scholarly journals Leaf and stem water potential as vine water status indicators, in Tempranillo grapevine, under different water regimes in the Duero valley

OENO One ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Jesús Yuste ◽  
I. Gutiérrez ◽  
José Antonio Rubio ◽  
María del Valle Alburquerque
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
High Density ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Middle Zone ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Solar Noon

<p style="text-align: justify;">Attempts have been made to determine the water status of vineyards using different methods, with variable results according to the different authors. Therefore, various methods have been used to estimate soil humidity (TDR, tensiometer, neutron probe, etc.) and the water status of the plant (dendrometer, porometer, leaf water potential, xylem water potential, etc.). The leaf water potential measured with leaf and «bagged» leaf, which are subjected to comparison in this report, are two useful and simple methods for finding out the water status of the vines, based on the use of a simple instrument that is acceptably available in economic terms, the pressure chamber.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The trial was performed at an experimental Tempranillo vineyard in which the main source of variation was the watering regime (no irrigation, 20 % ETo irrigation, 40 % ETo irrigation) and in which a change in planting density was also included (low, 2.7x1.4 m; high, 2.2x1.5 m). The resulting experimental treatments were: B00 (low density and no irrigation), B20 (low density and 20%ETo), H20 (high density and 20%ETo) and H40 (high density and 40 % ETo). The total amount of water applied to the treatments with the lesser irrigation rate (0.2 ETo mm) was equal to 61 mm and to the treatment with the higher irrigation rate (0.4 ETo mm) was equal to 122 mm, up to the week of August 29, 2002. The measurements of Yf were performed before dawn (aa) on June 14, at solar noon (12:00 p.m.) on July 19 and 26 and on August 29, 2002, on adult leaves located in the middle zone of the shoot, above the height of the clusters, on the eastern face of the trellised vines. Yx was measured at 6:00 a.m. on June 14 and at solar noon (12:00 p.m.) on July 19 and 26 and on August 29, 2002, also on adult leaves in the middle zone of the shoot, above the zone of the clusters, leaves located on the western face of the trellised vines and therefore shaded, and covered at least one hour prior to taking the measurement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The relationship between the water potential of the leaf and that of the «bagged» leaf has proven to draw closer as the cycle has advanced and the vines have been more stressed, in such a way that the best relationship between the two indicators was obtained in the measurement performed at the end of the month of August. When the water differences are very notable, both indicators are able to show the water status of the vineyard expected in accordance with the rate of irrigation applied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The measurement of water potential of the leaf has been easier to take, because it is not necessary to cover the leaves prior to taking the measurement (except in the measurement before dawn, in which case one must be in the vineyard at an unpleasant hour). However, using the potential of the xylem it has been possible to make better observations of the differences between treatments, when these differences are not very important.</p>

Does predawn water potential discern between irrigation treatments in Galician white grapevine cultivars?

OENO One ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Manuel Mirás-Avalos ◽  
Emiliano Trigo-Córdoba ◽  
Yolanda Bouzas-Cid
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Stem Water

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: To evaluate the usefulness of predawn water potential (<strong>Ψ</strong><sub>pd</sub>) to assess the water status of Galician grapevine cultivars for irrigation purposes.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Three Galician white grapevine cultivars (Albariño, Godello and Treixadura) were subjected to rain-fed and irrigation conditions during the 2013 growing season. Diurnal changes in leaf water potential (<strong>Ψ</strong><sub>l</sub>) were measured using a pressure chamber on days with high evapotranspiration demand. Stem water potential (<strong>Ψ</strong><sub>s</sub>) was measured at midday. <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>pd</sub> was not able to discriminate between treatments, whereas <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>l</sub> and <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>s</sub> at midday were able to detect significant differences in water status among plants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>pd</sub> was not useful to evaluate vine water status under the Galician climatic conditions. In contrast, both <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>l</sub> and <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>s</sub> were effective for detecting differences between treatments and can thus be used for irrigation management purposes.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: This is the first study evaluating water status of Galician grapevine cultivars. It also provides useful information about the strategy for its control through measurements of midday <strong>Ψ</strong>l or <strong>Ψ</strong>s.</p>

scholarly journals Correlations among Predawn Leaf, Midday Leaf, and Midday Stem Water Potential and their Correlations with other Measures of Soil and Plant Water Status in Vitis vinifera

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.E. Williams ◽  
F.J. Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Water Potential Measurements

A study was conducted to compare three measurements of determining water status of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in the field. Predawn leaf water potential (ΨPD), midday leaf water potential (Ψl), and midday stem water potential (Ψstem) were measured on `Chardonnay' and `Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevines grown in Napa Valley, California late in the 1999 growing season. Both cultivars had been irrigated weekly at various fractions (0, 0.5, and 1.0 for `Chardonnay' and 0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.5 for `Cabernet') of estimated vineyard evapotranspiration (ETc) from approximately anthesis up to the dates of measurements. Predawn water potential measurements were taken beginning at 0330 hr and completed before sunrise. Midday Ψl and Ψstem measurements were taken only between 1230 and 1330 hr. In addition, net CO2 assimilation rates (A) and stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs) were also measured at midday. Soil water content (SWC) was measured in the `Chardonnay' vineyard using a neutron probe. Values obtained for ΨPD, Ψl, and Ψstem in this study ranged from about -0.05 to -0.8, -0.7 to -1.8, and -0.5 to -1.6 MPa, respectively. All three measurements of vine water status were highly correlated with one another. Linear regression analysis of Ψl and Ψstem versus ΨPD resulted in r2 values of 0.88 and 0.85, respectively. A similar analysis of Ψl as a function of Ψstem resulted in an r2 of 0.92. In the `Chardonnay' vineyard, all three methods of estimating vine water status were significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with SWC and applied amounts of water. Lastly, ΨPD, Ψl, and Ψstem were all linearly correlated with measurements of A and gs at midday. Under the conditions of this study, ΨPD, Ψl, and Ψstem represent equally viable methods of assessing the water status of these grapevines. They were all correlated similarly with the amount of water in the soil profile and leaf gas exchange as well as with one another.

scholarly journals Vine water deficit : among the 3 applications of pressure chamber, stem water potential is the most sensitive indicator

OENO One ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Xavier Choné ◽  
Olivier Trégoat ◽  
Cornelis Van Leeuwen ◽  
Denis Dubourdieu
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Pressure Chamber ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Sensitive Indicator ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Stem Water

<p style="text-align: justify;">Vine water status is an important factor in grape quality. High tannin and anthocyanin content in red grape berries are related to moderate vine water deficits. Hence, a simple and sensitive indicator is required to determine vine water status and especially water constraint. Pressure chamber allows a quick and easy to practice determination of water status in the vineyard. Three applications of pressure chamber are known: predawn leaf water potential (ΨB), leaf water potential (ΨF) and stem water potential (ΨT). Only ΨB and ΨF are widely used on vines. In this survey ΨB, ΨF, ΨT and transpiration flow were measured on mature leaves to determine non-irrigated vine water status in field grown vines during the growing season. In California as well as in France, stem Ψ was the most discriminating indicator for both moderate and severe water deficits. In every plot surveyed ΨT was much better correlated to leaf transpiration than ΨF. Moreover, ΨT revealed nascent water deficit earlier than ΨB did. Among the three application of pressure chamber, ΨT was the only one to indicate short term water deficit after a rainfall. Hence, ΨT appears to be a useful indicator for grapevine management in both non-irrigated and irrigated vineyards.</p>

scholarly journals Water relations of field-grown grapevines in the São Francisco Valley, Brazil, under different rootstocks and irrigation strategies

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Rita de Souza ◽  
Luís Henrique Bassoi ◽  
José Moacir Pinheiro Lima Filho ◽  
Fabrício Francisco Santos da Silva ◽  
Leandro Hespanhol Viana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Root System ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Grape Quality

There is an increased demand for high quality winegrapes in the São Francisco Valley, a new wine producing area in Brazil. As the grape quality is closely linked to the soil water status, understanding the effects of rootstock and irrigation management on grapevine water relations is essential to optimize yield and quality. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of irrigation strategies and rootstocks on water relations and scion vigour of field-grown grapevines in Petrolina, Pernambuco state, Brazil. The cultivars used as scions are Moscato Canelli and Syrah, both grafted onto IAC 572 and 1103 Paulsen rootstocks. The following water treatments were used: deficit irrigation, with holding water after veraison; and partial root-zone drying, supplying (100% of crop evapotranspiration) of the water loss to only one side of the root system after fruit set, alternating the sides periodically (about 24 days). In general, all treatments had values of pre-dawn leaf water potential higher than -0.2 MPa, suggesting absence of water stress. The vine water status was more affected by rootstock type than irrigation strategies. Both cultivars grafted on IAC 572 had the highest values of midday leaf water potential and stem water potential, measured on non-transpiring leaves, which were bagged with both plastic sheet and aluminum foil at least 1 h before measurements. For both cultivars, the stomatal conductance (g s), transpiration (E) and leaf area index (LAI) were also more affected by roostsotck type than by irrigation strategies. The IAC 572 rootstock presented higher g s, E and LAI than the 1103 Paulsen. Differences in vegetative vigor of the scion grafted onto IAC 572 rootstocks were related to its higher leaf specific hydraulic conductance and deeper root system as compared to the 1103 Paulsen, which increased the water-extraction capability, resulting in a better vine water status.

scholarly journals Geospatial variation of grapevine water status, soil water availability, grape composition and sensory characteristics in a spatially heterogeneous premium wine grape vineyard

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1013-1072
Author(s):  
D. R. Smart ◽  
S. Cosby Hess ◽  
R. Plant ◽  
O. Feihn ◽  
H. Heymann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Sensory Characteristics ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Wine Grape ◽  
Available Water

Abstract. The geoscience component of terroir in wine grape production continues to be criticized for its quasi-mystical nature, and lack of testable hypotheses. Nonetheless, recent relational investigations are emerging and most involve water availability as captured by available water capacity (AWC, texture) or plant available water (PAW) in the root zone of soil as being a key factor. The second finding emerging may be that the degree of microscale variability in PAW and other soil factors at the vineyard scale renders larger regional characterizations questionable. Cimatic variables like temperature are well mixed, and its influence on wine characteristic is fairly well established. The influence of mesogeology on mesoclimate factors has also been characterized to some extent. To test the hypothesis that vine water status mirrors soil water availability, and controls fruit sensory and chemical properties at the vineyard scale we examined such variables in a iconic, selectively harvested premium winegrape vineyard in the Napa Valley of California during 2007 and 2008 growing seasons. Geo-referenced data vines remained as individual study units throughout data gathering and analysis. Cartographic exercises using geographic information systems (GIS) were used to vizualize geospatial variation in soil and vine properties. Highly significant correlations (P < 0.01) emerged for pre-dawn leaf water potential (ΨPD), mid-day leaf water potential (ΨL) and PAW, with berry size, berry weight, pruning weights (canopy size) and soluble solids content (°Brix). Areas yielding grapes with perceived higher quality had vines with (1) lower leaf water potential (LWP) both pre-dawn and mid-day, (2) smaller berry diameter and weight, (3) lower pruning weights, and (4) higher °Brix. A trained sensory panel found grapes from the more water-stressed vines had significantly sweeter and softer pulp, absence of vegetal character, and browner and crunchier seeds. Metabolomic analysis of the grape skins showed significant differences in accumulation of amino acids and organic acids. Data vines were categorized as non-stressed (ΨPD ≥ −7.9 bars and ΨL ≥ −14.9 bars) and stressed (ΨPD ≤ −8.0 bars and ΨL ≤ −15.0 bars) and subjected to analysis of variance. Significant separation emerged for vines categorized as non-stressed versus stressed at véraison, which correlated to the areas described as producing higher and lower quality fruit. This report does not advocate the use of stress levels herein reported. The vineyard was planted to a vigorous, deep rooted rootstock (V. rupestris cv. St. George), and from years of management is known to be able to withstand stress levels of the magnitude we observed. Nonetheless, the results may suggest there is not a linear relationship between physiological water stress and grape sensory characteristics, but rather the presence of an inflection point controlling grape composition as well as physiological development.

Carbon dioxide enrichment and water stress interaction on growth of two tomato cultivars

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Paez ◽  
H. Hellmers ◽  
B. R. Strain
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Total Leaf

SummaryIf atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration continues to increase, plant growth and crop yield could be affected. New Yorker and Better Boy cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were used to investigate possible intraspecific variation in the response of crop species to increased CO2. Because precipitation and temperature are predicted to change with the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, the response of the two cultivars to the interaction between CO2 and water stress was also examined. Seeds of the two cultivars were germinated and grown under controlled environmental conditions, in either 350 or 675 μ1 CO2/1.The plant water status of the two cultivars was inherently different but was little affected by the CO2 concentration when the plants were well watered. When water was withheld for 5 days the total leaf water potential and osmotic potential decreased in both CO2 treatments but less rapidly in high CO2 than in low. Under low CO2 total leaf water potential decreased to a lower value than osmotic potential. The differences were due, at least in part, to the reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration rate under high CO2.Increased CO2 ameliorated the detrimental effects of drought stress on plant growth. The results indicate that increased CO2 could differentially affect the relative drought resistance of species cultivars.

Anomalous Water Relations in Copper-Deficient Wheat Plants

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 229 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Graham
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Diffusive Resistance ◽  
Effect Of Copper

Leaf water potential, diffusive resistance, relative water content, weekly water use, yields and head bending were measured on wheat plants subjected to four copper levels (0, 0.4, 0.8 or 4.0 mg Cu per pot) and two water levels (6 or 12% soil water content). Severe copper deficiency (Cu 0) resulted in no grain yield, wilting, increased leaf diffusive resistance and, at the same time, increased leaf water potential relative to plants receiving 4.0 mg Cu (Cu 4.0). Water supply effects were observed but there was no interaction between copper and water treatments. Mild copper deficiency (Cu 0.4, Cu 0.8) resulted in small yield decreases, relative to Cu 4.0, and increased head bending towards maturity. It is concluded that wilting, characteristic of copper-deficient plants, is due to structural weakness (decreased lignification) and not to the water status of the plants; also, increased leaf diffusive resistance is due to a specific effect of copper deficiency on guard cells and not to decreased leaf water potential.

Relationship Between Root/Soil Hydraulic Properties and Stomatal Behaviour in Sugarcane

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
NZ Saliendra ◽  
FC Meinzer
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Root Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
High Soil Moisture

Stomatal conductance, leaf and soil water status, transpiration, and apparent root hydraulic conductance were measured during soil drying cycles for three sugarcane cultivars growing in containers in a greenhouse. At high soil moisture, transpiration and apparent root hydraulic conductance differed considerably among cultivars and were positively correlated, whereas leaf water potential was similar among cultivars. In drying soil, stomatal and apparent root hydraulic conductance approached zero over a narrow (0.1 MPa) range of soil water suction. Leaf water potential remained nearly constant during soil drying because the vapor phase conductance of the leaves and the apparent liquid phase conductance of the root system declined in parallel. The decline in apparent root hydraulic conductance with soil drying was manifested as a large increase in the hydrostatic pressure gradient between the soil and the root xylem. These results suggested that control of stomatal conductance in sugarcane plants exposed to drying soil was exerted primarily at the root rather than at the leaf level.

Divergence in plant water-use strategies in semiarid woody species

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael H. Nolan ◽  
Kendal A. Fairweather ◽  
Tonantzin Tarin ◽  
Nadia S. Santini ◽  
James Cleverly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Water Status

Partitioning of water resources amongst plant species within a single climate envelope is possible if the species differ in key hydraulic traits. We examined 11 bivariate trait relationships across nine woody species found in the Ti-Tree basin of central Australia. We found that species with limited access to soil moisture, evidenced by low pre-dawn leaf water potential, displayed anisohydric behaviour (e.g. large seasonal fluctuations in minimum leaf water potential), had greater sapwood density and lower osmotic potential at full turgor. Osmotic potential at full turgor was positively correlated with the leaf water potential at turgor loss, which was, in turn, positively correlated with the water potential at incipient stomatal closure. We also observed divergent behaviour in two species of Mulga, a complex of closely related Acacia species which range from tall shrubs to low trees and dominate large areas of arid and semiarid Australia. These Mulga species had much lower minimum leaf water potentials and lower specific leaf area compared with the other seven species. Finally, one species, Hakea macrocarpa A.Cunn ex.R.Br., had traits that may allow it to tolerate seasonal dryness (through possession of small specific leaf area and cavitation resistant xylem) despite exhibiting cellular water relations that were similar to groundwater-dependent species. We conclude that traits related to water transport and leaf water status differ across species that experience differences in soil water availability and that this enables a diversity of species to exist in this low rainfall environment.

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