COVID-19: implications of self-isolation and social distancing for the emotional and behavioural health of equines, parrots and small prey pets

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Hargrave
Keyword(s):  
Companion Animals ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Small Prey ◽  
Behavioural Health ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Welfare Changes

As the COVID-19 pandemic brings together health professionals from across the world to address the difficulties in controlling and reducing its spread, experts in human health are also considering the cost of control measures on human psychological welfare. This article concludes a short series of three pieces, considering the immediate consequences to our companion animals of reduced access to environmental and social stimulation outside the home while these animals experience increased exposure to social stimuli within the home. Some long-term emotional and behavioural effects are also considered. This article focuses on the welfare changes to equines, parrots and small prey animals as COVID-19 restrictions continue.

COVID-19: implications of self-isolation and social distancing for the emotional and behavioural health of dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Claire Hargrave
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Social Stimulation ◽  
Behavioural Health ◽  
The World ◽  
The Media ◽  
Social Exposure

As the COVID-19 pandemic sweeps across the world, governments are taking unprecedented steps to achieve control and reduction of its affects. Although the potential mental and behavioural health challenges of social isolation for the human population has been widely discussed within the media, less has been said of the concurrent challenges faced by the companion animals that are also experiencing the regulations associated with ‘lock-down’ and ‘self-isolation’. This article considers the immediate consequences for dogs of reduced access to environmental and social stimulation outside the home and increased social exposure within the home, as well as considering some of the potential long-term effects of such measures.

scholarly journals Climate drivers of plague epidemiology in British India, 1898–1949

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1928) ◽  
pp. 20200538
Author(s):  
Warren S. D. Tennant ◽  
Mike J. Tildesley ◽  
Simon E. F. Spencer ◽  
Matt J. Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
British India ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The World ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis infection, continues to threaten low- and middle-income countries throughout the world. The complex interactions between rodents and fleas with their respective environments challenge our understanding of human plague epidemiology. Historical long-term datasets of reported plague cases offer a unique opportunity to elucidate the effects of climate on plague outbreaks in detail. Here, we analyse monthly plague deaths and climate data from 25 provinces in British India from 1898 to 1949 to generate insights into the influence of temperature, rainfall and humidity on the occurrence, severity and timing of plague outbreaks. We find that moderate relative humidity levels of between 60% and 80% were strongly associated with outbreaks. Using wavelet analysis, we determine that the nationwide spread of plague was driven by changes in humidity, where, on average, a one-month delay in the onset of rising humidity translated into a one-month delay in the timing of plague outbreaks. This work can inform modern spatio-temporal predictive models for the disease and aid in the development of early-warning strategies for the deployment of prophylactic treatments and other control measures.

A case study of noise pollution levels during the restrictions period due to COVID-19.

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. 206-214
Author(s):  
David Montes-González ◽  
Juan Miguel Barrigón-Morillas ◽  
Ana Cristina Bejarano-Quintas ◽  
Manuel Parejo-Pizarro ◽  
Guillermo Rey-Gozalo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Acoustic Measurements ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) led to the need for drastic control measures around the world to reduce the impact on the health of the population. The confinement of people in their homes resulted in a significant reduction in human activity at every level (economic, social, industrial, etc.), which was reflected in a decrease in environmental pollution levels. Studying the evolution of parameters, such as the level of environmental noise caused by vehicle traffic in urban environments, makes it possible to assess the impact of this type of measure. This paper presents a case study of the acoustic situation in Cáceres (Spain) during the restriction period by means of long-term acoustic measurements at various points of the city.

scholarly journals Solving the problem of air quality in Indian cities by retrofitting the EGR

2018 ◽  
Vol 173 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Zbigniew SROKA ◽  
Wojciech WALKOWIAK ◽  
Marek REKSA ◽  
Czesław KOLANEK ◽  
Chandu Valuvila THULASIDHARAN PILLAI
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Time Consumption ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Gas Recirculation ◽  
Indian Cities ◽  
Fabrication Time

This paper touches problem of transportation pollution focusing on NOx reducing in the India. There were India country chosen for study as the second populated country and most polluted cities in the world. As from statistics, it is known that more than 65% of Indian cars are old and they are the main reason of air pollution. Most of the old cars do not have any control measures for eliminating deadli-est gases. Dumping the old cars is not possible, as the poor owns most of the old cars. For eliminating the pollution from old cars, the possible remedy is to control the emission of pollutants. Comparing to all gases in exhaust, nitrogen oxides are the dangerous one. It can may cause up to death. The best method to control the NOx gas is EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) valves. This research mainly focuses on the possible ways of installing EGR in old engines and fabricate an EGR in one of the Indian cars. Maruti Suzuki 800 is best of for fabricating EGR, as it is a base model and most sold Indian car. As the result, there tremendous decreasing in NOx emission also the emission CO2 was reduced. The investigation about fabricating EGR in old vehicle results a positive output after calculated the cost of the fabrication, time consumption, work challenges and other facts. As Indian government adopt this concept, they can reduce the pollu-tion from all types of vehicles to a great extend in few years of time with low investment.

scholarly journals A Brief Overview: The Persistence and Pandemic of Virulent Newcastle Disease in Birds as Well as Role in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muqadas Baksh ◽  
Zafar Ali ◽  
Ghafran Ali
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Death Time ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Qualitative Risk Analysis ◽  
Virus Strains

The poultry industry is affected by many epidemics and Newcastle Disease (ND) is a constant threat, known as a devastating disease for poultry farmers around the world. According to the average death time of chicken embryos, virus strains can be classified as lentogenic, mesogenic, or velogenic. The current research will clarify the vulnerable host range as well as the epidemiology and geographic distribution of ND in Pakistan. The introduction of the virus into poultry can have serious economic consequences, including the loss of production of sick and dying poultry, the cost of control measures (such as population reduction and disinfection measures), and possible trade restrictions in the event of an outbreak. The virus is transmitted by direct contact with sick poultry or carriers. Infected birds can also spread the virus in their feces. It can also be spread through respiratory secretions, contaminated feed, equipment, water, or feces. We will also discuss vaccines that which vaccines are available for NDV in Pakistan and vaccines can fight against this disease or not? In this study, a qualitative risk analysis was carried out to assess Pakistan's vulnerability to the introduction of virulent NDV strains

MUTUALLY EXCLUSION OF PROJECTS OF DIFFERENT VALUES BY THE BENEFIT-COST METHOD

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (16) ◽  
pp. 230-237
Author(s):  
Murat KAYA
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
The World ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost

The recovery of an investment is very important in the world of economy. While businesses are preparing long-term projects for investment purposes, basic criteria such as changing economic conditions, risks, cash flows of the project, discount rate to be applied, economic life should be estimated in advance. For this reason, businesses prepare different projects that can provide the same economic conditions for the projects they prepare. In order to compare these projects, a cost-benefit table is prepared and evaluated in terms of their advantages. In line with these values, it is ensured that the most correct project is selected by eliminating each other. In this study, the cost-benefit ratio method was applied to three different projects. For all three projects, 10% annual interest and numerical values between 15 and 60 years of life are given. As a result of the evaluation of the projects, the most suitable project was determined by eliminating each other. Cash flows are calculated based on present and annual equivalents.

COVID-19: implications of self-isolation and social distancing for the emotional and behavioural health of cats

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 138-143
Author(s):  
Claire Hargrave
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Welfare Cost ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Behavioural Health ◽  
The Media ◽  
Social Exposure

As the progress of the COVID-19 pandemic proves slow to respond to control measures, the ongoing advice for humans to maintain social isolation and social distancing continues. The media has paid considerable attention to the potential cost of such restrictions in terms of human mental and behavioural health but less attention has been paid to the potential welfare cost of ‘lock-down’ and ‘self-isolation’ to the pet population. This article considers the immediate consequences of reduced access to environmental and social stimulation outside the home and increased social exposure within the home to cats, as well as considering some of the potential long-term effects of such measures.

scholarly journals Nonlinear model predictive control with logic constraints for COVID-19 management

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 1965-1986
Author(s):  
Tamás Péni ◽  
Balázs Csutak ◽  
Gábor Szederkényi ◽  
Gergely Röst
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Control ◽  
Compartmental Model ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Constrained Control ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Future Work

AbstractThe management of COVID-19 appears to be a long-term challenge, even in countries that have managed to suppress the epidemic after their initial outbreak. In this paper, we propose a model predictive approach for the constrained control of a nonlinear compartmental model that captures the key dynamical properties of COVID-19. The control design uses the discrete-time version of the epidemic model, and it is able to handle complex, possibly time-dependent constraints, logical relations between model variables and multiple predefined discrete levels of interventions. A state observer is also constructed for the computation of non-measured variables from the number of hospitalized patients. Five control scenarios with different cost functions and constraints are studied through numerical simulations, including an output feedback configuration with uncertain parameters. It is visible from the results that, depending on the cost function associated with different policy aims, the obtained controls correspond to mitigation and suppression strategies, and the constructed control inputs are similar to real-life government responses. The results also clearly show the key importance of early intervention, the continuous tracking of the susceptible population and that of future work in determining the true costs of restrictive control measures and their quantitative effects.

scholarly journals Living with COVID-19: The road ahead

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 619-628
Author(s):  
Wycliffe Enli Wei ◽  
Wei Keat Tan ◽  
Alex Richard Cook ◽  
Li Yang Hsu ◽  
Yik Ying Teo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Pandemic Preparedness ◽  
The Road ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
Response Measures ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions ◽  
Endemic State

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world for more than a year, with multiple waves of infections resulting in morbidity, mortality and disruption to the economy and society. Response measures employed to control it have generally been effective but are unlikely to be sustainable over the long term. Methods: We examined the evidence for a vaccine-driven COVID-19 exit strategy including academic papers, governmental reports and epidemiological data, and discuss the shift from the current pandemic footing to an endemic approach similar to influenza and other re spiratory infectious diseases. Results: A desired endemic state is characterised by a baseline prevalence of infections with a generally mild disease profile that can be sustainably managed by the healthcare system, together with the resumption of near normalcy in human activities. Such an endemic state is attainable for COVID-19 given the promising data around vaccine efficacy, although uncertainty remains around vaccine immunity escape in emergent variants of concern. Maintenance of non-pharmaceutical interventions remains crucial until high vaccination coverage is attained to avoid runaway outbreaks. It may also be worthwhile to de-escalate measures in phases, before standing down most measures for an endemic state. If a variant that substantially evades immunity emerges, it will need to be managed akin to a new disease threat, with pandemic preparedness and response plans. Conclusion: An endemic state for COVID-19, characterised by sustainable disease control measures, is likely attainable through vaccination. Keywords: COVID-19, endemic, non-pharmaceutical interventions, transition, vaccination

Stages of Formation of the Cost of Modern Goods As Goods of Multinational Companies

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Владимир Галанов ◽  
Vladimir Galanov ◽  
А. Галанова ◽  
A. Galanova
Keyword(s):  
Modern World ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Transnational Companies ◽  
The Cost

The modern world of consumer goods is the world of complex goods. The complexity of a modern product is expressed not in the features of its consumption, but in the specifics of the whole process of its production and consumption, which includes four stages of creation and maintenance of value: the pre-commodity stage at which the goods are created mentally; production stage; a trading stage and a stage of long-term consumption, at which the commodity can exist for a long time due to the fact that its use value is supported by the corresponding production processes. The creation of a modern product is especially effective for transnational companies, which makes the activities of the latter an economic basis for the existing political processes in the world and the related conflicts between countries.

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