Characterization of the region and year of production of wines by stable isotopes and elemental analyses

OENO One ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
M. Day ◽  
Ben Li Zhang ◽  
Gérard J. Martin ◽  
Christian Asselin ◽  
René Morlat
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Metallic Elements ◽  
Basic Aspect ◽  
O Isotopes ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
Use Efficiency

<p style="text-align: justify;">Stable isotope and elemental analyses were applied to the study of wines produced from the Cabernet Franc vine variety cultivated during several years (1982 to 1990) on specific parts of the Saumur-Champigny vineyard dedicated to the « terroir » experiment of INRA. The purpose of this work was to describe the behaviour or <sup>2</sup>H, <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>18</sup>O isotopes in the water and ethanol of wines in terms of the meteorological conditions (temperature, precipitation and insolation) which govern vine growing. Since the « terroir » concept involves a synergy between the c1imate and the soil, the distribution of typical metallic elements was also determined by flame and electrothermal ionization atomic absorption. About twenty parcels, carefully described from the geological and pedological point of view were considered in this study which demonstrated the ability of Sr, Al and Rb to discriminate between wines from the same year but grown on adjacent parcels. The content in trace elements of the wines was also shown to be correlated with the geological nature of the soil. As far as stable isotopes are considered, it appears that the climate of the year of production of a given region has a drastic influence on the isotope ratios of water and ethanol of wines and good correlations way be computed between these parameters and temperature and precipitations. From a more basic aspect, it is also shown that the nature of the soil which governs, at least in a part, the water use efficiency of vine, induces typical variations in the isotopic composition of wines. The results of this study demonstrate also the ability of stable isotope and elemental analyses to determine the geographical origin of a wine, and when the region of production is known, to infer the year of production from meteorological data. This method might prove to be an alternative method to radio carbon analysis for the next vintages.</p>

scholarly journals Giant dust particles at Nevado Illimani: a proxy of summertime deep convection over the Bolivian Altiplano

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1383-1397
Author(s):  
Filipe G. L. Lindau ◽  
Jefferson C. Simões ◽  
Barbara Delmonte ◽  
Patrick Ginot ◽  
Giovanni Baccolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Convective Activity

Abstract. A deeper understanding of past atmospheric circulation variability in the Central Andes is a high-priority topic in paleoclimatology mainly because of the necessity to validate climate models used to predict future precipitation trends and to develop mitigation and/or adaptation strategies for future climate change scenarios in this region. Within this context, we here investigate an 18-year firn core drilled at Nevado Illimani in order to interpret its mineral dust record in relation to seasonal processes, in particular atmospheric circulation and deep convection. The core was dated by annual layer counting based on seasonal oscillations of dust, calcium, and stable isotopes. Geochemical and mineralogical data show that dust is regionally sourced in winter and summer. During austral summer (wet season), an increase in the relative proportion of giant dust particles (∅>20 µm) is observed, in association with oscillations of stable isotope records (δD, δ18O). It seems that at Nevado Illimani both the deposition of dust and the isotopic signature of precipitation are influenced by atmospheric deep convection, which is also related to the total amount of precipitation in the area. This hypothesis is corroborated by regional meteorological data. The interpretation of giant particle and stable isotope records suggests that downdrafts due to convective activity promote turbulent conditions capable of suspending giant particles in the vicinity of Nevado Illimani. Giant particles and stable isotopes, when considered together, can be therefore used as a new proxy for obtaining information about deep convective activity in the past.

scholarly journals Can mussels be used as sentinel organisms for characterization of pollution in urban water systems?

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 2679-2689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke S. Reichwaldt ◽  
Anas Ghadouani
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Organic Nitrate ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Nitrogen Stable Isotope ◽  
Urban Water Systems ◽  
Sentinel Organisms

Abstract. Urbanization strongly impacts aquatic ecosystems by decreasing water quality and altering water cycles. Today, much effort is put towards the restoration and conservation of urban waterbodies to enhance ecosystem service provision, leading to liveable and sustainable cities. To enable a sustainable management of waterbodies, the quantification of the temporal and spatial variability of pollution levels and biogeochemical processes is essential. Stable isotopes have widely been used to identify sources of pollution in ecosystems. For example, increased nitrogen levels in waterbodies are often accompanied with a higher nitrogen stable isotope signature (δ15N), which can then be detected in higher trophic levels such as mussels. The main aim of this study was to assess the suitability of nitrogen stable isotopes as measured in mussels (Mytilus edulis), as an indicator able to resolve spatial and temporal variability of nitrogen pollution in an urban, tidally influenced estuary (Swan River estuary in Western Australia). Nitrogen concentrations were generally low and nitrogen stable isotope values of nitrate throughout the estuary were well within natural values of uncontaminated groundwater, organic nitrate from soils, or marine-derived sources, indicating groundwater inflow rather than pollution by human activity was responsible for differences between sites. The δ15N signature in mussels was very stable over time within each site which indicated that mussels can be used as time-integrated sentinel organisms in urban systems. In addition, our study shows that the nature of the relationship between δ15N in the mussels and the nitrate in the water can provide insights into site-specific biogeochemical transformation of nutrients. We suggest that mussels and other sentinel organisms can become a robust tool for the detection and characterization of the dynamics of a number of emerging anthropogenic pollutants of concern in urban water systems.

scholarly journals Giant dust particles at Nevado Illimani: a proxy of summertime deep convection over the Bolivian Altiplano

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Gaudie Ley Lindau ◽  
Jefferson Cardia Simões ◽  
Barbara Delmonte ◽  
Patrick Ginot ◽  
Giovanni Baccolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios

Abstract. A deeper understanding of past atmospheric circulation variability in the Central Andes is a high-priority topic in paleoclimatology, mainly because of the necessity to validate climate models used to predict future precipitation trends and to develop mitigation and/or adaptation strategies for future climate change scenarios in this region. Within this context, we here investigate an 18-years firn core drilled at the Nevado Illimani in order to interpret its mineral dust record in relation to seasonal processes, in particular atmospheric circulation and deep convection. The core was dated by annual layer counting based on seasonal oscillations of dust, calcium and stable isotopes. Geochemical and mineralogical data show that dust is regionally-sourced in winter and summer. During austral summer (wet season) an increase in the relative proportion of giant dust particles (ø > 20 µm) is observed, in association to oscillations of stable isotope records (δD, δ18O). It seems that at Nevado Illimani both the deposition of dust and the isotopic signature of precipitation are influenced by atmospheric deep convection, which is also related to the total amount of precipitation in the area. This hypothesis is corroborated by local meteorological data. The interpretation of giant particle and stable isotope records suggests that during La Niña years, summer convection activity is enhanced, in agreement with atmospheric circulation studies. Giant particles and stable isotopes, when considered together, can be therefore used as a new proxy for obtaining information about deep convective activity in the past, which is ultimately related to paleo-ENSO variability.

A case for landing on the moon's farside to test nitrogen abundances

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chela-Flores
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Biogenic Elements ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Lunar Farside ◽  
Lunar Soils ◽  
Individual Grains

AbstractA high research priority in astrobiology is the search and eventual identification of biomarkers in the Solar System. In spite of numerous steps forward, lunar science remains largely disjoint from the main stream of astrobiology, but in recent years the Moon has begun to emerge as a novel target for astrobiologists. We discuss an overlap between lunar geology and terrestrial geomicrobiology that arises from analysis of lunar soils and some uncertainties in chemical evolution and the origin of life scenarios. Unexpected isotopic heterogeneity of nitrogen (N) was found to be remarkable in samples from Apollo and the Luna programme. Both the stable isotope geochemical data of the biogenic elements, as well as the noble gases trapped in lunar soils added valuable new and relevant data. These discoveries are potential sources of information on early Earth evolution. The elusive ratio of N's two stable isotopes 15N/14N has played a fundamental role in this research. The analysis of individual grains of ilmenite suggests that 90% of all the trapped N does not originate from solar wind (SW). We discuss the significance of these stable isotopes from the point of view of astrobiology in the light of the next generation of lunar exploration. We underline the high priority of testing the origin of non-solar N source trapped in the regolith of the lunar farside. In the proposals of new lunar missions, the characterization of the geochemistry at several lunar sites is a major objective. Some arguments are presented in favour of using novel space technologies in a search for biomarkers in geographical distinct lunar landing sites. We restrict our attention to one aspect of the science requirements for the forthcoming missions by focusing on a very limited objective: to take a closer look at the geochemical characterization of the chemical element N on the soils of the lunar farside.

The Analyses of Learning Strategies in English as a Second Language: Theoretical Classification and Measurement Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Asti Gumartifa ◽  
◽  
Indah Windra Dwie Agustiani
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
English Learners ◽  
English Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
The Impact

Gaining English language learning effectively has been discussed all years long. Similarly, Learners have various troubles outcomes in the learning process. Creating a joyful and comfortable situation must be considered by learners. Thus, the implementation of effective learning strategies is certainly necessary for English learners. This descriptive study has two purposes: first, to introduce the classification and characterization of learning strategies such as; memory, cognitive, metacognitive, compensation, social, and affective strategies that are used by learners in the classroom and second, it provides some questionnaires item based on Strategy of Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) version 5.0 that can be used to examine the frequency of students’ learning strategies in the learning process. The summary of this study explains and discusses the researchers’ point of view on the impact of learning outcomes by learning strategies used. Finally, utilizing appropriate learning strategies are certainly beneficial for both teachers and learners to achieve the learning target effectively.

The Algorithm of Characterization of an Action as a Jointly Committed Crime

2018 ◽  
pp. 37-44
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Code ◽  
Point Of View

The article discusses a sequence of activities to identify a crime as jointly committed. The requirements to the algorithm of such activities are formulated. Programme-based and targeted methods applied by the authors allowed detecting a range of stages of the algorithm. The first four stages aim at defining mandatory elements of a crime allowing to characterize it as a jointly committed action. The rest of the stages focus on identifying a type of criminal complicity. In the article, each stage is described. It is emphasized that in each stage there is a special objective. At the same time, all these stages, taken together, constitute a separate module of the program of criminal characterization of an action. From the authors’ point of view, algorithms are necessary not only for detection of crimes and their criminal characterization, but also for answering the question on existence of criminal complicity in each case. Also the authors give their opinions on interpretation of criminal complicity as a legal category. In particular, it is emphasized that not all of crimes merely committed with participation of two or more persons should be understood as jointly committed. It is joint participation that makes a crime jointly committed. Various forms of criminal complicity and types of co-offenders are considered in the article as well. In various crimes, criminal complicity manifests itself differently. Therefore the proposed algorithm can be applied only after identification a specific article of the Russian Criminal Code stipulating the responsibility for the crime committed.

scholarly journals Alien introgression and morpho-agronomic characterization of diploid progenies of Solanum lycopersicoides monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) toward pre-breeding applications in tomato (S. lycopersicum)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puneet Kaur Mangat ◽  
Junghyun Shim ◽  
Ritchel B. Gannaban ◽  
Joshua J. Singleton ◽  
Rosalyn B. Angeles-Shim
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Introgression Lines ◽  
Addition Lines ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicoides ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Tomato Breeding ◽  
Chromosome Segments ◽  
Alien Addition Lines

Abstract Key message Alien introgressions that were captured in the genome of diploid plants segregating from progenies of monosomic alien addition lines of S. lycopersicoides confer novel phenotypes with commercial and agronomic value in tomato breeding. Abstract Solanum lycopersicoides is a wild relative of tomato with a natural adaptation to a wide array of biotic and abiotic challenges. In this study, we identified and characterized diploid plants segregating from the progenies of monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) of S. lycopersicoides to establish their potential as donors in breeding for target trait improvement in tomato. Molecular genotyping identified 28 of 38 MAAL progenies having the complete chromosome complement of the cultivated tomato parent and limited chromosome introgressions from the wild S. lycopersicoides parent. Analysis of SSR and indel marker profiles identified 34 unique alien introgressions in the 28 MAAL-derived introgression lines (MDILs) in the genetic background of tomato. Conserved patterns of alien introgressions were detected among sibs of MDILs 2, 3, 4 and 8. Across MDILs, a degree of preferential transmission of specific chromosome segments was also observed. Morphologically, the MDILs closely resembled the cultivated tomato more than S. lycopersicoides. The appearance of novel phenotypes in the MDILs that are lacking in the cultivated parent or the source MAALs indicates the capture of novel genetic variation by the diploid introgression lines that can add commercial and agronomic value to tomato. In particular, screening of representative MDILs for drought tolerance at the vegetative stage identified MDIL 2 and MDIL 11III as drought tolerant based on visual scoring. A regulated increase in stomatal conductance of MDIL 2 under drought stress indicates better water use efficiency that allowed it to survive for 7 days under 0% moisture level.

scholarly journals Processing Effect and Characterization of Olive Oils from Spanish Wild Olive Trees (Olea europaea var. sylvestris)

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1304
Author(s):  
Francisco Espínola ◽  
Alfonso M. Vidal ◽  
Juan M. Espínola ◽  
Manuel Moya
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Analytical Point ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
Olive Trees

Wild olive trees have important potential, but, to date, the oil from wild olives has not been studied significantly, especially from an analytical point of view. In Spain, the wild olive tree is called “Acebuche” and its fruit “Acebuchina”. The objective of this work is to optimize the olive oil production process from the Acebuchina cultivar and characterize the oil, which could be marketed as healthy and functional food. A Box–Behnken experimental design with five central points was used, along with the Response Surface Methodology to obtain a mathematical experimental model. The oils from the Acebuchina cultivar meet the requirements for human consumption and have a good balance of fatty acids. In addition, the oils are rich in antioxidants and volatile compounds. The highest extraction yield, 12.0 g oil/100 g paste, was obtained at 90.0 min and the highest yield of phenolic compounds, 870.0 mg/kg, was achieved at 40.0 °C, and 90.0 min; but the maximum content of volatile compounds, 26.9 mg/kg, was obtained at 20 °C and 30.0 min. The oil yield is lower than that of commercial cultivars, but the contents of volatile and phenolic compounds is higher.

scholarly journals Grounding semantic transparency in context

Morphology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella Varvara ◽  
Gabriella Lapesa ◽  
Sebastian Padó
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Distributional Semantics ◽  
Semantic Transparency ◽  
Inclusion Measure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Semantic Point ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWe present the results of a large-scale corpus-based comparison of two German event nominalization patterns: deverbal nouns in -ung (e.g., die Evaluierung, ‘the evaluation’) and nominal infinitives (e.g., das Evaluieren, ‘the evaluating’). Among the many available event nominalization patterns for German, we selected these two because they are both highly productive and challenging from the semantic point of view. Both patterns are known to keep a tight relation with the event denoted by the base verb, but with different nuances. Our study targets a better understanding of the differences in their semantic import.The key notion of our comparison is that of semantic transparency, and we propose a usage-based characterization of the relationship between derived nominals and their bases. Using methods from distributional semantics, we bring to bear two concrete measures of transparency which highlight different nuances: the first one, cosine, detects nominalizations which are semantically similar to their bases; the second one, distributional inclusion, detects nominalizations which are used in a subset of the contexts of the base verb. We find that only the inclusion measure helps in characterizing the difference between the two types of nominalizations, in relation with the traditionally considered variable of relative frequency (Hay, 2001). Finally, the distributional analysis allows us to frame our comparison in the broader coordinates of the inflection vs. derivation cline.

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