The economics of animal health: direct and indirect costs of animal disease outbreaks

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. RUSHTON ◽  
W. GILBERT
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs

Human and animal disease outbreaks in India due to mycotoxins other than aflatoxins

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Raghavender ◽  
B. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
South India ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Western India ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
The People ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Significant Health

Mycotoxins are gaining increasing importance due to their deleterious effects on human and animal health. Chronic health risks are particularly prevalent in India where the diets of the people are highly prone to mycotoxins due to poor harvesting practices, improper storage and transport coupled with high temperature and moisture. This paper reviews disease outbreaks of mycotoxicoses other than aflatoxins in India due to ingestion of mycotoxincontaminated food. Ergotism is one of the earliest known outbreaks of mycotoxins reported in rural areas of western India associated with pearl millet grain. Trichothecenes have been involved in an acute human mycotoxicosis known as alimentary toxic aleukia in India during 1987 and were attributed to the consumption of mouldy wheat. Deoxynivalenol was implicated in an outbreak of emetic syndrome in Kashmir State. An outbreak of acute foodborne disease caused by fumonisin was reported in south India during 1995 affecting 1,424 people due to contaminated sorghum and maize. Rhizopus toxicosis was reported from Maharashtra State and caused the death of three people. These outbreaks continue to be a significant health problem of people in India, because their poor purchasing power compels them to consume contaminated food.

scholarly journals (A189) The U.S. National Veterinary Stockpile: Science-Based Logistics Improving Animal Disease Response

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s54-s54
Author(s):  
L.M. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Homeland Security ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Disease Response ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
The Right ◽  
The U.S

BackgroundAgriculture emergency responders always will require equipment and supplies. A rapid and effective logistical response depends upon having the right item in the right quantity at the right time at the right place for the right price in the right condition to the right responder. Established in 2004 by U.S. Homeland Security Presidential Directive 9, the National Veterinary Stockpile (NVS) within the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services is the nation's repository of critical veterinary supplies, equipment, vaccines, and services appropriate to respond to the most damaging animal diseases affecting human health and the economy. An overview of the NVS program, its capabilities, training and exercise strategy, and outreach to stakeholders will be presented.The NVS ProgramThe goals of the NVS program are to deploy countermeasures against the 17 most damaging animal disease threats within 24 hours, and to help states/tribes/territories plan, train, and exercise the receipt, processing, and distribution of NVS countermeasures. To meet these goals, the NVS program heavily relies upon science-based logistics to identify animal vaccines and other countermeasures to respond, and sound business processes to purchase, hold, maintain, and deploy the countermeasures. Significant resources also are dedicated to the NVS outreach activities, which interface directly with federal/state/tribe/territory animal health stakeholders. NVS team members work hand-in-hand with these leaders to help develop written NVS-specific plans for their jurisdictions, provide logistics training, and sponsor discussion-based and operations-based exercises in accordance with the Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program.ConclusionThe USDA NVS exists to provide states/tribes/territories the countermeasures they need to respond to catastrophic animal disease outbreaks created by either terrorists or nature. As logistical experts, the NVS team develops plans for logistical emergency response, manages their supply chain of countermeasures, and helps stakeholders improve logistical response capabilities.

scholarly journals A methodology to assess indirect economic impacts of animal disease outbreaks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Savioli ◽  
Bouda Vosough Ahmadi ◽  
Violeta Muñoz ◽  
Manon Schuppers
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario

Indirect costs of animal disease outbreaks often significantly exceed the direct costs. Despite their importance, indirect costs remain poorly characterised due to their complexity. In this study, we developed a framework to assess the indirect costs of a hypothetical African Swine Fever outbreak in Switzerland. We collected data through international and national stakeholder interviews, analysis of national disease control regulations and industry data. We developed a framework to capture the resulting qualitative and quantitative data, categorise the impacts of these regulations, and rank the impacts in order of importance. We then developed a spreadsheet model to calculate the indirect costs of one category of control measure for an individual group of stakeholders. We developed a decision tree model to guide the most economically favourable implementation plan for a given control measure category, under different outbreak scenarios. Our results suggest that the most important measure/impact categories were ‘Transport logistics’, ‘Consumer demand’, ‘Prevention of wild boar and domestic pig contact’ and ‘Slaughter logistics’. In our hypothetical scenario, the greatest costs associated with ‘Prevention of wild boar and domestic pig contact’ were due to assumed partial or total depopulation of pig farms in order to reduce herd size to comply with the simulated control regulations. The model also provides suggestions on the most economically favourable strategy to reduce contact between wild boar and domestic pigs in control areas depending on the duration of the outbreak. Our approach provides a new framework to integrate qualitative and quantitative data to guide disease control strategy. This method could be useful in other countries and for other diseases, including in data- and resource-poor settings, or areas with limited experience of animal disease outbreaks.

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness of emergency preparedness measures in response to infectious respiratory disease outbreaks: a systematic review and econometric analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e045113
Author(s):  
Constantine Vardavas ◽  
Katerina Nikitara ◽  
Konstantinos Zisis ◽  
Konstantinos Athanasakis ◽  
Revati Phalkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Saving ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The Cost

ObjectivesRespiratory infectious disease outbreaks pose a threat for loss of life, economic instability and social disruption. We conducted a systematic review of published econometric analyses to assess the direct and indirect costs of infectious respiratory disease outbreaks that occurred between 2003 and 2019.SettingRespiratory infectious disease outbreaks or public health preparedness measures or interventions responding to respiratory outbreaks in OECD countries (excluding South Korea and Japan) so as to assess studies relevant to the European context. The cost-effectiveness of interventions was assessed through a dominance ranking matrix approach. All cost data were adjusted to the 2017 Euro, with interventions compared with the null. We included data from 17 econometric studies.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDirect and indirect costs for disease and preparedness and/or response or cost-benefit and cost-utility were measured.ResultsOverall, the economic burden of infectious respiratory disease outbreaks was found to be significant to healthcare systems and society. Indirect costs were greater than direct costs mainly due to losses of productivity. With regard to non-pharmaceutical strategies, prehospitalisation screening and the use of protective masks were identified as both an effective strategy and cost-saving. Community contact reduction was effective but had ambiguous results for cost saving. School closure was an effective measure, but not cost-saving in the long term. Targeted antiviral prophylaxis was the most cost-saving and effective pharmaceutical intervention.ConclusionsOur cost analysis results provide evidence to policymakers on the cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies which may be applied to mitigate or respond to infectious respiratory disease outbreaks.

The Direct and Indirect Costs of Treating the Victims of the 2016 Nice Terror Attacks in a Single Pediatric Hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Federico Solla ◽  
Eytan Ellenberg ◽  
Virginie Rampal ◽  
Julien Margaine ◽  
Charles Musoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Terror Attack ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Annual Budget ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Objective: To analyze the cost of the terror attack in Nice in a single pediatric institution. Methods: We carried out descriptive analyses of the data coming from the Lenval University Children’s Hospital of Nice database after the July 14, 2016 terror attack. The medical cost for each patient was estimated from the invoice that the hospital sent to public insurance. The indirect costs were calculated from the hospital’s accounting, as the items that were previously absent or the difference between costs in 2016 versus the previous year. Results: The costs total 1.56 million USD, corresponding to 2% of Lenval Hospital’s 2016 annual budget. Direct medical costs represented 9% of the total cost. The indirect costs were related to human resources (overtime, sick leave), revenue shortfall, and security and psychiatric reinforcement. Conclusion: Indirect costs had a greater impact than did direct medical costs. Examining the level and variety of direct and indirect costs will lead to a better understanding of the consequences of terror acts and to improved preparation for future attacks.

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