scholarly journals Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Api-Api (Avicennia alba) terhadap Vibrio harveyi Penyebab Vibriosis secara Invitro [In Vitro Antibacteria Activity of Api-Api (Avicennia alba) Leave Extract Against Vibrio harveyi Causes Vibriosis]

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Zurica Melati Fitri ◽  
Kismiyati Kismiyati ◽  
Ahmad Shofy Mubarak
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Experimental Method ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
Avicennia Alba

AbstrakBudidaya udang dihadapkan pada berbagai kendala penyakit yang timbul dan  dapat menyebabkan kematian masal pada larva udang windu, salah satunya  vibriosis yang   disebabkan oleh bakteri Vibrio harveyi.   Zat antibakteri yaitu : flavonoid, saponin dan tanin terbukti dapat membunuh beberapa bakteri patogen.  Daun api – api Avicennia alba mengandung zat anti bakteri sehingga berpotensi digunakan untuk membunuh bakteri Vibrio harveyi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi optimum ekstrak daun api-api (Avicennia alba) dalam menghambat dan membunuh pertumbuhan bakteri Vibrio harveyi. Penelitian ini  mengunakan metode eksperimental dengan  perlakuan konsentrasi ekstrak daun api-api (Avicennia alba) sebesar  100%, 90% 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%. 30%, 20%, 10%, 0%.  Parameter yang diamati  dalam penelitian ini  adalah Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) dan pertumbuhan koloni  pada uji Minimum Bacteria Concentration (MBC).  Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pada  konsentrasi 60% ekstrak daun Avicennia alba dapat menghambat pertumbuhan  V.harveyi. Sedangkan pada konsentrasi 90% ekstrak daun Avicennia alba menyebabkan  bakteri V.harveyi terbunuh.   AbstractShrimp culture has various obstacles such as the emergence of diseases that can cause deaths in tiger shrimp larvae such as vibriosis caused by Vibrio harveyi. Some antibacterial substances such as flavonoid, saponin, and tannin inhibit and kill several pathogenic bacteria. Avicennia alba leaves contain anti-bacterial substances that have the potential to be used to kill Vibrio harveyi bacteria. This study aimed to determine the minimum concentration of Avicennia alba leaves extract for inhibiting and kill the growth of Vibrio harveyi. This study used an experimental method, using  Avicennia alba leaves extract concentration treatment of 100%, 90% 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%. 30%, 20%, 10%, 0%. The parameters observed in this study were the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and bacteria colony growth in Minimum Bacteria Concentration (MBC) test. The results showed that at a concentration of 60% Avicennia alba leaves extract could inhibit the growth of V.harveyi. While at a concentration of 90% Avicennia alba leaves extract, Vibrio harveyi bacteria was killed. 

scholarly journals Synthesis and in vitro Antibacterial Activity of Quaternization 10-Methoxycanthin-6-one Derivatives

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Li ◽  
Jiang-Kun Dai ◽  
Dan Liu ◽  
Jin-Yi Wang ◽  
Jun-Ru Wang
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity

Natural products are an important source of antibacterial agents. Canthin-6-one alkaloids have displayed potential antibacterial activity based on our previous work. In order to improve the activity, twenty-two new 3-N-benzylated 10-methoxy canthin-6-ones were designed and synthesized through quaternization reaction. The in vitro antibacterial activity against three bacteria was evaluated by double dilution method. Four compounds (6f, 6i, 6p and 6t) displayed 2-fold superiority (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 3.91 µg/mL) against agricultural pathogenic bacteria R. solanacearum and P. syringae than agrochemical propineb. Moreover, the structure–activity relationships (SARs) were also carefully summarized in order to guide the development of antibacterial canthin-6-one agents.

scholarly journals STUDY CYTOTOXICITY, ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY, AND COMPOSITIONS BY FT-IR AND GC-MS FOR ORGANIC EXTRACT OF WHITE IRAQI DESERT TRUFFLE TIRMANIA NIVEA

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (36) ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
Ahmad khadem HACHIM ◽  
Rashid Rahim HATEET ◽  
Tawfik Muhammad MUHSIN
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Organic Extract

The purpose of the present work aimed at exploring the potential biochemical components and biological activities of an organic extract of the white truffle Tirmania nivea collected from the Iraqi desert, then test the organic extract against the Cytotoxicity on Human Larynx carcinoma cells and selected strains of pathogenic bacteria. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC/MSS were used to analyze mycochemical compositions. The antibacterial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was investigated using a disk diffusion agar method. The truffle extract's cytotoxicity effect against the larynx cell line (Hep-2) was assessed by the MTT assay (in vitro). FTIR results provided the presence of phenol, carboxylic acid, and alkane's functional group, The GC-MS analysis of T. nivea disclose the existence of nineteen compounds that can contribute to the pharmaceutical properties of the truffle. As for antibacterial activity result, A growth inhibition activity of truffle extract at (18-40 mm inhibition zones) against the tested pathogenic bacterial strains was detected, which minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 3.12 to 6.25 mg/mL for Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) Respectively. The results of cytotoxicity shown that the organic truffle extract exhibited a high inhibitory rate (52.685%) against cell line (Hep-2) at a concentration of 1.56 ?g/mL. In this work, the results showed that the organic extracts of T. nivea are very promising as cancer cytotoxicity and antibacterial agent for future medical applications.

scholarly journals Uji Aktivitas Antifungi Ekstrak Daun Sirih (Piper betle L) Terhadap Saprolegnia sp. Secara In Vitro [Antifungal Activities Test Of Betel Leaf Extract (Piper betle L) On Saprolegnia sp. By In Vitro]

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Rahayu Kusdarwati, Pustika Murtinintias, Dewa Ketut Meles
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽  
Betel Leaf ◽  
Concentration Test ◽  
Fungal Suspension

Abstract Saprolegniasis is a mycotic disease caused by Saprolegnia sp. that usually attacking wild fish and farming fish. Saprolegnia sp. cause a lot of harm in process of the fish cultivation. Prevention and treatment of the common practice is use chemical drugs, but the use of these chemicals tend to be environmentally unfriendly and there are has karsinogenik effect. Therefore, the use of traditional medicines is one of alternative to control Saprolegnia sp. safer than chemical drugs. Green betel leaf contains phenolic compounds and tannins are efficacious as antifungal agent. This study aims to prove the antifungal activity of extracts of betel leaf (Piper betle L) for Saprolegnia sp., and to know the minimum concentration of betel leaf extract (Piper betle L) as antifungal for Saprolegnia sp. The design of this experiment is used completely randomized design (CRD) with 11 treatments and 3 replications. This study used the dilution method through the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration determination (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC). The concentration of the extract used was 50% (0.5 g/ml), 25% (0.25 g/ml), 12.5% (0.125 g/ml), 6.25% (0.0625 g/ml), 3.13% (0.0313 g/ml), 1.56% (0.0156 g/ml), 0.78% (0.0078 g/ml), 0.39% (0.0039 g/ml), 0.2% (0.002 g/ml) of betel leaf extract. A positive control containing 2 ml of 3% hydrogen peroxide were added fungal suspension until 4 ml Negative control containing 2 ml of 10% DMSO were added fungal suspension until 4 ml. The main parameters in this study is the value of optical density (OD) for MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) test and the absence of Saprolegnia sp. growing on SDA media for MFC (Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) test. 0.20% (0.002g/ml) concentration of of betel leaf extract is the minimum concentration that can inhibit the growth of Saprolegnia sp. MFC test results showed concentrations of 0.78% (0.0078 g/ml) betel leaf extract is the minimum concentration that can kill Saprolegnia sp.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Properties of Local Malaysian Trigona Sp. Honey Towards Different of Pathogenic Bacteria in Vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Fawzia Jassim Shalsh ◽  
Ahmed Mohammed Khalaf ◽  
Mohammed Hafiz ◽  
Imad Ibrahim Ali
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Test

Honey is one of the oldest natural medicines known with a very high therapeutic value. Nowadays, in the medical field, several important therapeutic effects of honey have been elucidated. This study was conducted to reveal the antimicrobial activity of the commercially available local Malaysian Trigona sp. honey towards different pathogenic bacteria specifically Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. The Minimum inhibitory concentration and Minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by the disc-diffusion test and agar well diffusion test. Different concentration of the honey was tested in the disc-diffusion and agar well diffusion test. The results of these tests were in terms of Inhibition zone diameter. The results obtained from the current study are the dilution of different concentration of honey from Trigona sp. are very significant because the only net concentration of both of honey Trigon a sp. possessed antimicrobial properties in term of Minimum inhibitory concentration) and Minimum bactericidal concentration. The result also can say that Trigona sp. honey possessed antibacterial properties and can be used as alternative medicine in the veterinary field in the future.

scholarly journals The Effect Hydroquinone Extracted from Sonneratia caseolaris Fruit to Control Vibrio harveyi Artificial Infection on Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fab.

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
. Arifuddin ◽  
. Sukenda ◽  
D. Dana
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Penaeus Monodon ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Total Count ◽  
Sonneratia Caseolaris

<p>The role of hydroquinone extracted from <em>Soneratia caseolaris </em>fruit to control <em>Vibrio harveyi </em>infection on tiger prawn was carried out. <em>In vitro </em>experiment was conducted using disc diffusion and MIC <em>{minimum inhibitory concentration) </em>methods to know the sensitivity of <em>V. harveyi </em>to hydroquinone. Two kinds of <em>in vivo </em>experiments were (1) hydroquinone was injected into shrimps muscle and a week later the shrimps were challenged with <em>V. harveyi </em>(2) the shrimps were challenged with <em>V. harveyi </em>and one day later hidroquinone was injected. Total count of live <em>V. harveyi </em>on the shrimps and survival rate were observed after challenge test. Hydroquinone showed antibacterial activity with MIC at 3000 ppm. Hydroquinone injected shrimp showed higher survival rate compared with control (100% vs 50%). Total count of <em>V. harveyi </em>from injected shrimp, either before or after challenged, decreased by 2,61xl04 cfu/g and l,61xl04 cfu/g, respectively. These findings indicated that crude hydroquinone have anti-bacterial effect to control <em>V. harveyi </em>infection.</p> <p>Key words: hydroquinone, <em>Sonneratia caseolaris, Vibrio harveyi, Penaeus monodon </em></p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Telaah peran hidrokuinon yang diekstraksi dari buah <em>Soneratia caseolaris </em>untuk mengontrol infeksi <em>Vibrio harveyi </em>pada udang windu dilakukan. Percobaan <em>in vitro </em>dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi cakram dan MIC <em>{minimum inhibitory concentration) </em>untuk mengetahui sensitivitas <em>V. harveyi </em>terhadap hidrokuinon. Percobaan <em>in vivo </em>dilakukan dengan dua cara (1) hidrokuinon disuntikkan pada otot udang dan seminggu kemudian udang diuji tantang dengan <em>V. harveyi </em>(2) udang ditantang terlebih dahulu dengan <em>V. harveyi </em>dan sehari kemudian hidrokuinon disuntikkan. Jumlah total bakteri <em>V. harveyi </em>hidup pada udang dan kelangsungan hidup udang diamati setelah uji tantang. Hidrokuinon menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri dengan MIC 3000 ppm. Udang yang diinjeksi dengan hidrokuinon mempunyai kelangsungan hidup yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol (100% vs 50%). Jumlah total <em>V. harveyi </em>pada udang yang diinfeksi, baik sebelum maupun sesudah, masing-masing turun sampai 2,61 x 104 cfu/g dan 1,61 x 104 cfu/g. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa hidrokuinon mempunyai efek anti-bakterial untuk mengontrol infeksi <em>V. harveyi. </em></p> <p>Kata kunci: hidrokuinon, <em>Sonneratia caseolaris, Vibrio harveyi, Penaeus monodon</em></p>

scholarly journals Inhibition Strength of Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Boiled Water on Salmonella typhi in vitro

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
Ayu Sutiany ◽  
Ratih Dewi Dwiyanti ◽  
Neni Oktiyani
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽  
Cooking Water

Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a plant that can use as herbal medicine. Roselle calyx contains active compounds flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. These compounds can use as an antibacterial against Salmonella typhi. This study aims to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration and the effect of rosella cooking water concentration on Salmonella typhi in vitro. Experimental research with posttest only controls group design through dilution method. The results of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) study showed clarity at concentrations of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) results obtained the number of colonies at a concentration of 60% by one colony, at a level of 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% showed no colony growth. Based on the results of the study concluded that there was an influence of rosella cooking water concentration on the growth of Salmonella typhi in vitro.

scholarly journals In Vitro Effect of Copper (I) Complex [Cu(NN1)2](ClO4) on Vibrio harveyi BB170 Biofilm Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2273
Author(s):  
Sarita Soto-Aguilera ◽  
Brenda Modak ◽  
Maialen Aldabaldetrecu ◽  
Carla P. Lozano ◽  
Juan Guerrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Vitro Effect ◽  
Harveyi Bb170

Biofilm formation in pathogenic bacteria is an important factor of resistance to antimicrobial treatments, allowing them to survive for a long time in their hosts. In the search for new antibiofilm agents, in this work we report the activity of a copper (I) complex, [Cu(NN1)2]ClO4, synthesized with Cu (I) and NN1, an imine ligand 6-((quinolin-2-ylmethylene)amino)-2H-chromen-2-one, a derivate of natural compound coumarin. The antibacterial and antibiofilm capacity was evaluated in Vibrio harveyi BB170 used as model bacteria. Antibacterial activity was measured in vitro by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) determination. Antibiofilm capacity of copper (I) complex was analyzed by different concentrations of IC50 values. The results showed that the sub-IC50 concentration, 12.6 µg/mL of the copper (I) complex, was able to reduce biofilm formation by more than 75%, and bacterial viability was reduced by 50%. Inverted and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that the [Cu(NN1)2]ClO4 complex affected the biofilm structure. Therefore, the copper (I) complex is effective as an antibiofilm compound in V. harveyi BB170.

scholarly journals Potensi Ekstrak Daun Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) Sebagai Penghambat Bakteri Vibrio harveyi

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gde Raka Angga Kartika ◽  
Sri Andayani ◽  
Soelistyowati Soelistyowati
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Antioxidant Content ◽  
Paper Disc ◽  
Growth Of Bacteria

Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) is a plant that can treat various kinds of diseases, because this plant has a high antioxidant content and as an antibacterial and antiviral. Vibriosis disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio harveyi is a serious problem in marine and brackish culture, this disease can cause death for shrimp and fish that farmed in marine or brackish. This study aims to determine the potential of using leaf extract Binahong with different concentrations as Vibrio harveyi inhibiting bacterial growth in vitro. The method used is to test the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to determine minimum levels inhibit the growth of Vibrio harveyi and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using paper disc. The results showed the use of leaf extract Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) with different concentrations significant effect on the growth of Vibrio harveyi in vitro. Binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia) with a concentration of 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 11% and 13% is only bacteriostatic which inhibits the growth of bacteria Vibrio harveyi with the best concentration obtained is equal to 13%.

scholarly journals The potential of Trichoderma sp. as antibacterial and immunostimulant on white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Catur A. Pebrianto ◽  
. Sukenda ◽  
. Widanarni
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
White Shrimp ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Total Hemocyte Count

<p>The objective of this research was to study antibacterial and immunostimulatory effects of <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. extract on white shrimp, <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>.  First experiment was conducted to evaluate inhibitory effect of <em>Trichoderma </em>sp. againts <em>Vibrio harveyi</em>, a pathogenic bacteria causing vibriosis disease on shrimp.  Second experiment was conducted to evaluate immunostimulatory effect of <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. on shrimp immunity as well as protective effect against <em>V. harveyi</em>. A group of shrimp was injected with a minimum inhibitory concentration obtained at first experiment, and a week after, shrimps was challenged with <em>V. harveyi</em> (prophylactic). Another group was previously challenged with <em>V. harveyi</em>, and subsequently injected with <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. two fold of <em>Minimum Inhibitory Concentration</em> (MIC) a day after (therapeutic). Positive control, that was received only <em>V. harveyi</em>, and negative controls, that was received neither <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. nor <em>V. harveyi</em> were included in this experiment.  Results of first experiment showed that a concentration of 600 ppm was a MIC of <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. to inhibit <em>V. harveyi</em>. While in the second experiment, the groups receiving <em>Trichoderma</em> sp., either prophylactic or therapeutic, showed protective effect against <em>V. harveyi</em> significantly higher than positive control and lower compared with negative control. Total haemocyte count (THC), differential haemocyte count (DHC), phagocytic index and phenoloxydase activity were different among the groups of prophylactic treatment or therapeutic treatment compared to control positive and negative treatments. In conclusion, <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. could be used in prophylactic and therapeutic treatments to combat infection of <em>V. harveyi</em> on <em>L. vannamei</em>.</p> <p>Key words: <em>Trichoderma </em>sp., <em>V. harveyi, </em>immunostimulant</p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh antibakterial dan immunostimulasi ekstrak <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. terhadap udang putih, <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>.  Percobaan pertama dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penghambatan <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. terhadap <em>Vibrio harveyi</em>, bakteri patogen yang menyebabkan penyakit vibriosis pada udang. Percobaan kedua dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh immonustimulasi <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. terhadap imunitas udang serta pengaruh protektif terhadap <em>V. harveyi</em>. Sekelompok udang disuntik dengan konsentrasi hambatan minimum (<em>minimum inhibitory concentration</em>, MIC) yang diperoleh dari hasil percobaan pertama, dan seminggu kemudian udang diuji tantang dengan <em>V. harveyi</em> (profilaksis). Kelompok udang lain diuji tantang dengan <em>V. harveyi</em> sebelumnya untuk kemudian disuntik dengan <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. (<em>therapeutic</em>). Kontrol positif, yang hanya diuji tantang dengan <em>V. harveyi</em>, dan kontrol negatif, yang tidak mendapat baik <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. maupun <em>V. harveyi. </em>Hasil percobaan pertama menunjukkan bahwa 600 ppm merupakan konsentrasi MIC <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. yang memberikan efek penghambatan maksimal terhadap <em>V. harveyi</em>. Sedangkan hasil percobaan kedua, kelompok udang yang mendapatkan <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. baik sebagai profilaksis maupun <em>therapeutic</em> menunjukkan bahwa <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. memberikan efek perlindungan terhadap infeksi <em>V. harveyi</em> secara signifikan lebih tinggi daripada kontrol positif dan lebih rendah daripada kontrol negatif. <em>Total hemocyte count</em> (THC) dan <em>differential hemocyte</em> (DHC), indeks fagositik dan aktivitas fenoloksidase kelompok perlakuan profilaksis atau perlakuan <em>therapeutic</em> berbeda baik dengan kontrol positif maupun negatif. Untuk itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. dapat digunakan dalam tindakan pencegahan dan pengobatan infeksi <em>V. harveyi</em> pada udang putih.</p> <p>Kata kunci: <em>Trichoderma</em> sp., <em>V. harveyi</em>, immunostimulan</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document