scholarly journals Solving the problem of air quality in Indian cities by retrofitting the EGR

2018 ◽  
Vol 173 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Zbigniew SROKA ◽  
Wojciech WALKOWIAK ◽  
Marek REKSA ◽  
Czesław KOLANEK ◽  
Chandu Valuvila THULASIDHARAN PILLAI
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Time Consumption ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Gas Recirculation ◽  
Indian Cities ◽  
Fabrication Time

This paper touches problem of transportation pollution focusing on NOx reducing in the India. There were India country chosen for study as the second populated country and most polluted cities in the world. As from statistics, it is known that more than 65% of Indian cars are old and they are the main reason of air pollution. Most of the old cars do not have any control measures for eliminating deadli-est gases. Dumping the old cars is not possible, as the poor owns most of the old cars. For eliminating the pollution from old cars, the possible remedy is to control the emission of pollutants. Comparing to all gases in exhaust, nitrogen oxides are the dangerous one. It can may cause up to death. The best method to control the NOx gas is EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) valves. This research mainly focuses on the possible ways of installing EGR in old engines and fabricate an EGR in one of the Indian cars. Maruti Suzuki 800 is best of for fabricating EGR, as it is a base model and most sold Indian car. As the result, there tremendous decreasing in NOx emission also the emission CO2 was reduced. The investigation about fabricating EGR in old vehicle results a positive output after calculated the cost of the fabrication, time consumption, work challenges and other facts. As Indian government adopt this concept, they can reduce the pollu-tion from all types of vehicles to a great extend in few years of time with low investment.

scholarly journals A Brief Overview: The Persistence and Pandemic of Virulent Newcastle Disease in Birds as Well as Role in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muqadas Baksh ◽  
Zafar Ali ◽  
Ghafran Ali
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Death Time ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Qualitative Risk Analysis ◽  
Virus Strains

The poultry industry is affected by many epidemics and Newcastle Disease (ND) is a constant threat, known as a devastating disease for poultry farmers around the world. According to the average death time of chicken embryos, virus strains can be classified as lentogenic, mesogenic, or velogenic. The current research will clarify the vulnerable host range as well as the epidemiology and geographic distribution of ND in Pakistan. The introduction of the virus into poultry can have serious economic consequences, including the loss of production of sick and dying poultry, the cost of control measures (such as population reduction and disinfection measures), and possible trade restrictions in the event of an outbreak. The virus is transmitted by direct contact with sick poultry or carriers. Infected birds can also spread the virus in their feces. It can also be spread through respiratory secretions, contaminated feed, equipment, water, or feces. We will also discuss vaccines that which vaccines are available for NDV in Pakistan and vaccines can fight against this disease or not? In this study, a qualitative risk analysis was carried out to assess Pakistan's vulnerability to the introduction of virulent NDV strains

Process Analysis of Selective Exhaust Gas Recirculation for CO2 Capture in Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plants Using Amines

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elena Diego ◽  
Jean-Michel Bellas ◽  
Mohamed Pourkashanian
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Exhaust Gas Recirculation ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Natural Gas Combined Cycle ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Gas Recirculation

Post-combustion CO2 capture from natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants is challenging due to the large flow of flue gas with low CO2 content (∼3–4%vol.) that needs to be processed in the capture stage. A number of alternatives have been proposed to solve this issue and reduce the costs of the associated CO2 capture plant. This work focuses on the selective exhaust gas recirculation (S-EGR) configuration, which uses a membrane to selectively recirculate CO2 back to the inlet of the compressor of the turbine, thereby greatly increasing the CO2 content of the flue gas sent to the capture system. For this purpose, a parallel S-EGR NGCC system (53% S-EGR ratio) coupled to an amine capture plant using MEA 30%wt. was simulated using gCCS (gPROMS). It was benchmarked against an unabated NGCC system, a conventional NGCC coupled with an amine capture plant (NGCC+CCS), and an EGR NGCC power plant (39% EGR ratio) using amine scrubbing as the downstream capture technology. The results obtained indicate that the net power efficiency of the parallel S-EGR system can be up to 49.3% depending on the specific consumption of the auxiliary S-EGR systems, compared to the 49.0% and 49.8% values obtained for the NGCC+CCS and EGR systems, respectively. A preliminary economic study was also carried out to quantify the potential of the parallel S-EGR configuration. This high-level analysis shows that the cost of electricity for the parallel S-EGR system varies from 82.1–90.0 $/MWhe for the scenarios considered, with the cost of CO2 avoided being in the range of 79.7–105.1 $/tonne CO2. The results obtained indicate that there are potential advantages of the parallel S-EGR system in comparison to the NGCC+CCS configuration in some scenarios. However, further benefits with respect to the EGR configuration will depend on future advancements and cost reductions achieved on membrane-based systems.

A Comparison of Adjoint-Based Optimizations for Industrial Pipe Flow

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eysteinn Helgason ◽  
Siniša Krajnović
Keyword(s):  
Total Pressure ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Topological Optimization ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Inlet Pipe ◽  
Navier Stokes Equations ◽  
Ale Formulation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Gas Recirculation

This paper presents results from adjoint-based optimization processes applied to an inlet pipe of an exhaust gas recirculation cooler in a diesel engine. The boundary conditions applied resemble those of a truck at cruising speed. Three implementations are considered for the gradient calculations with the objective of minimizing the total pressure drop through the pipe. In the first implementation the gradients are evaluated with respect to the motion of the center of the cell using a newly presented implementation based on the ALE formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations. The results are compared to the surface sensitivities, where the gradient of the cost function is evaluated with respect to the normal motion of the surface of the pipe. In the last approach a topological optimization is performed where the gradients are evaluated with respect to a momentum loss in each cell. This gives information that is used when blocking the cells.

scholarly journals Stage 3a environmental compliance of the 6-cylinder tractor engine

2021 ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Heorhi Kukharonak ◽  
Alexander Petruchenko ◽  
Andrei Predko ◽  
Dmitry Telyuk
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Environmental Compliance ◽  
Fuel Supply ◽  
Fuel Supply System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Gas Recirculation

The development strategy of the Minsk Motor Plant, implemented within the framework of plant and state scientific and technical programs, is aimed at producing competitive products that meet modern technical requirements of international standards and quality. The mandatory requirement for the successful promotion of diesel engines on the off-road vehicle market is to ensure the required environmental performance, with low fuel consumption and low engine cost. The well-known technical solutions aimed to achieve environmental indicators of the Stage 3A level significantly increase the cost of diesel engines, therefore, the achievement of the required environmental standards without a significant increase in the cost of engines can be considered an urgent task. Purpose. Stage3A Environmental Compliance for 6 Cylinder Tractor Diesel. Methodology. Experimental studies were carried out for diesel engines equipped with: a Common Rail BOSCH accumulator fuel supply system with an injection pressure of 140 MPa, injectors with 7 nozzle holes; a direct-action fuel supply system with a MOTORPAL fuel pump providing a maximum injection pressure of 100 MPa, MOTORPAL injectors and AZPI with five nozzle holes; combustion chambers of two types with bowl diameters of 55 and 67.5 mm; cylinder heads providing swirl ratios 3–4 and 3.5–4.5; high pressure exhaust gas recirculation system. The tests were carried out at characteristic points of the NRSC cycle at three crankshaft speeds: minimum idle speed 800 min-1, maximum torque 1600 min-1, and maximum power 2100 min-1. Results. It turned out that it is possible to achieve Stage3A emissions standards on 116 kW diesel engines using direct fuel equipment and a semi-open combustion chamber, on 156 kW diesel engines using a Low Cost Common Rail fuel supply system and an open combustion chamber. Originality. The results of the combustion chamber shape choice, the parameters of the fuel-injection equipment, the swirl ratio of the inlet channels, valve timings and parameters of the exhaust gas recirculation system made it possible to organize diesel engine workflow of the Stage 3A ecological level. Practical significance. Construction elements of the six-cylinder diesel engines have been developed and introduced at the Minsk Motor Plant.

Going Digital

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Lea Shaver
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Book Publishing ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Mobile Access ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Address Book ◽  
The World ◽  
Digital Disruption ◽  
The Cost

This chapter talks about how internet-capable technologies are rapidly becoming universal even in the developing world. The number of people using mobile phones and tablets to access the Internet doubled between 2012 and 2017. The high rate of mobile access, even among the poor, opens tremendous new opportunities to address book hunger through digital distribution models. The chapter also discusses how digital technologies also make it easier to pay for publishing. Once a title is made available, a digital copy can be transported to a reader anywhere in the world for pennies on the dollar. It concludes that as the cost of technology continues to drop, the advantages of digital approaches become even more prominent. Sooner or later, as with every other sector, digital disruption is coming to charitable book publishing.

scholarly journals Process Analysis of Selective Exhaust Gas Recirculation for CO2 Capture in Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plants Using Amines

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elena Diego ◽  
Jean-Michel Bellas ◽  
Mohamed Pourkashanian
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Exhaust Gas Recirculation ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Natural Gas Combined Cycle ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Gas Recirculation

Postcombustion CO2 capture from natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants is challenging due to the large flow of flue gas with low CO2 content (∼3–4 vol %) that needs to be processed in the capture stage. A number of alternatives have been proposed to solve this issue and reduce the costs of the associated CO2 capture plant. This work focuses on the selective exhaust gas recirculation (S-EGR) configuration, which uses a membrane to selectively recirculate CO2 back to the inlet of the compressor of the turbine, thereby greatly increasing the CO2 content of the flue gas sent to the capture system. For this purpose, a parallel S-EGR NGCC system (53% S-EGR ratio) coupled to an amine capture plant (ACP) using monoethanolamine (MEA) 30 wt % was simulated using gCCS (gPROMS). It was benchmarked against an unabated NGCC system, a conventional NGCC coupled with an ACP (NGCC + carbon capture and storage (CCS)), and an EGR NGCC power plant (39% EGR ratio) using amine scrubbing as the downstream capture technology. The results obtained indicate that the net power efficiency of the parallel S-EGR system can be up to 49.3% depending on the specific consumption of the auxiliary S-EGR systems, compared to the 49.0% and 49.8% values obtained for the NGCC + CCS and EGR systems, respectively. A preliminary economic study was also carried out to quantify the potential of the parallel S-EGR configuration. This high-level analysis shows that the cost of electricity (COE) for the parallel S-EGR system varies from 82.1 to 90.0 $/MWhe for the scenarios considered, with the cost of CO2 avoided (COA) being in the range of 79.7–105.1 $/ton CO2. The results obtained indicate that there are potential advantages of the parallel S-EGR system in comparison to the NGCC + CCS configuration in some scenarios. However, further benefits with respect to the EGR configuration will depend on future advancements and cost reductions achieved on membrane-based systems.

scholarly journals Field Experiments of Different Fracturing Designs in Tight Conglomerate Oil Reservoirs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiyan Zhang ◽  
Shiying Ma ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Yue Zhu ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Oil Reservoirs ◽  
Formation Damage ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Fracture Spacing ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Mahu oilfield is currently the largest tight conglomerate reservoir in the world, where Ma-131 and Ma-18 plays are the first two commercially developed reservoirs. In order to reduce the cost and explore the best fracturing parameters, field experiments have been conducted in these two plays since 2017. The types of proppant and fracturing fluid, the slickwater ratio, and the fracture spacing are mainly changed for comparison, and fracturing effects are evaluated to establish a reference for developing the neighboring plays in Mahu oilfield. This paper summarizes the fracturing parameters and production histories of 74 wells in Ma-131 and Ma-18 plays during four years of field operations. Firstly, results indicate that silica sands perform similar to ceramics in the Ma-131 play where the reservoir depth is smaller than 3300 m; however, in the Ma-18 play where the reservoir is deeper than 3500m, increasing the sand volume by 1.1 times still cannot reach the production in wells using ceramics. Secondly, when the fracture spacing is reduced, both oil production and water flowback become even smaller in wells using sands than those using ceramics; this is due to the increase of closure pressure and decrease of fluid volume per cluster respectively. Thirdly, when the crosslinked guar is replaced by the slickwater, no obvious change in oil production is noticed even though the volume of fracturing fluid is almost doubled; limited lengths of propped fractures due to the poor proppant-carrying ability of slickwater likely offset the production enhancement from the decrease of formation damage by slickwater. This paper summarizes learnings from the field experiments during four years of development in Mahu oilfield, and help guide the optimization of hydraulic fracturing parameters for future wells.

COVID-19: implications of self-isolation and social distancing for the emotional and behavioural health of equines, parrots and small prey pets

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Hargrave
Keyword(s):  
Companion Animals ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Small Prey ◽  
Behavioural Health ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Welfare Changes

As the COVID-19 pandemic brings together health professionals from across the world to address the difficulties in controlling and reducing its spread, experts in human health are also considering the cost of control measures on human psychological welfare. This article concludes a short series of three pieces, considering the immediate consequences to our companion animals of reduced access to environmental and social stimulation outside the home while these animals experience increased exposure to social stimuli within the home. Some long-term emotional and behavioural effects are also considered. This article focuses on the welfare changes to equines, parrots and small prey animals as COVID-19 restrictions continue.

Religion for Another Possible World

Exchange ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-207
Author(s):  
Tissa Balasuriya
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Possible World ◽  
World Religion ◽  
World Religions ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Cost

AbstractFigures derived from statistics show that large numbers of inhabitants of Europe have migrated all over the world in the past. Nowadays they still dominate economic and technological developments causing injustice in many countries, mainly outside Europe. As a result the economic system of the world is fundamentally unjust. Moreover the technological development supports the dominating powers at the cost of the poor and the oppressed. In the meantime a religious awakening is taking place. Unfortunately this religious renaissance tends to promote violence in many parts of the world. Therefore another religion is needed for another possible world. The second part of the article delineates the outlines of that other religion, which the main world religions seek for mutual contact and disclose the dangerous relationship between religion and power in many areas hoping to attain real conversion: choosing for the humanist core each world religion possesses.

Knowledge and Awareness of Dengue Fever

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Y. Arockia Suganthi ◽  
Chitra K. ◽  
J. Magelin Mary
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Dengue Prevention ◽  
And Control

Dengue fever is a painful mosquito-borne infection caused by different types of virus in various localities of the world. There is no particular medicine or vaccine to treat person suffering from dengue fever. Dengue viruses are transmitted by the bite of female Aedes (Ae) mosquitoes. Dengue fever viruses are mainly transmitted by Aedes which can be active in tropical or subtropical climates. Aedes Aegypti is the key step to avoid infection transmission to save millions of people in all over the world. This paper provides a standard guideline in the planning of dengue prevention and control measures. At the same time gives the priorities including clinical management and hospitalized dengue patients have to address essentially.

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