимагиальных стадий второго поколения (без смены кормовых растений) протекает с середины июня. Метаморфоз длится не менее 16-23 суток (361-430 гр.-дн.). Пик выхода имаго второго поколения в конце июля совпадает с массовым расселением, в котором всегда преобладают самки. Третье поколение развивается в августе. Метаморфоз занимает 19-28 суток (329-350 гр.-дн.). Пик выхода имаго третьего поколения приходится на первую декаду сентября. Его предваряет более ранний выход самцов, определяемый по их локальным и региональным миграциями с конца августа. Четвертое поколение является факультативным и развивается (без смены кормовых растений) с конца августа до третьей декады сентября. Развитие преимагиальных стадий этого поколения занимает не менее 26 суток (378 гр.-дн.). Последняя миграция клопов наблюдается в начале-середине октября. Самки третьего поколения первыми уходят в места зимовки в предгорьях и низкогорьях уже в середине сентября. Здесь, в дубовых лесах, зимуют имаго третьего и четвертого поколений обычно с преобладанием самок. В среднегорьях с ними могут зимовать особи-иммигранты второго поколения, но с преобладанием самцов, сохраняющимся с сентября. Development of the first generation of Corythucha arcuata in the climate of the foothills and lowlands of the Northwest Caucasus starts in the early May. With a natural day length and the threshold for post-diapause imago development of 11 °C, it requires 333-404 degree-days and at least 43 days. The death of the overwintered females in this zone is observed by the end of June, coinciding with the reduction of the total portion of females to 2-7%. In the highlands imagoes are dispersing in June as well, surviving until July on willows and birch trees. Peak of the first-generation imago outcome occurs at the end of June. Migration of fertilized females of the first generation to new forage plants is followed by mass egg laying (i.e. beginning of the second generation). During the formation of large nests in the foothills, the flight of bugs is observed even in treeless highlands. Development of the preadult stages of the second generation (without changing feed plants) takes place starting at mid-June. Metamorphosis requires 361-430 degree-days and takes at least 16-23 days. The peak of the emergence of the second generation imagoes at the end of July coincides with their dispersal, which is also dominated by females. The third generation develops in August. It requires 329-350 degree-days and takes 19-28 days. The peak of the emergence of the G3 imagoes falls on the first third of September. It is preceded by anearlier emergence of males, determined by their mass local and regional migrations since the end of August. The fourth generation is obligated and develops (without changing feed plants) from the end of August to the end of September. It requires at least 378 degree-days and takes at least 26 days. Late nymphs resulting from female immigrant of the third generation (on new trees) give imagoes only by mid-October. The last migration of bugs is observed in early to mid-October. Imagoes of the third and fourth generations with the predominance of females hibernate in the oak forests of the foothills and low-mountain. In the midlands they may be accompanied by the overwintering immigrants of the second generation, with the predominance of males, formed in September.

Redial generations ofFasciola hepatica: a review

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rondelaud ◽  
M. Belfaiza ◽  
P. Vignoles ◽  
M. Moncef ◽  
G. Dreyfuss
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Snail Infection ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
The Third

AbstractAn update on the redial generations ofFasciola hepaticawas carried out to highlight the different developmental patterns of rediae, the effects of some factors on these generations, and the consequences of such developmental patterns on cercarial productivity. The development of generations is dependent on the behaviour of the first mother redia of the first generation. If this redia remains alive throughout snail infection, it produces most second-generation rediae. In contrast, if it dies during the first weeks, daughter redia formation is ensured by a substitute redia (the second mother redia of the first generation, or the first redia of the second generation). Environmental and biotic factors do not modify the succession of redial generations, but most act by limiting the numbers of rediae, either in all generations, or in the second and/or third generations. An abnormal development of rediae reduces the number of cercariae and most are formed by the second cohort of the first generation. By contrast, most cercariae are produced by the first cohort of the second generation when redial development is normal. The mother rediae described by previous authors might correspond to the first generation and the second cohort of the second generation, while daughter rediae would be the second cohort of the second generation and the first cohort of the third generation. Under certain circumstances, daughter redia formation is ensured by the first two mother rediae or all first-generation rediae, thus demonstrating that the first mother redia is not the only larva to ensure daughter redia formation.

scholarly journals RESEARCH REGARDING THE INTEGRATE MANAGEMENT OF THE VINE MOTH (Lobesia botrana Den et Schiff.) AT THE DEALURILE CRAIOVEI VINEYARD

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Mitrea ◽  
C. Stan ◽  
O. Tuca
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Lobesia Botrana ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Biological Product ◽  
Medium Frequency ◽  
The Third ◽  
Integrate Management ◽  
Chemical Products

The vine moth Lobesia botrana Den et Schifff. Is one of the main pest of the Dealurile Craiovei vineyard, the damages produced by this pest can reach 25-30%. The integrate management of the vine moth is an alternative to the excessive chemification in order to control the viticultural ecosystem during the past years, this paper frame within this curent. During 2004-2006, the climatic conditions has been favourable for the develop of the Lobesia botrana species, in 2004 there has been recorded 4 maximum flights coresponding to 3 complete generations and the fourth one incomplete, in 2005 and 2006 there has been recorded 3 maximum flights coresponding for same number of generations. The attack medium frequency, of the vine moth, recorded in 2004 has been of 20,66%, 19,0% in 2005, and of 17,83% in 2006. The attack medium frequency during 2004-2006 has been of 19,2% . The efficiency of the control treatments has been ranged between 94,6% and 89,4%. The highest efficiency of 94,6% has been recorded at the V2 variant, there has been used only chemical products, followed by the V3 variant (91,4%) there has been used chemical products for controling the first 2 generations I and II of the vine moth and an biological product for the third generation III, and the fourth variant V4 (89,7%) there has been used the pyretroid product Bulldock 025 EC for controling the first generation, and the biological product Foray 48B (Biobit XL) for controling the second generation II and 8 pheromonals traps (atraBOT/ha) for controling the third generation III. For the fifth variant V5 there has been used the product Calypso 480 SC, an metamorphosis inhibitor for the arthropods, for controling the first generation and then the biological product Dipel 2xWP for the second generation II and 8 pheromonals traps (atraBOT/ha) for the third generation, at this variant there has been recorded the lowest efficiencyt 89,4%.

scholarly journals ReLEx® SMILE® – the third generation of laser eye surgery

The Eye ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4(132)) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
T. Yu. Shilova
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Eye Surgery ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Small Incision ◽  
Lenticule Extraction

ReLEx® (Refractive lenticule extraction) SMILE® (SMall Incision Lenticula Extraction) is the third generation of laser eye surgery, which is a follow-on to PRK (the first generation) and LASIK (the second generation). This technology has expanded the possibilities for the comfort and safety of the procedure, reduced the requirements for the thickness of the cornea, and made it extremely comfortable for the patient. SMILE® method helps improve vision in case of myopia, myopic and mixed astigmatism. The article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of this technology, its possible risks and side effects. The data represented in this article was obtained by analyzing scientific publications and practical expertise.

scholarly journals FAUNAL AND ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF BLACKFLIES IN STATE BUDGETARY INSTITUTION SPORTS SCHOOL OF THE OLYMPIC RESERVE FOR EQUESTRIAN SPORTS, KALUGA

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
Vasilevich ◽  
Nikanorova ◽  
Maslennikova
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Equestrian Sports ◽  
Content Of Oxygen

The article describes the faunal and ecological features of two species of blackflies common on the territory of the SBI "Sports School of the Olympic Reserve for Equestrian Sports" in Kaluga: Wilhelmia equina (Linnaeus, 1758) and Odagmia ornata (Meigen, 1818), which can cause simuliidotoxicosis of animals. The studied species are very widespread. Species Wilhelmia equina: their habitat is in rivers of medium and small sizes, sometimes in streams, the flow rate of which is 0.25–0.6 m/s. Blackflies in preimaginal stages settle on aquatic vegetation and underwater objects. The preimaginal stage develops at a water temperature of 2–23 oC with content of oxygen dissolved in water of 51–88%. On average, 2–3 generations are recorded per year. The adults of the first generation fly out in late May – early June, the second generation in late July – early August and the third generation in mid September. Odagmia ornata: it lives in various water bodies from small streams to large rivers. Larvae and pupae inhabit vegetation in water bodies and various objects. The species is unpretentious to water temperature and develops at temperatures from 4 to 21 oC and water flow rate 0.3–0.9 m/s with the required content of oxygen dissolved in water 42–82%. Three generations are recorded per year. The emergence and pupation of the first generation of adults is observed in early and mid-May, when the water temperature reaches 8–10 oС, and the second generation in July when the water temperature is from 11 to 22 oС. The third generation is observed in late August – early September, when the water temperature is 16–19 oC. It is considered an active blood-sucking insect for domestic animals.

scholarly journals Quality Control in the Third Generation of ISO – New Quality Engineering for Biochemical Analysis –

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
Yasuo Iwaki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Uncertainty Of Measurement ◽  
The Third ◽  
Environment Assessment

Since the uncertainty of measurement data was becoming complicated, ISO-26000s of the third generation was created from the technical field of Quality Control (QC). QC engineering started the first generation of ISO-9000s. The second generation of ISO-14000s and the innovation has continued up to now with new the third generation of ISO-26000s. The first generation has established a critical reliance and an assurance. A Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Reliance (QR) are problems utmost importance. The second generation has planned predication technology for QC. Further more Environment Assessment (EA) is important for the QA performance. Significant improvement is necessary better accuracy. Furthermore, performing management was adapted for EA. is represented by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Environmental Protection Agencies (EPA). Many rules for QC are made by the related organization. The third generation established a timeframe for making it sustainable to deliver social responsibility inmarket dealings. This study considers the third generation for biochemical analysis, and the verification is performed in the calibration curve. The first generation and the second generation are standard and regulation in nature, whereas the third generation is mere guidance and do not mandatory.

scholarly journals PERKEMBANGAN TEMA PUISI-PUISI PENYAIR BANGKALAN: KAJIAN SEJARAH SASTRA

ATAVISME ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-180
Author(s):  
Muhri Muhri
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Early Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Common Interests

This research aims to classify the Bangkalan poets into generations and trends on the themes of each generation. The underlying theories are those that affect the subdiscipline of literary history, especially the theories within the deconstructive paradigm. Data were obtained through interviews and study of literary work, namely the works of Bangkalan poets. From the analysis, generation of poets of Bangkalan can be divided into four generations based on tradition and common interests as manifested in the organization or forum where those poets gather. The first generation was in the Arts Council of Bangkalan (Dewan Kesenian Bangkalan or DKB), the second generation was raised in the Tera' Bulan Community, the third generation came from the campus theater communities around Bangkalan, and the fourth generation was in Masyarakat Lumpur Community and Bawah Arus Community. Metaphysical and social were dominant themes in the early generation, libidinal love theme was a theme that tended to appear in the second generation, local and lyrical themes tended to emerge in the third and fourth generation.

MEMS-Based Electrolytic Microbubbler in a Water Channel

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lee ◽  
W. Sutomo ◽  
C. Liu ◽  
E. Loth
Keyword(s):  
Applied Voltage ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Bubble Diameter ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Bubble Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean

This study investigated the development of microbubble injection using a MEMS-based electrolytic device capable of generating small bubbles introduced with nearly zero injection velocity. Three generations of electrolytic microbubblers with gold electrodes and photoresist (PR) as an insulator were fabricated. The objective for the first-generation microbubbler was to understand the influence of voltage and flow speed. The goal of the second-generation microbubbler was to understand the influence of electrode area and spacing, the distance between the cathode and anode. The purpose of the third generation device was to investigate the effect of electrode shape as well as further reduction in the size and spacing of the electrodes. Measurements of the sizes of the bubbles and the bubble generation rates of a first-generation device in a square water channel at different voltages and under different flow conditions were taken. At all but the lowest applied voltage, more than 65% of the observed bubbles were less than 50 μm in diameter. As the applied voltage was increased, the mean bubble diameter and the variation from the mean decreased while bubble generation rates increased. As the flow increased, mean bubble diameter and the deviation from the mean decreased as well. For the second-generation devices, the largest mean bubble diameter and smallest percentage of bubbles smaller than 50 μm occurred at an intermediate value of the ratio between the electrode size and the electrode spacing of approximately 0.7. For the third generation devices, increased detachment frequency occurred with the circular geometries, compared to triangular or square node shapes. The minimum allowable spacing between two electrodes to avoid coalescence was approximately 1.5 times the electrode diameter.

Four generations of nuclear physicists

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-94 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Industrial Societies

TO review the course of nuclear physics over many decades of time in the space of an hour’s talk and yet leave time for predicting its future requires a rather impressionistic technique in the presentation. I have chosen as my time markers the human generations which, as I hope you will see, also mark distinct phases in the development of the subject. Conventionally, a generation spans twenty-five years; hence a hundred years covers four generations. The first generation was that of Rutherford and Bohr, followed in the second generation by Heisenberg, Pauli, Blackett, Fermi and their contemporaries, many of whom are here today. The third generation is represented by the nuclear physicists of my own age and finally the fourth generation are those young physicists, now about 25 years old, on whom the development of this subject will depend in the next twenty-five years. I will try to trace through these generations four main themes each of which, in different ways, affects the future of nuclear physics. Firstly, and most importantly, the progress of the research itself; secondly, the development of the research apparatus; thirdly, the evolution of the organization of the research and lastly, the relationships between nuclear physics and the industrial societies which support it.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document