scholarly journals A Portable Live Cell Culture and Imaging System with Optional Umbilical Bioreactor Using a Modified Infant Incubator

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Brinn ◽  
Said F. Al-Sarawi ◽  
Tien-Fu Lu ◽  
Brian J. C. Freeman ◽  
Jaliya Kumaratilake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Live Cell ◽  
Primary Neurons ◽  
Infant Incubator ◽  
Staged Approach ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Here, we present a staged approach for an innovative repurposing of a portable infant humidicrib into a live cell growth, observation, and imaging system. Furthmore, humidicrib can support different variations of “umbilical” bioreactors, and can be used to conduct electrophysiology experiments and in situ immunohistochemistry. Modifications incorporate a closed loop carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration control system with umbilical CO2 and heating support for tailored bioreactors. The repurposing cost is inexpensive and allows for the continued observation and imaging of cells. This prototype unit has been used to continuously observe and image live primary neurons for up to 21 days. This demonstrates the repurposed units’ suitability for use in tissue culture based research, particularly where modifications to microscopes are required or where sensitive manipulation outside of a standard incubator is needed.

scholarly journals A Fiber-Integrated CRDS Sensor for In-Situ Measurement of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide in Seawater

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6436
Author(s):  
Mai Hu ◽  
Bing Chen ◽  
Lu Yao ◽  
Chenguang Yang ◽  
Xiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Equilibrium Condition ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
In Situ Measurement ◽  
Integrated Sensor ◽  
Dissolved Carbon ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Research on carbon dioxide (CO2) geological and biogeochemical cycles in the ocean is important to support the geoscience study. Continuous in-situ measurement of dissolved CO2 is critically needed. However, the time and spatial resolution are being restricted due to the challenges of very high submarine pressure and quite low efficiency in water-gas separation, which, therefore, are emerging the main barriers to deep sea investigation. We develop a fiber-integrated sensor based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy for in-situ CO2 measurement. Furthermore, a fast concentration retrieval model using exponential fit is proposed at non-equilibrium condition. The in-situ dissolved CO2 measurement achieves 10 times faster than conventional methods, where an equilibrium condition is needed. As a proof of principle, near-coast in-situ CO2 measurement was implemented in Sanya City, Haina, China, obtaining an effective dissolved CO2 concentration of ~950 ppm. The experimental results prove the feasibly for fast dissolved gas measurement, which would benefit the ocean investigation with more detailed scientific data.

scholarly journals Carbon Dioxide Level in Neonatal Incubator: A Comparative Study of Two Baby Air Flow Input Methods in Incubator Chamber

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. p65
Author(s):  
R. Vardanjans ◽  
L. Cirule
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Stable Condition ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Level Versus ◽  
Infant Incubator ◽  
Co2 Level ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Preterm neonates often have to spend a long time in incubator which simulates necessary enviromental conditions to maintain patients in stable condition. Authors have found neglected problem with Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentration in newborn inhaled gas when using “oxygen hood” into infant incubator that has not been studied very closely. Methods in this experiement were carried out as condition monitoring while changing some parameters and positions. Results have shown that CO2 level is letally high in some aspects. Situation is alarming as CO2 level in incubator is not limited by current regulation, as IEC60601-2-19: 2009 +A1:2016. Currently the Incubator manufacturers declare that CO2 maximal concentration should be periodically checked by users, which are hospitals. Some commercially available incubators have the maximum allowed CO2 level 8000 ppm, which is much higher than recommended 2000 ppm CO2 level in indoor working place. There is no limitation of maximal level of CO2 using “oxygen hood”, which are specified in incubator operation manual. This paper goal is to show the correlation of CO2 level versus gas flow into oxygen hood.

Plasma Decomposition of Carbon Dioxide: Simulations and Experiments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamau Wright ◽  
Robert Galvez
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Plasma Discharges ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Plasma System ◽  
Process Gas ◽  
Plasma Decomposition ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Co2 Decomposition ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Simulations and experiments are conducted to model, simulate, test and demonstrate the effect of plasma discharges on decomposition of carbon dioxide (CO2). A pin-to-plane discharge is employed in gas samples containing CO2. A high voltage plasma system is used which was previously shown to be able to decrease CO2 concentration in gas samples. The discharge is modeled and described, including monitoring electrical parameters such as current and voltage. The present study investigated plasma decomposition of carbon dioxide experimentally, and through simulation. A plasma micro-discharge was utilized to better understand plasma-CO2 interactions. Enhancements are suggested to help increase the efficiency and yield of the plasma-CO2 decomposition process. Gas samples are analyzed over time using a CO2 meter.

scholarly journals Six years of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> observations at Mt. Fuji recorded with a battery-powered measurement system

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shohei Nomura ◽  
Hitoshi Mukai ◽  
Yukio Terao ◽  
Toshinobu Machida ◽  
Yukihiro Nojiri
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Stability And Accuracy ◽  
Working Standards

Abstract. We developed a battery-powered carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement system for monitoring at the summit of Mt. Fuji (3776 m a.s.l.), which experiences very low temperatures (below −20 °C) and severe environmental conditions without access to gridded electricity for 10 months (from September to June). Our measurement system used 100 batteries to run the measurement unit during these months. These batteries were charged during the 2-month summer season when gridded electricity was available, using a specially designed automatic battery-charging system. We installed this system in summer 2009 at the Mt. Fuji weather station; observations of atmospheric CO2 concentration were taken through December 2015. Measurements were never interrupted by a lack of battery power except for two cases in which lightning damaged a control board. Thus we obtained CO2 data during about 94 % of the 6-year period. Analytical performances (stability and accuracy) were better than 0.1 ppm, as tested by checking working standards and comparisons with flask sampling.Observational results showed that CO2 mole fractions at Mt. Fuji demonstrated clear seasonal variation. The trend and the variability of the CO2 growth rate observed at Mt. Fuji were very similar to those of the Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO). Seasonally, the concentration at Mt. Fuji was 2–10 ppm lower in summer and 2–12 ppm higher in winter than those at MLO. The lower concentrations at Mt. Fuji in summer are mainly attributed to episodes of air mass transport from Siberia or China, where CO2 is taken up by the terrestrial biosphere. On the other hand, the relatively higher concentrations in winter seem to reflect the high percentage of air masses originating from China or Southeast Asia during this period, which carry increased anthropogenic carbon dioxide. These results show that Mt. Fuji is not very influenced by local sources but rather by the sources and sinks over a very large region.Thus we conclude that, as this system could provide stable measurement data with relatively easy operation for 6 years at Mt. Fuji, it could be a useful monitoring technique for remote background sites elsewhere.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Validation of AIRS CO2 Observations Using GAW, HIPPO and TCCON

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 3583
Author(s):  
Hui Yang ◽  
Gefei Feng ◽  
Ru Xiang ◽  
Yunjing Xu ◽  
Yong Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Temporal Validation ◽  
Satellite Sensors ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a significant atmospheric greenhouse gas and its concentrations can be observed by in situ surface stations, aircraft flights and satellite sensors. This paper investigated the ability of the CO2 satellite observations to monitor, analyze and predict the horizontal and vertical distribution of atmospheric CO2 concentration at global scales. CO2 observations retrieved by an Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) were inter-compared with the Global Atmosphere Watch Program (GAW) and HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPOs), with reference to the measurements obtained using high-resolution ground-based Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) in the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) from near-surface level to the mid-to-high troposphere. After vertically integrating the AIRS-retrieved values with the column averaging kernels of TCCON measurements, the AIRS observations are spatio-temporally compared with HIPPO-integrated profiles in the mid-to-high troposphere. Five selected GAW stations are used for comparisons with TCCON sites near the surface of the Earth. The results of AIRS, TCCON (5–6 km), GAW and TCCON (1 km) CO2 measurements from 2007 to 2013 are compared, analyzed and discussed at their respective altitudes. The outcomes indicate that the difference of about 3.0 ppmv between AIRS and GAW or other highly accurate in situ surface measurements is mainly due to the different vertical altitudes, rather than the errors in the AIRS. The study reported here also explores the potential of AIRS satellite observations for analyzing the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of CO2 concentration at global scales.

scholarly journals Determination of Dissolved CO2 Concentration in Culture Media: Evaluation of pH Value and Mathematical Data

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1373
Author(s):  
Amir Izzuddin Adnan ◽  
Mei Yin Ong ◽  
Saifuddin Nomanbhay ◽  
Pau Loke Show
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Co2 Solubility ◽  
Greenhouse Gasses ◽  
Dipotassium Phosphate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Carbon dioxide is the most influential gas in greenhouse gasses and its amount in the atmosphere reached 412 µmol/mol in August 2020, which increased rapidly, by 48%, from preindustrial levels. A brand-new chemical industry, namely organic chemistry and catalysis science, must be developed with carbon dioxide (CO2) as the source of carbon. Nowadays, many techniques are available for controlling and removing carbon dioxide in different chemical processes. Since the utilization of CO2 as feedstock for a chemical commodity is of relevance today, this study will focus on how to increase CO2 solubility in culture media used for growing microbes. In this work, the CO2 solubility in a different medium was investigated. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monoethanolamine (MEA) were added to the culture media (3.0 g/L dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), 0.2 g/L magnesium chloride (MgCl2), 0.2 g/L calcium chloride (CaCl2), and 1.0 g/L sodium chloride (NaCl)) for growing microbes in order to observe the difference in CO2 solubility. Factors of temperature and pressure were also studied. The determination of CO2 concentration in the solution was measured by gas analyzer. The result obtained from optimization revealed a maximum CO2 concentration of 19.029 mol/L in the culture media with MEA, at a pressure of 136.728 kPa, operating at 20.483 °C.

scholarly journals In situ measurement of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> at the four WMO/GAW stations in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 2541-2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. X. Fang ◽  
L. X. Zhou ◽  
P. P. Tans ◽  
P. Ciais ◽  
M. Steinbacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The City

Abstract. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) mole fractions were continuously measured from January 2009 to December 2011 at four atmospheric observatories in China using cavity ring-down spectroscopy instruments. The stations are Lin'an (LAN), Longfengshan (LFS), Shangdianzi (SDZ), and Waliguan (WLG), which are regional (LAN, LFS, SDZ) or global (WLG) measurement stations of the World Meteorological Organization's Global Atmosphere Watch program (WMO/GAW). LAN is located near the megacity of Shanghai, in China's economically most developed region. LFS is in a forest and rice production area, close to the city of Harbin in northeastern China. SDZ is located 150 km northeast of Beijing. WLG, hosting the longest record of measured CO2 mole fractions in China, is a high-altitude site in northwestern China recording background CO2 concentration. The CO2 growth rates are 3.7 ± 1.2 ppm yr−1 for LAN, 2.7 ± 0.8 ppm yr−1 for LFS, 3.5 ± 1.6 ppm yr−1 for SDZ, and 2.2 ± 0.8 ppm yr−1 (1σ) for WLG during the period of 2009 to 2011. The highest annual mean CO2 mole fraction of 404.2 ± 3.9 ppm was observed at LAN in 2011. A comprehensive analysis of CO2 variations, their diurnal and seasonal cycles as well as the analysis of the influence of local sources on the CO2 mole fractions allows a characterization of the sampling sites and of the key processes driving the CO2 mole fractions. These data form a basis to improve our understanding of atmospheric CO2 variations in China and the underlying fluxes using atmospheric inversion models.

Correlations of methane and carbon dioxide concentrations from feedlot cattle as a predictor of methane emissions

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Bai ◽  
David W. T. Griffith ◽  
Frances A. Phillips ◽  
Travis Naylor ◽  
Stephanie K. Muir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Animal Diet

Accurate measurements of methane (CH4) emissions from feedlot cattle are required for verifying greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting and mitigation strategies. We investigate a new method for estimating CH4 emissions by examining the correlation between CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations from two beef cattle feedlots in Australia representing southern temperate and northern subtropical locations. Concentrations of CH4 and CO2 were measured at the two feedlots during summer and winter, using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. There was a strong correlation for the concentrations above background of CH4 and CO2 with concentration ratios of 0.008 to 0.044 ppm/ppm (R2 >0.90). The CH4/CO2 concentration ratio varied with animal diet and ambient temperature. The CH4/CO2 concentration ratio provides an alternative method to estimate CH4 emissions from feedlots when combined with CO2 production derived from metabolisable energy or heat production.

Predation of freshwater fish in environments with elevated carbon dioxide

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Midway ◽  
Caleb T. Hasler ◽  
Tyler Wagner ◽  
Cory D. Suski
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Future Work

Carbon dioxide (CO2) in fresh-water environments is poorly understood, yet in marine environments CO2 can affect fish behaviour, including predator–prey relationships. To examine changes in predator success in elevated CO2, we experimented with predatory Micropterus salmoides and Pimephales promelas prey. We used a two-factor fully crossed experimental design; one factor was 4-day (acclimation) CO2 concentration and the second factor CO2 concentration during 20-min predation experiments. Both factors had three treatment levels, including ambient partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2; 0–1000 μatm), low pCO2 (4000–5000 μatm) and high pCO2 (8000–10000 μatm). Micropterus salmoides was exposed to both factors, whereas P. promelas was not exposed to the acclimation factor. In total, 83 of the 96P. promelas were consumed (n=96 trials) and we saw no discernible effect of CO2 on predator success or time to predation. Failed strikes and time between failed strikes were too infrequent to model. Compared with marine systems, our findings are unique in that we not only saw no changes in prey capture success with increasing CO2, but we also used CO2 treatments that were substantially higher than those in past experiments. Our work demonstrated a pronounced resiliency of freshwater predators to elevated CO2 exposure, and a starting point for future work in this area.

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