scholarly journals Effects of the Essential Oils of Sweet Orange, Lavender and Amyris on EEG Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-664
Author(s):  
Yerin Je ◽  
Sungkwan An ◽  
Hyangseon Ro ◽  
Jawun Cho ◽  
Seunghee Bae
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Eeg Activity ◽  
Spectral Edge Frequency ◽  
Spectral Edge ◽  
The Awakening ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Brain

Purpose: This study evaluated the effects of the mixed essential oils containing sweet orange, lavender, and amyris (MEO) on human electroencephalogram (EEG) activity.Methods: EEG activity was recorded by examining the sequence of brain waves of 20 adults, aged from 20 to 30, before and during inhaling the mixed essential oils.Results: MEO showed activity centered on the frontal lobe, which is responsible for higher-order functions against external stimuli, and this result indicated that the oils acted as an intellectual effect. Additional experiments showed that the brain was relaxed and stabilized through a decrease in the absolute slow alpha (ASA) and the relative slow alpha (RSA), a decrease in the absolute beta (AB) and the absolute high beta (AHB), and an increase in the spectral edge frequency 50% of alpha (ASEF), respectively. Also, the oils induced the awakening states of the brain with a decrease in the absolute alpha (AA) and the absolute theta (AT), and increase of the spectral edge frequency 50% (SEF50). Furthermore, it was possible to confirm the state of brain immersion through the increase in the absolute fast alpha (AFA), relative fast alpha (RFA), relative mid beta (RMB), ratio of mid beta to theta (RMT), ratio of SMR to theta (RSMT), relative gamma (RG) and the spectral edge frequency 90% (SEF90).Conclusion: Taken together, these results suggest that the inhaling of MEO affect the brain to be a good condition and improves its concentration ability.

scholarly journals Pregnancy Does Not Enhance Volatile Anesthetic Sensitivity on the Brain

2010 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ueyama ◽  
Satoshi Hagihira ◽  
Masaki Takashina ◽  
Aya Nakae ◽  
Takashi Mashimo
Keyword(s):  
Bispectral Index ◽  
Minimum Alveolar Concentration ◽  
Volatile Anesthetic ◽  
Spectral Edge Frequency ◽  
Hypnotic Effect ◽  
Spectral Edge ◽  
Anesthetic Effect ◽  
Electroencephalographic Study ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
The Brain

Backgrounds Parturients are thought to be more sensitive to inhalational anesthetics because their minimum alveolar concentration is decreased. However, this conventional theory may be wrong, because, according to recent animal studies, minimum alveolar concentration indicates anesthetic effect on the spinal cord but not on the brain. The aim of this electroencephalographic study was to investigate the differences in the hypnotic effect of sevoflurane on parturients and nonpregnant patients. Methods Fifteen parturients undergoing cesarean section and 15 patients undergoing elective gynecologic surgery were enrolled. Anesthesia was induced with 4 mg/kg thiopental, 2 microg/kg fentanyl, and 2 mg/kg suxamethonium or 0.15 mg/kg vecuronium. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane and fentanyl. The electroencephalographic signals, obtained from the bispectral index monitor, were recorded on a computer. We calculated 95% spectral edge frequency, amplitude, and bicoherence using custom software (Bispectrum Analyzer for bispectral index). After confirming that end-tidal sevoflurane had reached equilibrium, we measured electroencephalographic parameters of sevoflurane at 2.0 and 1.5% during surgery and at 1.0 and 0.5% after surgery. Results With the decrease of end-tidal sevoflurane concentration from 2.0 to 0.5%, 95% spectral edge frequency, amplitude, bispectral index, and bicoherence values changed dose-dependently in pregnant and nonpregnant women (P<0.0001). However, there were no significant differences in those electroencephalographic parameters in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Conclusions This electroencephalographic study has shown that pregnancy does not enhance hypnotic effect of sevoflurane. These results suggested that the decrease in minimum alveolar concentration during pregnancy does not mean an enhanced volatile anesthetic effect on the brain.

scholarly journals QUALITY DIFFERENCES OF BOER LIQUID SEMEN DURING STORAGE WITH ADDITION SWEETORANGEESSENTIAL OIL IN TRIS YOLK AND GENTAMICIN EXTENDER

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukma Aditya Sitepu ◽  
Zaituni Udin ◽  
Jaswandi Jaswandi ◽  
Hendri Hendri
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Orange Peel ◽  
Boer Goat ◽  
Closed Tube ◽  
Growth Of Bacteria

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to know the quality of Boer liquid semen during storage by adding sweet orange essential oil and gentamicin into the tris yolkextender.The semenlongevity test was carried out by storing semen in a closed tube at room temperature and refrigerator, and evaluated motility and Viability every 3 hours at room temperature and 12 hours in refrigerator. The results showed that the characteristics of the liquid semen, with the addition of 1% of essential oils showed percentage of motility and Viability significantly higher than 0.5% and without the addition of essential oil, either stored at room temperature or in the refrigerator. This may be related to the content of essential oils of sweet orange peel containing flavonoids and antibacterials that are capable of maintaining liquid semen quality of Boer Goat.In addition, gentamicin contains antibacterials capable of suppressing the growth of bacteria which can damage and durabilitythe spermatozoa.Keywords: Boer Goat,Gentamicin, Liquid semen, Sweet orange

scholarly journals Complex Activity and Short-term Memories in Reciprocally Connected Cerebral Organoids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Osaki ◽  
Yoshiho Ikeuchi
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Complex Activity ◽  
Axonal Connections ◽  
Brain Organoid ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMacroscopic axonal connections in the human brain distribute information and neuronal activity across the brain. Although this complexity previously hindered elucidation of functional connectivity mechanisms, brain organoid technologies have recently provided novel avenues to investigate human brain function by constructing small segments of the brain in vitro. Here, we describe the neural activity of human cerebral organoids reciprocally connected by a bundle of axons. Compared to conventional organoids, connected organoids produced significantly more intense and complex oscillatory activity. Optogenetic manipulations revealed that the connected organoids could re-play and recapitulate over time temporal patterns found in external stimuli, indicating that the connected organoids were able to form and retain temporal memories. Our findings suggest that connected organoids may serve as powerful tools for investigating the roles of macroscopic circuits in the human brain – allowing researchers to dissect cellular functions in three-dimensional in vitro nervous system models in unprecedented ways.

SPECIAL REVIEWS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-293
Author(s):  
CHARLES C. CHAPPLE
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Maturation Factor ◽  
Drug Actions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cellular Permeability ◽  
The One ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Brain

A study has been made of the known phenomena which affect the biologic organism. Certain correlations have been found and other correlations are logically inferred. The common grounds of anatomic structures, the anatomic responses to endocrine stimuli, the interrelationships and interdependencies of the endocrines and external stimuli have been followed and have been related to cellular permeability and hyaluronic acid. Cellular phases, including the rhythmic alternations in physiologic functions, have been delineated and their importance stressed. Further, the probability is advanced that this rhythmicity originates physiologically in the brain but that the brain itself is capable of receiving transmissions from within and without the body, and disseminating them, again rhythmically, in normal or altered amplitude and frequency. Further experimental evidence of these correlations and their practical extrapolations into drug actions and the therapy of infections and metabolic disease will be reported and will include clinical, animal and in vitro studies. At present, the following conclusions seem justified: 1. No component of the body is capable of independent action. 2. Action in any component is reflected, according to its magnitude and directness of application, upon all the body. 3. All such actions are mediated by the brain. 4. There is a dynamic, rhythmic cyclicity in physiologic action which can be altered in amplitude and frequency. 5. These rhythms are alternations of cellular tenseness and relaxation. 6. The concomitants of the tense phase are compactness, impermeability, electric conductivity and contraction of all cells, and these characteristics might be described collectively as the factors operative in maturing the cell. The concomitants of the relaxed phase are laxness, permeability, electric resistance and expansion of all cells and are factors of growth. 7. The phase of tenseness is accompanied by an increase in certain hormonal activities and that of relaxation by an increase in others. 8. The hormones may be causes of the phase or the results of it. 9. Infectious disease cannot act as an extraneous agent capable of bringing its own engine into such a highly integrated mechanism but must act on the body through its ability to affect one of the body's mechanisms. 10. Drugs must act through the same channels available to disease. 11. Foods may contain, in addition to their caloric content, components capable of stimulating either the phase of cellular expansion or cellular compaction, particularly foods from the reproductive systems of plants or animals (milk, eggs, cereal, for example). 12. Vitamins each stimulate one phase and should be evaluated in terms of positive actions. 13. Inherent growth and maturation factors are not of fixed capacity in an individual but beyond certain limits must be supplied him or applied to him constantly. 14. The hormone most manifest in the tense phase is estrogen and so may be considered the maturation factor, and the one most manifest in the phase of relaxation or cell division is progesterone, which may be considered the growth factor.

Abstract 2594: Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Protects the Brain Against Injury Following Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Kaakinen ◽  
Stavros P Loukogeorgakis ◽  
Viktor Tsang ◽  
Eija Niemelä ◽  
Hannu Tuominen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Circulatory Arrest ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
T Test ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Eeg Activity ◽  
Behavioral Score ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Lactate

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an innate mechanism that protects tissues from injury during ischemia and reperfusion. IPC has systemic effects that protect tissues remote from those undergoing preconditioning (remote IPC; RIPC). RIPC can be elicited by applying brief periods of ischemia to tissues with ischemic tolerance (skeletal muscle) yet protect vital organs that are more susceptible to ischemic damage. Using a porcine model, we determined if RIPC of the limb is protective against brain injury caused by hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). 12 piglets were randomized to control and RIPC groups before undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and 60 minutes HCA at 18oC. RIPC was induced by 4 cycles of 5-minute ischemia alternating with reperfusion of the hind limb (inflation of pneumatic cuff to 200mmHg) prior to CPB. Intracranial pressure and temperature, brain lactate concentration and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity were monitored for 8 hours after HCA. Assessment of neurological status was performed daily for 7 days post-operatively, using a species-specific quantitative behavioral score. All animals were sacrificed and brain tissue was harvested for histopathological analysis. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA or student’s t-test. Study groups were balanced for baseline and intra-operative parameters; no differences were observed in intracranial pressure and temperature. Brain lactate concentration was significantly lower (p<0.0001, ANOVA) and recovery of EEG activity faster (p<0.05, ANOVA) in the RIPC group compared to control. RIPC had a beneficial effect on neurological function during the 7-day follow-up period (behavioral score; p<0.0001 vs. control, ANOVA). Histopathological analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in total cerebral injury in RIPC animals compared to controls [injury score; median (interquartile range): control 6.4 (5.0 – 8.0) vs. RIPC 1.6 (0.5–2.5), p<0.001, t-test]. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that RIPC protects the brain against HCA-induced injury, resulting in accelerated recovery of neurological function. RIPC might be neuroprotective in patients undergoing surgery with HCA and improve long-term outcomes. Clinical trials to test this hypothesis are warranted.

scholarly journals Serious Games as Potential Therapies: A Validation Study of a Neurofeedback Game

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
Femke Coenen ◽  
Floortje E. Scheepers ◽  
Saskia J. M. Palmen ◽  
Maretha V. de Jonge ◽  
Bob Oranje
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Validation Study ◽  
Serious Games ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Eeg Activity ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Amplitude Data ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Concentration Condition

Serious (biofeedback) games offer promising ways to supplement or replace more expensive face-to-face interventions in health care. However, studies on the validity and effectiveness of EEG-based serious games remain scarce. In the current study, we investigated whether the conditions of the neurofeedback game “Daydream” indeed trained the brain activity as mentioned in the game manual. EEG activity was assessed in 14 healthy male volunteers while playing the 2 conditions of the game. The participants completed a training of 5 sessions. EEG frequency analyses were performed to verify the claims of the manual. We found significant differences in α- to β-ratio between the 2 conditions although only in the amplitude data, not in the power data. Within the conditions, mean α-amplitude only differed significantly from the β-amplitude in the concentration condition. Our analyses showed that neither α nor β brain activity differed significantly between game levels (higher level requiring increased brain activity) in either of the two conditions. In conclusion, we found only marginal evidence for the proposed claims stated in the manual of the game. Our research emphasizes that it is crucial to validate the claims that serious games make, especially before implementing them in the clinic or as therapeutic devices.

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