Grapevine Latent Bud Dormancy and Shoot Development

Grapevine development comprises different phenological stages from bud break to berry maturation which are mainly temperature and water dependent. Pre bud break, there is a crucial stage called dormancy which can be divided in two periods: endodormancy and ecodormancy. Climate change (increase in average temperatures and drought) may accelerate the onset of bud burst, however with greater heterogeneity, thus increasing the risk of shoot exposure to abiotic and biotic constraints. Obviously, this could lead to yield and quality issues. In this regard, the ability to assess when climatic conditions are suitable for dormancy release and to predict the date of bud break is important.

Download Full-text

DORMANCY RELEASE IN PEACH BUD DORMANCY AS RELATED TO CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Acta Horticulturae ◽

10.17660/actahortic.1992.315.23 ◽

1992 ◽

pp. 187-196

Author(s):

G. Scalabrelli ◽

L. Di Marco ◽

R. Messina ◽

E. Peterlunger

Keyword(s):

Climatic Conditions ◽

Bud Dormancy ◽

Dormancy Release

Download Full-text

Exploring mechanisms involved in grape bud dormancy: Large-scale analysis of expression reprogramming following controlled dormancy induction and dormancy release

10.32747/2002.7587232.bard ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

Etti Or ◽

David Galbraith ◽

Anne Fennell

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Calcium Signaling ◽

Mitochondrial Function ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Bud Dormancy ◽

Bud Break ◽

Dormancy Release ◽

Central Importance ◽

Entire Collection ◽

Dormancy Induction

The timing of dormancy induction and release is very important to the economic production of table grape. Advances in manipulation of dormancy induction and dormancy release are dependent on the establishment of a comprehensive understanding of biological mechanisms involved in bud dormancy. To gain insight into these mechanisms we initiated the research that had two main objectives: A. Analyzing the expression profiles of large subsets of genes, following controlled dormancy induction and dormancy release, and assessing the role of known metabolic pathways, known regulatory genes and novel sequences involved in these processes B. Comparing expression profiles following the perception of various artificial as well as natural signals known to induce dormancy release, and searching for gene showing similar expression patterns, as candidates for further study of pathways having potential to play a central role in dormancy release. We first created targeted EST collections from V. vinifera and V. riparia mature buds. Clones were randomly selected from cDNA libraries prepared following controlled dormancy release and controlled dormancy induction and from respective controls. The entire collection (7920 vinifera and 1194 riparia clones) was sequenced and subjected to bioinformatics analysis, including clustering, annotations and GO classifications. PCR products from the entire collection were used for printing of cDNA microarrays. Bud tissue in general, and the dormant bud in particular, are under-represented within the grape EST database. Accordingly, 59% of the our vinifera EST collection, composed of 5516 unigenes, are not included within the current Vitis TIGR collection and about 22% of these transcripts bear no resemblance to any known plant transcript, corroborating the current need for our targeted EST collection and the bud specific cDNA array. Analysis of the V. riparia sequences yielded 814 unigenes, of which 140 are unique (keilin et al., manuscript, Appendix B). Results from computational expression profiling of the vinifera collection suggest that oxidative stress, calcium signaling, intracellular vesicle trafficking and anaerobic mode of carbohydrate metabolism play a role in the regulation and execution of grape-bud dormancy release. A comprehensive analysis confirmed the induction of transcription from several calcium–signaling related genes following HC treatment, and detected an inhibiting effect of calcium channel blocker and calcium chelator on HC-induced and chilling-induced bud break. It also detected the existence of HC-induced and calcium dependent protein phosphorylation activity. These data suggest, for the first time, that calcium signaling is involved in the mechanism of dormancy release (Pang et al., in preparation). We compared the effects of heat shock (HS) to those detected in buds following HC application and found that HS lead to earlier and higher bud break. We also demonstrated similar temporary reduction in catalase expression and temporary induction of ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, thioredoxin and glutathione S transferase expression following both treatments. These findings further support the assumption that temporary oxidative stress is part of the mechanism leading to bud break. The temporary induction of sucrose syntase, pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase indicate that temporary respiratory stress is developed and suggest that mitochondrial function may be of central importance for that mechanism. These finding, suggesting triggering of identical mechanisms by HS and HC, justified the comparison of expression profiles of HC and HS treated buds, as a tool for the identification of pathways with a central role in dormancy release (Halaly et al., in preparation). RNA samples from buds treated with HS, HC and water were hybridized with the cDNA arrays in an interconnected loop design. Differentially expressed genes from the were selected using R-language package from Bioconductor project called LIMMA and clones showing a significant change following both HS and HC treatments, compared to control, were selected for further analysis. A total of 1541 clones show significant induction, of which 37% have no hit or unknown function and the rest represent 661 genes with identified function. Similarly, out of 1452 clones showing significant reduction, only 53% of the clones have identified function and they represent 573 genes. The 661 induced genes are involved in 445 different molecular functions. About 90% of those functions were classified to 20 categories based on careful survey of the literature. Among other things, it appears that carbohydrate metabolism and mitochondrial function may be of central importance in the mechanism of dormancy release and studies in this direction are ongoing. Analysis of the reduced function is ongoing (Appendix A). A second set of hybridizations was carried out with RNA samples from buds exposed to short photoperiod, leading to induction of bud dormancy, and long photoperiod treatment, as control. Analysis indicated that 42 genes were significant difference between LD and SD and 11 of these were unique.

Download Full-text

Spatial and temporal variability of cv. Tempranillo response within the Toro DO (Spain) and projected changes under climate change

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.1.4493 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 349-366

Author(s):

María Concepción Ramos ◽

Daniël T.H.C. Go ◽

Santiago Castro

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Temporal Variability ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

Bud Break ◽

Phenological Stages ◽

Projected Changes ◽

Phenological Phases

This work aimed to analyse the spatial and temporal variability of the response of Tempranillo variety within the Toro Designation of Origin (DO) and the potential changes under climate change scenarios. The research included the analysis of phenology (bud break, bloom, veraison and maturity) and grape composition at harvest recorded in plots located at seven locations in the DO, at elevations between 667 and 779 m above the sea level (a.s.l.). Changes in phenology and composition were projected for 2050 and 2070 under two emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), considering the predicted changes in climate variables using an ensemble of models. Variations in the phenological timing of up to 28 days for bud break, bloom and veraison and up to 30 days for maturity were recorded during the period analysed and titratable acidity varied between 4 and 8 gL-1. The variability in phenology and grape acidity was mainly driven by temperature and available water in different periods between phenological stages, although the effect of soil properties was also confirmed. Under warmer conditions, an advance of all phenological phases was projected (up to 6, 6, 8 and 12 days by 2050 under the RCP4.5 scenario and near double under the RCP8.5 scenario). In addition, a decrease in titratable acidity is projected (about 1.1 and 1.4 gL-1 by 2050, respectively, under the RCP4.5 and the RCP8.5 scenario and up to 2.0 gL-1 by 2070 under the warmest scenario). The results were in agreement with the variability observed in years with contrasting weather conditions.

Download Full-text

Grapevine phenology in France: from past observations to future evolutions in the context of climate change

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2017.51.2.1622 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 115-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Iñaki García de Cortázar-Atauri ◽

Eric Duchêne ◽

Agnes Destrac-Irvine ◽

Gérard Barbeau ◽

Laure De Rességuier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Future Climate ◽

General Description ◽

Phenological Stages ◽

Key Factor ◽

Historical Databases ◽

Phenological Cycle

Aim: Phenology is a key factor in explaining the distribution and diversity of current vineyards in France. This work has the objective to summarize the different studies developed in France to analyze grapevine phenology.Methods and results: Several topics are presented: a general description of all historical databases and observatory networks developed in France during the last 70 years; an overview of the different models developed to calculate the main phenological stages; an analysis of the main results obtained using these models in the context of studies of climate change impacts on viticulture in France; and finally a general discussion about the main strategies to adapt the phenological cycle to future climate conditions.Conclusion: This review emphasizes that even if phenology is not the only trait to be considered for adapting grapevine to climate change, it plays a major role in the distribution of the current variety x vineyard associations.Significance and impact of the study: It is therefore critical to continue to study phenology in order to better understand its physiological and genetic basis and to define the best strategies to adapt to future climatic conditions.

Download Full-text

Effects of thermal model and base temperature on estimates of thermal time to bud break in white spruce seedlings

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x10-129 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (9) ◽

pp. 1815-1820 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Rongzhou Man ◽

Pengxin Lu

Keyword(s):

White Spruce ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Thermal Time ◽

Growing Degree Days ◽

Base Temperature ◽

Bud Break ◽

Bud Burst ◽

Degree Days ◽

Growing Degree Hours ◽

Time Requirements

To improve the predictability of bud burst and growth of boreal trees under varying climate, the thermal time for bud break in white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings was evaluated under a range of temperature conditions in controlled environment chambers. Thermal time requirements were calculated as the sum of growing degree days or growing degree hours above base temperatures ranging from –1 to 5 °C. The results indicated that the common modeling approach, which uses a high base temperature of 5 °C and growing degree days, may not be appropriate for future climatic conditions. Estimates of thermal time requirements using a base temperature of 5 °C varied considerably among temperature treatments and thus would reduce the predictability of bud burst under changing climate. In contrast, estimates of thermal time requirements with lower temperatures closer to 1 °C were relatively consistent among treatments. Growing degree hour models were less sensitive to base temperature than degree day models. These results should help in the selection of appropriate base temperatures and thermal time models in quantification of thermal time for bud burst modeling in other boreal trees.

Download Full-text

GA3 is superior to GA4 in promoting bud endodormancy release in tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) and their potential working mechanism

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-03106-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhang Yuxi ◽

Yuan Yanchao ◽

Liu Zejun ◽

Zhang Tao ◽

Li Feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Bud Dormancy ◽

Morphological Observation ◽

Starch Degradation ◽

Bud Burst ◽

Dormancy Release ◽

Subsequent Growth ◽

Tree Peony ◽

Bud Dormancy Release

Abstract Background Sufficient low temperature accumulation is the key strategy to break bud dormancy and promote subsequent flowering in tree peony anti-season culturing production. Exogenous gibberellins (GAs) could partially replace chilling to accelerate dormancy release, and different kinds of GAs showed inconsistent effects in various plants. To understand the effects of exogenous GA3 and GA4 on dormancy release and subsequent growth, the morphological changes were observed after exogenous GAs applications, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and the contents of endogenous phytohormones, starch and sugar were measured, respectively. Results Morphological observation and photosynthesis measurements indicated that both GA3 and GA4 applications accelerated bud dormancy release, but GA3 feeding induced faster bud burst, higher shoot and more flowers per plant. Full-length transcriptome of dormant bud was used as the reference genome. Totally 124 110 459, 124 015 148 and 126 239 836 reads by illumina transcriptome sequencing were obtained in mock, GA3 and GA4 groups, respectively. Compared with the mock, there were 879 DEGs and 2 595 DEGs in GA3 and GA4 group, 1 179 DEGs in GA3 vs GA4, and 849 DEGs were common in these comparison groups. The significant enrichment KEGG pathways of 849 DEGs highlighted plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, cell cycle, DNA replication, etc. Interestingly, the contents of endogenous GA1, GA3, GA4, GA7 and IAA significantly increased, ABA decreased after GA3 and GA4 treatments by LC–MS/MS. Additionally, the soluble glucose, fructose and trehalose increased after exogenous GAs applications. Compared to GA4 treatment, GA3 induced higher GA1, GA3 and IAA level, more starch degradation to generate more monosaccharide for use, and promoted cell cycle and photosynthesis. Higher expression levels of dormancy-related genes, TFL, FT, EBB1, EBB3 and CYCD, and lower of SVP by GA3 treatment implied more efficiency of GA3. Conclusions Exogenous GA3 and GA4 significantly accelerated bud dormancy release and subsequent growth by increasing the contents of endogenous bioactive GAs, IAA, and soluble glucose such as fructose and trehalose, and accelerated cell cycle process, accompanied by decreasing ABA contents. GA3 was superior to GA4 in tree peony forcing culture, which might because tree peony was more sensitive to GA3 than GA4, and GA3 had a more effective ability to induce cell division and starch hydrolysis. These results provided the value data for understanding the mechanism of dormancy release in tree peony.

Download Full-text

CUPPA-TEA: A SIMULATION MODEL DESCRIBING SEASONAL YIELD VARIATION AND POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF TEA. 1. SHOOT DEVELOPMENT AND EXTENSION

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479798004025 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 345-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

R. B. MATTHEWS ◽

W. STEPHENS

Keyword(s):

Simulation Model ◽

Developmental State ◽

Shoot Development ◽

Bud Dormancy ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Bud Burst ◽

Main Determinant ◽

Yield Variation ◽

Temperate Trees ◽

Critical Photoperiod

A simulation model describing the growth and yield of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is described. The model simulates the behaviour of a population of shoots which develop and extend independently at different rates to simulate the variation observed in natural conditions. The development of each shoot is divided into three phases corresponding to the resting, quiescent and bud-burst phases in temperate trees, with the rate of development in each phase being influenced by temperature, photoperiod and saturation deficit. Photoperiod also influences the onset and release of bud dormancy, and therefore the numbers of actively growing shoots at any one time. As shoots are generally harvested at a specific developmental state or size, the number of shoots plucked at each harvest is the main determinant of yield variation. Sensitivity analysis using annual yields as the output indicated that the model was most sensitive to the values of the two critical photoperiod parameters controlling bud dormancy and shoot development. Good agreement was found between model predictions and observed yields for an experiment in well-irrigated tea in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, but further testing is necessary before it can be used with confidence in a wider range of environments.

Download Full-text

Metabolic Changes in Polyamines, Phenylethylamine, And Arginine During Bud Break in Apple Flower Buds Under Foliar-Applied Dormancy-Breaking Agents

International Journal for Empirical Education and Research ◽

10.35935/edr/22.181 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mostafa M. Rady ◽

Mohamed A. Seif El-Yazal

Keyword(s):

Biogenic Amines ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Calcium Nitrate ◽

Metabolic Changes ◽

Bud Dormancy ◽

Bud Break ◽

Bud Burst ◽

Dormancy Breaking ◽

Apple Variety ◽

Early Date

The Environmental and climatic conditions affect the flower bud growth, flowering and yield performance of fruit species. Temperature appears to be important factors for temperate fruit trees in mild climates. The relationships between breaking bud dormancy and climatic influences on flowering, growth and metabolic changes in contents of biogenic amines (spermine, spermidine, putrescine, cadaverine and phenylethylamine), arginine and anthocyanin before and after bud break were evaluated for "Ain Shemer" apple (Malus sylvestris, Mill) trees under exogenously applied hydrogen cyanamide (dormex), calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 and thiourea. The studies have shown that breaking bud dormancy (as early date of bud break and percentage of bud break) by the above dormancy breaking agents were correlated with the high content of biogenic amines and arginine in buds. Seasonal variations in biogenic amines, arginine and anthocyanin level were present in buds during the research period (dormancy and dormancy release period). Levels of spermine, spermidine, putrescine, cadaverine, phenylethylamine, arginine and anthocyanin have simultaneously risen with bud burst and new growth. The most abundant polyamines in buds were cadaverine followed by spermine. The best results were obtained with Dormex after exposure the trees to about 274 natural chilling hours ? +7.2oC; therefore, we recommend using this compound to achieve bud break as early as possible in "Ain Shemer" apple variety by regulating the contents of biogenic amines and arginine in buds and subsequently the high percentages of bud break and maximum yield.

Download Full-text

Metabolic mechanisms underpinning vegetative bud dormancy release and shoot development in sweet cherry

Environmental and Experimental Botany ◽

10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.06.024 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 155 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Michail Michailidis ◽

Evangelos Karagiannis ◽

Georgia Tanou ◽

Eirini Sarrou ◽

Ioannis-Dimosthenis Adamakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sweet Cherry ◽

Shoot Development ◽

Bud Dormancy ◽

Dormancy Release ◽

Bud Dormancy Release ◽

Vegetative Bud

Download Full-text

Grapevine phenology in France: from past observations to future evolutions in the context of climate change

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2016.0.0.1622 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 115 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Iñaki García de Cortázar-Atauri ◽

Eric Duchêne ◽

Agnes Destrac-Irvine ◽

Gérard Barbeau ◽

Laure De Rességuier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

General Description ◽

Phenological Stages ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Key Factor ◽

Historical Databases ◽

Phenological Cycle

Aim: Phenology is a key factor in explaining the distribution and diversity of current vineyards in France. This work has the objective to summarize the different studies developed in France to analyze grapevine phenology.Methods and results: Several topics are presented: a general description of all historical databases and observatory networks developed in France during the last 70 years; an overview of the different models developed to calculate the main phenological stages; an analysis of the main results obtained using these models in the context of studies of climate change impacts on viticulture in France; and finally a general discussion about the main strategies to adapt the phenological cycle to future climate conditions.Conclusion: This review emphasizes that even if phenology is not the only trait to be considered for adapting grapevine to climate change, it plays a major role in the distribution of the current variety x vineyard associations.Significance and impact of the study: It is therefore critical to continue to study phenology in order to better understand its physiological and genetic basis and to define the best strategies to adapt to future climatic conditions.

Download Full-text