KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET ARANG CAMPURAN ARANG AKASIA DAUN KECIL (Acacia auliculiformis) DAN ARANG ALABAN (Vitex pubescens vhal)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Fadillah Yusma Sugiyati ◽  
Budi Sutiya ◽  
Yuniarti
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
State Standards ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Wood Charcoal ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Small Leaf

Petroleum is an energy that cannot be renewed, but in everyday life, fuel oil is still the main choice so that it will recult in depletion of petroleum reserves. This study aims to analyze the quality of the charcoal briquette mixture of small leaf acacia wood charcoal whit a mixture of alaban wood charcoal. Parameters tested based on (ASTM D 5142 – 02). Charcoal briquette quality result obtained using Indonesian state standards (Indonesian National Standards – SNI). The results of research from small leaf acacia charcoal and alaban charcoal resulted in the average value of moisture content testing, density testing, ansh content testing, flight substance testing bound carbon content testing and calorific value testing. Testing of moisture content, density, ash content and calorific value met Indonesian standards, while testing for aerobic substances and bound carbon content did not meet Indonesian standards. The best quality charcoal briquettes that meet all the criteria of the Indonesian state standards (Indonesian National Standards – SNI) in treatment E (75% alaban charcoal and 25% small leaf acacia charcoal). The results obtained indicate that each treatment differences in the composition of charcoal powder have a significant effect on each parameter such as moisture content, density, ash content, flying matter, carbon content and calorific value.Keywords: Energy; Brike; Acacia; Alaban

scholarly journals KUALITAS BIOPELLET LIMBAH SEKAM PADI (Oryza sativa) SEBAGAI SALAH SATU SOLUSI DALAM MENGHADAPI KRISIS ENERGI

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 412
Author(s):  
Diana Ulfa ◽  
Lusyiani Lusyiani ◽  
Gusti A.R. Thamrin
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Average Value

The purposes of this study were: 1) To analyze the characteristics of rice husk waste biopellets such as moisture content, density, ash content, flight substance content, calorific value and bound carbon content, 2) To identify the factors that influence the production of biopellets from rice husk waste. This study used a completely randomized design model with 2 (two) factors, namely variations in mesh size and variations of adhesive with 3 (three) replications. Making biopellet samples and testing the characteristics of rice husk biopellets were carried out at the Forest Products Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru. The size of the powder and the amount of added adhesive as well as the interaction between the two did not have a significant effect on the value of moisture content, density, ash content, flight substance content and bonded carbon content, but had a very significant effect on heating value. The average value of moisture content ranged from 13.0771 - 14.5932%, the average density value ranged from 0.7698 g/cm3- 0.9548 g/cm3, the average value of the resulting ash content ranged from 16.5233% - 19.9633%, the average value of flying substances ranged from 57.3533% - 63.6067%, the average value of bound carbon was 6.3462% - 8.7668%, and the average heating value ranged from 2781.3800 cal/g - 3378.4600 cal/g. The factors that affect the quality of the biopelet are the process of pretreating the raw material, refining the size and mixing the adhesive.

Making Charcoal Briquettes from Corncobs Organic Waste Using Variation of Type and Percentage of Adhesives

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilih Sulistyaningkarti ◽  
Budi Utami
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Volatile Content ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Tapioca Flour

This study aimed to (1) make charcoal briquettes from corncobs organic waste; (2) determine the right type of adhesive to make a corncobs charcoal briquette to produce good quality briquettes; (3) determine the appropriate percentage of adhesive to produce corncobs briquettes to produce good quality briquettes; and (4) know the best characteristics of corncobs charcoal briquettes which include moisture content, volatile content, ash content, carbon content and caloric value. The sample used was corncob obtained from a corn farmer in Pasekan Village, Wonogiri regency. This research used experimental method in laboratory with several stages, namely: (1) preparation of materials; (2) carbonization; (3) crushing and sifting of charcoal (4) mixing charcoal with adhesive and water; (5) briquetting; (6) briquette drying; And (7) analysis of briquette quality. This adhesive types used in this research were tapioca flour and wheat flour and the percentage of adhesive material were 5%, 10% and 15% from total weight of charcoal powder. The result of the research were: (1) charcoal briquettes as alternative energy source can be made from biomass waste (corncobs organic waste); (2) charcoal briquettes from organic corncobs wastes using tapioca flour adhesives have better quality than using wheat flour adhesives; (3) the both charcoal briquettes using 5% of tapioca flour adhesive and 5% wheat flour adhesives have better quality than 10% and 15% in terms of moisture content, volatile content, ash content, carbon content and calorific value; and (4) the best characteristics obtained are for the charcoal briquettes using 5% of tapioca flour adhesive, which have water content of 3,665%; volatile matter amounting of 11.005%; ash content of 4.825%; fixed carbon content of 80.515%; and high heat value of 5661,071%.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SUHU DAN WAKTU KARBONISASI TERHADAP NILAI KALOR DAN KARAKTERISTIK PADA PEMBUATAN BIOARANG BERBAHAN BAKU PELEPAH AREN (Arenga pinnata)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Erwin Junary ◽  
Julham Prasetya Pane ◽  
Netti Herlina
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Volatile Matter Content ◽  
Temperature Variable

The availability of the petroleum fuels that deprived from fossil is depleted with the increase of human population. The challenge for this fuel shortage crisis can certainly be anticipated with the manufacture of fuels deprived from renewable biomass. The study of this research is to create a biocharcoal deprived from sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) with the optimum carbonization time and temperature in order to obtain a biocharcoal with the highest calorific value. Biocharcoal is a charcoal created from biomass. The study of the determination of the optimum conditions for the manufacture of biocharcoal from sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) has a temperature variable of 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 0C and time variable of 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Sugar palm was first cut into a small pieces and dried up under the sun and then put into a furnace to carbonate it according to the predetermined variables. The product from furnace was then put inside a desicator to cool it off for 30 minutes and then analyze it with moisture content test, ash content test, volatile matter content test, carbon content test and calorific value test. The best result was obtained at the temperature of 350 0C and 120 minutes of carbonization with the calorific value of 8611,2581 cal/gr, moisture content of %, ash content of %, volatile matter content of % and carbon content of %. Based of the calorific value obtained, the result shows that sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) biocharcoal could be utilize as an renewable alternative source fuels

scholarly journals PENGARUH KOMPOSISI PEREKAT TEPUNG PADA BIOBRIKET LIMBAH BAGLOG JAMUR

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Widodo Hari Prabowo ◽  
Muhammad Viki Lutfiana ◽  
Rosid Rosid ◽  
Muhammad Burhanuddin Ubaidillah
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Volatile Substance ◽  
Drop Test ◽  
Volatile Substances ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources

ABSTRAK Energi yang berasal dari biomassa misalnya limbah baglog, yang selama ini dibuang atau tidak dimanfaatkan, merupakan limbah yang dapat dikonfersi menjadi sumber energi alternatif pengganti bahan bakar fosil. Limbah baglog  jamur dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar dengan cara, mengubah limbah tersebut menjadi biobriket. Tujuan penelitian dilakukan untuk pengkajian laju pembakaran, nilai kalor, kadar abu, kadar air, kadar zat yang menguap, kadar karbon dan drop test pada biobriket. Metode yang digunakan dalam pembuatan menggunakan perbandingan A (1:1:1) dengan komposisi tepung kanji 250 gram limbah baglog 250 gram dan air 250 ml, perbandingan B (1:2:2) dengan komposisi tepung kanji 250 gram limbah baglog 500 gram dan air 500 ml, perbandingan C (1:3:3) dengan komposisi tepung kanji 250 gram  limbah baglog 1000 gram dan air 1000 ml. Pembutan yang pertama dengan penghancuran limbah baglog dan pengeringan, pencampuran tepung, limbah baglog dan air, pengepresan biobriket kemudian dikeringkan. Hasil penelitian memperoleh nilai kalor, kadar air, kadar karbon dan kadar zat yang menguap terdapat pada biobriket sampel A (1:1:1) sebesar 4065,69 kal/g, 5%, 15,4%, dan 71,4 %  untuk kadar abu terbaik terdapat pada sampel B (1:2:2) sebesar 4,8%. Kata kunci: Limbah baglog, biobriket, bahan bakar fosil, jamur tiram  ABSTRACT Energy derived from biomass such as baglog waste that has been disposed or not utilized, is a waste that can be converted into alternative energy sources of fossil fuel. Wastes baglog mushrooms are used as fuel by the way, turning the waste into bio briquette. The aim of this research is to test the combustion rate, calorific value, ash content, moisture content, volatile substance content, carbon content and drop test on bio briquett. The method used in the preparation uses A (1: 1: 1) comparison with starchy flour composition 250 grams of baglog 250 grams and 250 ml water, B ratio (1: 2: 2) with  starchy flour composition 250 grams baglog 500 grams and water 500 ml, C ratio (1: 3: 3) with starch flour composition 250 grams of baglog waste 1000 grams and water 1000 ml. Making the first with the destruction of baglog waste and drying, mixing flour, baglog waste and water, briquette pressing then dried. The results of the research were obtained values of caloric, water content, carbon content and the content of volatile substances in A (1: 1: 1) biobriket of 4065.69 cal / g, 5%, 15.4%, and 71.4% The best ash content was found in sample B (1: 2: 2) of 4.8%. The results obtained of calorific value, moisture content, carbon content and volatile substances were found in A (1: 1: 1) sample biobriket of 4065, 69 cal / g, 5%, 15.4%, and 71.4% for the best ash content were found in sample B (1: 2: 2) of 4.8%. Keywords : Baglog waste, bio briquette, fossil fuel, oyster mushroom

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Kakao Menjadi Briket Arang sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif dengan Penambahan Ampas Buah Merah

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Syarifhidayahtullah Syarif ◽  
Rochim Bakti Cahyono ◽  
Muslikhin Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fruit Pulp ◽  
Volatile Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Cocoa Shell ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content

A B S T R A C TThe conversion of cocoa shell waste into char briquettes has been carried out through various methods. However, the product characteristics do not meet the SNI briquettes requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to improve process engineering by mixing cocoa peel waste with red fruit pulp to get char briquettes in order to improve quality of briquette products. This research was carried out through pyrolysis process with temperthwatures up to 500 oC and held for 4 hours. The research objective was to produce char briquettes from cacao pod shell waste with the addition of red fruit pulp and its characteristic test. The study was designed with 2 variables, namely independent variables in the form of char raw material powder that passed 50 mesh sieve, weight ratio of cocoa shell char powder and red fruit pulp char powder (100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and 0%:100%), pressure (100 kg/cm2), 10% starch adhesive from raw materials, and briquette diameter of 40 mm. Whereas the dependent variables are the moisture content (%), volatile content (%), ash content (%), fixed carbon content (%), and calorific value (cal/g). The results showed that the process of pyrolysis of char briquettes waste cocoa shell with red fruit pulp can increase its calorific value. The best characteristics of briquette were obtained from mixed briquettes (composition of 30%:70%) with moisture content of 5.63%, volatile content of 18.65%, ash content of 9.45%, fixed carbon content of 66.27%, and calorific value of 6422 cal/g.A B S T R A KPemanfaatan limbah kulit buah kakao menjadi briket arang telah banyak dilakukan melalui berbagai metode tetapi belum memenuhi persyaratan SNI briket arang. Oleh karena itu, perlu diupayakan untuk mendapatkan briket arang yang memenuhi persyaratan SNI. Salah satunya dengan cara mencampurkan limbah kulit kakao dengan ampas buah merah karena ampas buah merah memiliki nilai kalor yang cukup tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui proses pirolisis dengan suhu sampai dengan 500 oC  dan ditahan selama 4 jam. Tujuan penelitian untuk memproduksi briket arang dari limbah kulit buah kakao dengan penambahan ampas buah merah serta uji karakteristiknya. Penelitian dirancang dengan 2 variabel, yaitu variabel bebas (independent variable) berupa ukuran serbuk bahan baku arang yang lolos saringan  50 mesh, rasio massa campuran serbuk arang kulit kakao dengan serbuk arang ampas buah merah (100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, dan 0%:100%), tekanan pengempaan (100 kg/cm2), perekat kanji 10% dari bahan baku, dan diameter briket 40 mm. Variabel terikat (dependent variable) yang diukur yaitu kadar air (%), kadar zat mudah menguap (%), kadar abu (%), kadar karbon terikat (%), dan nilai kalor (kal/g). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, dengan melalui proses pirolisis briket arang limbah kulit kakao dengan ampas buah merah dapat meningkatkan nilai kalor-nya. Karakteristik briket terbaik diperoleh dari briket komposisi campuran (30%:70%) dengan kadar air 5,63 %, kadar zat mudah menguap 18,65 %, kadar abu 9,45 %, kadar karbon terikat 66,27 %, dan nilai kalor 6422 kal/g.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF BINDER RATIO ON THE PHYSICAL AND COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBONIZED RICE STALK BRIQUETTES

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-229
Author(s):  
Rapheal Ige ◽  
Elinge Ogala ◽  
Cosmos Moki ◽  
Abdulrahman Habeeb
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Binder Ratio ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content

The selection or choice of agro-waste briquettes for domestic and industrial cottage applications depends on the fuel properties. In this study, the briquette was produced by carbonizing the rice stalk followed by crushing and sieving, the binder was prepared by dissolving the starch in hot water, then mixed with the sieved carbonized rice stalk and then the briquette was produced using the briquetting machine. Proximate analyses, viability, characteristics and combustion were determined to know the average composition of their constituents. From the results obtained it was observed that ash content, moisture content, after glow and ignition propagation decrease as the binder ratio increase while fixed carbon content, volatile matter, calorific value, density and compressive strength increase. The results of this work indicate that briquettes produced using high concentration of the binder would make good biomass fuels. However, it has a high moisture content of 25.00%, high ash content of 23.00%, moderate volatile matter of 44.80%, low fixed carbon content of 32.20%, moderate calorific value of 13.86 MJ/Kg and high density of 0.643g/cm3. The results obtained for all the parameters showed that rice stalks briquettes produced with high concentration of the binder (starch) had a better performance based on their combustion profile.

scholarly journals Utilization of soybean dregs for solid fuel production through hydrothermal carbonization

2020 ◽  
pp. 292-292
Author(s):  
Nugroho Pambudi ◽  
Panji Ardiyansyah ◽  
Riina Syivarulli ◽  
Muhammad Biddinika ◽  
Mochamad Syamsiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Saturation Pressure ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Holding Time ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Volatile Content ◽  
Water Ratio

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermochemical process used in converting biomass into a coal-like substance known as hydrochar. This is usually carried out at high temperature with water below the saturation pressure for a certain period known as holding time. The biomass used was soybean dregs, which is the residue obtained from processing soy sauce with low economic value. The aim of this study therefore was to determine the calorific value of the hydrochar produced from soybean dregs at hydrothermal carbonization temperatures of 160?C, 190?C, and 220?C and at holding times of 30 and 60 minutes, also at a temperature of 190?C with the biomass and water ratio at 1:4 and 1:5. The results showed that the highest calorific value was produced a temperature of 220?C and a holding time of 60 minutes, which was 3,866 Kcal/Kg, the highest carbon content was 26.49%, the lowest moisture content was at 1.77%, the lowest volatile content was at 62.98%, while the lowest ash content was8.64%. Considering biomass to water ratio with the holding time, the highest calorific value was at 3,546 Kcal/Kg, the highest carbon content was 20.32%, the lowest moisture content at 1.71%, the lowest volatile content was 68.58%, while the lowest ash content was at 8.37%. The highest calorific value of the hydrochar produced was similar to the calorific value standard of lignite coal which is around 3,511-4,611 Kcal/Kg according to the American Standard Testing and Mineral (ASTM).

scholarly journals Analysis mixed characterization of Kalimantan coal and mangrove wood charcoal character as briquette raw material

2021 ◽  
Vol 921 (1) ◽  
pp. 012055
Author(s):  
R Rahman ◽  
B Azikin ◽  
D Tahir ◽  
S Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Wood Charcoal ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Ultimate Analysis ◽  
Mangrove Wood

Abstract This study using three types of coal from East Kalimantan and South Sulawesi Mangrove Wood Charcoal which consisted of various compositions. In sample analysis using analysis, namely: proximate, ultimate, and calorific value. Proximate analysis: ash content, volatile matter, moisture content, fixed carbon; ultimate analysis: carbon and sulfur content and the calorific value using the bomb calorimeter method. The results of the proximate analysis showed that the fixed carbon content was obtained in the mixture of MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 52.45%, while the lowest was obtained at IC 100% = 32.86%; The highest volatile matter was obtained at KJA 100% = 44.23%, the lowest was at MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 31.90%, the highest ash content was IC 100% = 9.14% the lowest was at MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 5.94% and the highest moisture content was seen at IC 100% = 15.17% but MWC 75% + IC 25% = 9.52%. The results of the ultimate analysis showed that the lowest sulfur content was in the mixed variation of MWC 75% + KJA 25% = 0.168%, while the highest sulfur content was obtained at IC 100% = 0.874%. However, it was still in the low sulfur category <1. The highest calorific value is obtained by varying the composition at MWC 75% + IC 25% = 5919 cal/gram, while the lowest was obtained at KJA 100% = 4913 cal/gram. So based on this research, the addition of mangrove charcoal is very good for increasing the calorific value.

scholarly journals PENGARUH CAMPURAN LIMBAH TUNGGAK KAYU TUMIH (Combretocarpus rotundatus (Miq) Danser) DAN LIMBAH KAYU GALAM (Melaleuca cajuputi) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET ARANG DARI KAYU KHAS LAHAN BASAH DI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
Noor Mirad Sari ◽  
Violet Violet ◽  
Khairun Nisa ◽  
Syamsudin Syamsudin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Wood Waste ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Volatile Matter Content ◽  
Melaleuca Cajuputi

Tumih (Combretocarpus rotundatus (Miq.) Danser) and Galam (Melaleuca cajuputi) are typical vegetation of the wetlands of South Kalimantan. Tumih and galam wood waste can be made into charcoal briquettes which have economic value. The aims of this study were: 1) Analyzing the characteristics of charcoal briquettes, namely: water content, density, ash content, volatile matter content, bound carbon content and calorific value and 2) Knowing the best treatment from a variety of treatments. The design model used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The process of making charcoal briquettes at the Forest Products Technology Laboratory. Testing the characteristics of charcoal briquettes was done at the Laboratory of the Research and Industrial Standardization Institute (BARISTAND) Banjarbaru. The results of the analysis of diversity showed that the mixed treatment of tumih wood waste and galam wood waste had a very significant effect on water content, ash content, volatile matter content, bound carbon content and calorific value, but had no significant effect on density. The water content of charcoal briquettes from galam wood waste and tumih wood waste and the combination of a mixture of galam wood waste and tumih wood waste ranged from 6.1133-10.6667 %, the average density value was between 0.5228-0.5897 g/cm3, the average value The average ash content is between 1.3000-2.9300%, the volatile matter content shows an average range of 41.6333-48.4767%, the average value of bound carbon content is 37.9267-50.5400% and the average calorific value ranged from 5084.41 to 6230.59 cal/g. Treatment A3 (25% galam wood waste + 75% tumih wood waste is the best treatment and meets American standards for moisture content and calorific value. Ash content of all treatments are A1. A2, A3 and A4 meet American standards.

scholarly journals Sedimentology and Economic Significance of Hangu Formation, Northwest Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
Kamil Ahmed Qureshi ◽  
Muhammad Raza Shah ◽  
Ishaque Ali Meerani ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
Hamid Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Seam ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Chemical Study ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Carbonaceous Shale ◽  
Sedimentary Structures ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Quartz Arenite

The Hangu Formation (Paleocene) consists of sandstone, siltstone, carbonaceous shale, coal and laterite. It is well exposed in the Trans Indus Surghar range and the southern Hazara basin. The sandstone is yellowish brown, fine to coarse grained and medium to thick bedded. The sandstone of the Hangu Formation is classified as quartz arenite on the Q-F-L diagram. It is mostly grain supported and are cemented by silica cement. The study of different stratigraphic sections reveal that Hangu Formation can be sub-divided into a number of lithofacies on the basis of sedimentary structures and lithological variations. These include lateritic lithofacies, coal and carbonaceous shale, cross-bedded sandstone, bioclastic limestone and bioturbated sandstone. All these lithofacies are well-developed in the Baroch Nala section of the Surghar range except the lateritic lithofacies which contains a thin bed of ferruginous clay. In the studied sections of the Hazara basin, the lateritic lithofacies is the only well-developed lithofacies present in the area. The coal occurs at two stratigraphic levels in the Baroch Nala section. The lower coal seam is thick and its chemical study indicates higher calorific value and carbon content than the upper coal seam and with low moisture/ash content. On the basis of the calorific value, the coal of the Hangu Formation is characterized as high volatile bituminous. The degree of laterization is strong in the Langrial and Khanpur sections and moderate in Baroch Nala section.

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