Biodisel dari Mangrove Jenis Nyamplung (Callophylum inophyllum) sebagai Alternatif Pengganti Bahan Bakar Minyak Fosil

Resources of fossil fuel continue to decrease and cannot be renewed so that replacement alternative is needed. Biofuels (biodiesel) become one of the alternatives because it can be renewed and environmentally friendly. First-generation biodiesel from food sources and second generation of food waste can disrupt the availability of food. Those are inefficient because it requires extensive land for its provider. Seed of nyamplung (Callophylum inophyllum) is very potential as biodiesel raw material because of its oil content 40-70% is high compared to other types of plants, such as jatropha range of 40-60% and palm of 46-54%, raw materials saving and having twice of fuel as much as kerosene. The general purpose of this research is to produce third generation biodiesel from nyamplung as material to overcome fossil fuel crisis especially for fishermen and farmers in coastal area of Brebes Regency and surrounding areas. To be able to achieve the goal / general target is done by assessing oil content in nyamplung seed, biodiesel synthesis, intensive culture techniques and models of development of mass culture. The biodiesel yield produced from nyamplung seed oil in this study was 82.87%, in the range of biodiesel yields of previous researchers through a single stage transesterification of 79.03-91,00%. Cetana number and alkyl ester figures in the resulting biodiesel respectively 79.5 and 99.71% have met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The resulting density was 893.1 kg / m3, fog point was 20oC and total glycerol was 0.26%, was approaching the SNI by an insignificant difference, while the acid number generated was 1.86 mg KOH/gr of biodiesel and the biodiesel viscosity was 15.7 mm2 /s has not fulfilled the SNI significantly. To improve the number of acids and viscosity is still needed refinement biodiesel synthesis process through the diversification of the number of esterification stages, alternative types and catalytic levels or optimization of transesterification reaction temperature.

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Synthesis of Biodiesel from Kesambi Oil using Indigenous Lipase

SCISCITATIO ◽

10.21460/sciscitatio.2020.11.14 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 51-56

Author(s):

Mellisa E.S. Ledo ◽

Merpiseldin Nitsae ◽

Hartini R.L. Solle

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Acid Number ◽

National Standard ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Oil Synthesis ◽

Schleichera Oleosa ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Biodiesel Industry

Kesambi (Schleichera oleosa L.) is one of ligneous tree that is abundantly found in Timor island, East Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia. Kesambi is known as an important component in local smoked meat home industry. Kesambi is also a promising natural source for the production of biodiesel. Application of three lipolytic fungi that is isolated from kesambi seeds and the use kesambi seeds flour as medium for indigenous lipase synthesis (Aspergillus niger M1407 lipase) by Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) showed good result for lipase and biodiesel industry development. This study aimed to characterize biodiesel synthesis using indigenous lipase from kesambi seeds. Experiments were carried out through five stages namely: oil extraction from kesambi seeds, purification of kesambi oil (degumming), extraction of A. niger M1407 lipase, trans-esterification and esterification activity of A. niger M1407 lipase assay and characterization of biodiesel. Biodiesel synthesis using A. niger M1407 lipase through esterification reaction produced biodiesel with an average acid number of 0.33 and 0.40 mg/g, water content 9.52 % and 10.47 % and density 0.7 g/mL. Biodiesel obtained from kesambi oil has lower acid numbers and densities but higher water content compared to Indonesian National Standard (SNI) value. Optimalization of the biodiesel kesambi oil synthesis could be done through adjusting ethanol and kesambi oil ratio and also by reducing water as a by-product of esterification reaction

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Application of Energy-Saving Distiller for Standardized Patchouli Oil Production in Patchouli Oil SME in Kulon Progo

Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ◽

10.22146/jpkm.54296 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 107

Author(s):

Karna Wijaya ◽

Widi Kurniawati ◽

Nasih Widya Yuwono ◽

Farida Farida

Keyword(s):

Energy Saving ◽

Economic Value ◽

Hydrothermal Process ◽

Acid Number ◽

Raw Material ◽

National Standard ◽

Chemistry Laboratory ◽

Oil Processing ◽

Conventional Technology ◽

Processing Techniques

Patchouli oil is one of the export commodities with high economic value that attracts attention in the raw material business. To be marketed domestically as well as internationally, patchouli oil must meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). Various patchouli oil processing techniques have been developed by researchers but only a few that meet the requirements of SNI. In this study, patchouli leaves were processed using an energy-saving distiller equipped with heat insulators. Patchouli oil was then treated using bentonite-NaHCO3 composite adsorbent which was synthesized through a hydrothermal process followed by calcination. The program was executed by preparing of the distiller and adsorbent before applying them to Surya Wulan patchouli oil processing SME. The adsorbent was prepared and analyzed at the Physical Chemistry Laboratory and the distiller was tested in CV. Fruitanol Energy, Yogyakarta. The result showed that the distiller has a capacity of 15 kg, which can save costs up to 35.5% and 33.3% more efficient in time compared to the conventional technology in Surya Wulan SME. Patchouli oil produced successfully met SNI quality requirements and was certified by LPPT UGM. Furthermore, the adsorbent produced was able to reduce around 80% of the acid number of crude patchouli oil.

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Synthesis of Biodiesel from Kesambi Oil using Indigenous Lipase

SCISCITATIO ◽

10.21460/sciscitatio.6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mellisa E.S Ledo ◽

Merpiseldin Nitsae ◽

Hartini R.L. Solle

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Acid Number ◽

National Standard ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Oil Synthesis ◽

Schleichera Oleosa ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Biodiesel Industry

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Establishment of an aqueous method for extracting soybean oils assisted by adding free oil

Grasas y Aceites ◽

10.3989/gya.0711182 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 313 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J. Tu ◽

W. Wu

Keyword(s):

Soybean Oil ◽

Oil Content ◽

Protein Isolate ◽

Aqueous Extraction ◽

Raw Material ◽

National Standard ◽

Residual Oil ◽

Refined Oil ◽

Aqueous Method ◽

Protein Rich

Concern for the environment, safety and costs has promoted the development of the method for extracting soybean oil by an aqueous process. An advanced aqueous extraction of soybean oil assisted by adding free oil was established in this study, which recovered 81% of the oil from soybeans with 20.73% crude oil content and produced a de-oiled residue with 4.7% residual oil. The acid or peroxide value of the recovered oil met the Chinese national standard for first class refined oil, which was lower than that produced by solvent extraction or high temperature pressing. No wastewater was produced during the aqueous extraction of oil. The removal of the oil by the addition of oil and a small amount of water generated a residue (solids) containing all the protein, which represents 2/3 of the revenue in the soybean process. The protein-rich residue can be further processed to produce a protein isolate with high purity (e.g. > 90%) by using a higher amount of water. It can also be used as a nutritious ingredient or raw material for the production of many food products, among other applications.

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Pemanfaatan Minyak Biji Alpukat (Persea americana Mill) sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Biodiesel dengan Pemurnian Water Washing

JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS ◽

10.35799/jis.20.2.2020.28266 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 88

Author(s):

Risse Entikaria Rachmanita ◽

Ayu Safitri

Keyword(s):

Iodine Number ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Renewable Resource ◽

Acid Number ◽

Persea Americana ◽

Raw Material ◽

National Standard ◽

Avocado Seed

Biodiesel merupakan bahan bakar alternatif yang berasal dari bahan bakar nabati dan hewani yang tergolong dapat diperbarui. Bahan nabati yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku contohnya seperti biji alpukat. Biji alpukat yang melalui proses pengepresan menghasilkan minyak dan getah (gum). Proses degumming dilakukan untuk memisahkan minyak dan getah dengan menggunakan asam phospat 0,5%v/v. Kandungan FFA dapat digunakan pada proses transesterifikasi untuk menghasilkan metil ester dengan perbandingan minyak dan metanol serta lama waktu transesterifikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbandingan minyak dan metanol serta pengaruh waktu terhadap rendemen biodiesel dan menentukan karakteristik biodiesel yang dihasilkan sesuai dengan standar SNI 04-7182-2015. Penelitian ini dirancang dengan menggunakan metode Rancang Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 2 faktorial yaitu perbandingan minyak dan metanol (1:4, 1:6, 1:8) dan lama waktu transesterifikasi yaitu (30 menit, 60 menit, 90 menit). Parameter karakteristik biodiesel yang dianalisis meliputi densitas, viskositas, bilangan asam, angka setana, nilai kalor, angka iodin dan kadar metil ester yang sesuai dengan SNI 04-7182-2015. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen tertinggi terdapat pada sampel A3T1 (perbandingan 1:8 dengan lama waktu transesterifikasi 30 menit). Hasil pengujian mutu A3T1 yaitu densitas 968 kg/m3, viskositas 4,6037 mm2/s, bilangan asam 0,4 mgKOH/gr, angka setana 44,77, nilai kalor 48,81 MJ/kg, angka iodine 8,10 gram/100gram dan kadar metal ester 94,05%.Kata kunci: Biji alpukat; biodiesel; pemurnian Utilizing Avocado Seed Extraction (Persea americana Mill) as Bioidesel Raw Material by Purifying Water WashingABSTRACTBiodiesel is an alternative fuel derived from vegetable and animal fuels that is classified as renewable resource. Vegetable materials that can be used as raw materials for example are avocado seeds. Through the pressing process, avocado seeds will produce oil and gum. The degumming process is carried out to separate the oil and the gum using 0.5% v/v phosphoric acid. FFA content can be used in the transesterification process to produce methyl esters with a ratio of oil and methanol and the length of transesterification time. This research aims to determine the effect of the ratio of oil and methanol as well as the effect of time on the yield of biodiesel and to determine the characteristics of biodiesel in accordance with SNI 04-7182-2015 biodiesel standards.The research was designed using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) method with 2 factorial comparisons of oil and methanol (1:4, 1:6, 1:8) and the length of transesterification time (30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes). The analyzed parameters of biodiesel characteristics include density, viscosity, acid number, cetane number, calorific value, iodine number and metal ester content in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard number 04-7182-2015. The results showed that the highest yield was in the A3T1 sample (1:8 ratio with 30 minutes transesterification time). A3T1 quality test results showed the density of 968 kg/m3, 4.6037 mm2/s viscosity, 0.4 mgKOH/gr acid number, 44.77 cetane number, 48.81 MJ/kg calorific value, 8.10 gram/100gram iodine number and 94.05% of ester metal content.Keywords: Avocado seed; biodiesel; purification

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Synthesis of Fe3O4/Pt Nanoparticles Decorated Carbon Nanotubes and Their Use as Magnetically Recyclable Catalysts

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2011/193510 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Hongkun He ◽

Chao Gao

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Pt Nanoparticles ◽

Reduction Reaction ◽

Raw Material ◽

Synthesis Process ◽

High Catalytic Activity ◽

Hydrolysis Method ◽

Recyclable Catalysts ◽

Temperature Solution ◽

Average Size

We report a facile approach to prepare Fe3O4/Pt nanoparticles decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The superparamagnetic Fe3O4nanoparticles with average size of4∼5 nm were loaded on the surfaces of carboxyl groups functionalized CNTs via a high-temperature solution-phase hydrolysis method from the raw material of FeCl3. The synthesis process of magnetic CNTs is green and readily scalable. The loading amounts of Fe3O4nanopartilces and the magnetizations of the resulting magnetic CNTs show good tunability. The Pt nanopaticles with average size of 2.5 nm were deposited on the magnetic CNTs through a solution-based method. It is demonstrated that the Fe3O4/Pt nanoparticles decorated CNTs have high catalytic activity in the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol and can be readily recycled by a magnet and reused in the next reactions with high efficiencies for at least fifteen successive cycles. The novel CNTs-supported magnetically recyclable catalysts are promising in heterogeneous catalysis applications.

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Bioenergía a partir de microalgas en México

Revista de Energías Renovables ◽

10.35429/jre.2019.8.3.23.34 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 23-34

Author(s):

Sheila Genoveva Pérez-Bravo ◽

Ana María Mendoza-Martínez ◽

Maria del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez ◽

Luciano Aguilera-Vázquez

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Energy Production ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Technological Development ◽

Raw Material ◽

World Population ◽

Fuel Prices ◽

Lipid Contents ◽

Current Energy ◽

Short Carbon

The energy demand of the world population is increasing due to population growth and technological development. The current energy base is a generator of CO2 emissions, the most abundant and main greenhouse gas responsible for global warming, as well as pollutants, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. The environmental deterioration and the increase in fossil fuel prices make it necessary to investigate less aggressive energy sources with the environment at competitive costs in the market. Biofuels are an alternative for energy production due to their origin in the short carbon cycle, their emissions are considered almost zero, including biodiesel and bioethanol. The latter can be obtained from microalgae rich in carbohydrates and lipids, easy to grow in short periods of time. The objective of this research is to summarize the findings made about the existence of useful microalgae as raw material to produce biofuels in Mexican territory. An exhaustive review of the literature was carried out, which contributed to estimate the microalgal diversity in the country and its lipid contents as well as carbohydrates, with different species of the genera Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Desmodesmus being found mainly.

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The effect of dihydroquercetin on the stability of consumer properties of chopped semi-finished meat

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202128505011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 285 ◽

pp. 05011

Author(s):

N. N. Shagaeva ◽

S. V. Kolobov ◽

I. A. Zachesova

Keyword(s):

Meat Products ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Negative Temperature ◽

Acid Number ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Raw Material ◽

Experimental Sample ◽

Quality Stability ◽

Increasing Demand ◽

The Stability

The steadily increasing demand for semi-finished meat products is provided by the constantly expanding product range and improving its quality. In turn, quality stability is an important criterion for increasing sales. The article presents data on the effect of a natural antioxidant-dihydroquercetin on the stability of consumer properties of chopped semi-finished moose meat with the addition of beet fiber when stored at a negative temperature for 216 days. Dihydroquercetin was added in an amount of 0.05% by weight of the raw material. In the course of the work, generally accepted methods of studying organoleptic and microbiological quality indicators were used. The degree of oxidative deterioration of the product was checked by determining the acid, peroxide and thiobarbituric numbers. The conducted studies allowed us to conclude that the use of this food additive allows us to preserve the organoleptic and microbiological properties of the semi-finished product for a longer period by inhibiting the formation of oxidation products. The use of dihydroquercetin contributed to a decrease in the experimental sample of the semi-finished product on day 216 of the peroxide and acid number by 2 times, and the thiobarbituric number by 1.8 times in relation to the control. Thus, by reducing the oxidative damage of the semi-finished product, it is possible to influence its characteristics during storage.

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Functional Properties of Neem Oil as Potential Feedstock for Biodiesel Production

International Letters of Natural Sciences ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.34.7 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 7-14

Author(s):

Prithviraj Bhandare ◽

G.R. Naik

Keyword(s):

Seed Oil ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Seed Oils ◽

Neem Oil ◽

Chemical Parameters ◽

Saponification Value ◽

Neem Seed Oil ◽

Biodiesel Fuels

Fossil fuel resources are decreasing daily while biodiesel fuels are attracting increasing attention worldwide as blending components or direct replacements for diesel fuel in vehicle engines. In this experiment the seed oils of 30 Neem (Azadirachta indica. A. juss) biotypes were screened and evaluated for their physio-chemical parameters for oil content, biodiesel yield, density, viscosity, iodine value , free fatty acid and saponification value. Hence the neem seed oil tested in this current study could be the potential sources of raw material for biodiesel production.

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Pola Pertumbuhan Nannochloropsis oculata Pada Kultur Skala Laboratorium, Intermediet, Dan Massal [Patterns Growth Of Nannochloropsis oculata In Culture Scale Laboratory, Intermediate, And Bulk]

Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan ◽

10.20473/jipk.v4i2.11562 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 123

Author(s):

Indah Permata Sari, Abdul Manan

Keyword(s):

Mass Culture ◽

General Pattern ◽

Quality Measurement ◽

Mass Scale ◽

Nannochloropsis Oculata ◽

Laboratory Scale ◽

Multilevel Methods ◽

Intermediate Scale ◽

Culture Techniques ◽

Study Case

Abstract One type of phytoplankton that are used in marine fish hatchery activities namely Nannochloropsis oculata. The purpose of study case is to know patterns growth of N. oculata in culture scale laboratory, intermediate, and bulk. Study was held in Situbondo Brackishwater Aquaculture Center of East Java in January-February 2011. Study case methods used is descriptive method. N. oculata culture techniques performed by multilevel methods, beginning with the isolation of phytoplankton in the media for/liquid, culture in test tubes 10 ml and elenmeyer 50-100 ml, culture on the bottle 100-1000 ml, culture in karboy of 20 liters, intermediate scale culture 100 - 1000 liters and a mass-scale culture with a volume of more than 1000 liters. Laboratory-scale use Walne for fertilizer. Intermediate-scale use of fertilizers FeCl3 1-2 ppm, 10 ppm EDTA, Na2HPO4 10-15 ppm, 100-150 ppm KNO3, and Tracemetals/vitmix 5 ml/m3, mass-scale culture use of fertilizers FeCl3 1 ppm, 5 ppm EDTA, TSP 20 ppm, ZA 40 ppm and 50 ppm urea. Water quality measurement results obtained by laboratory scale temperature is 23 - 25°C, intermediates and mass scale is 30°C, pH in the culture laboratory scale and intermediate is 7.7 to 7.8, mass culture pH is 7.9, salinity laboratory scale 29-30 ppt, intermediates and mass scale 30 ppt. During mass culture of N. oculata showed that the growth pattern in accordance with the general pattern of phytoplankton growth. Mass-scale culture produce 1504 x 104 cells/ml for six days.

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