scholarly journals In situ measurement of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> at the four WMO/GAW stations in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 2541-2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. X. Fang ◽  
L. X. Zhou ◽  
P. P. Tans ◽  
P. Ciais ◽  
M. Steinbacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The City

Abstract. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) mole fractions were continuously measured from January 2009 to December 2011 at four atmospheric observatories in China using cavity ring-down spectroscopy instruments. The stations are Lin'an (LAN), Longfengshan (LFS), Shangdianzi (SDZ), and Waliguan (WLG), which are regional (LAN, LFS, SDZ) or global (WLG) measurement stations of the World Meteorological Organization's Global Atmosphere Watch program (WMO/GAW). LAN is located near the megacity of Shanghai, in China's economically most developed region. LFS is in a forest and rice production area, close to the city of Harbin in northeastern China. SDZ is located 150 km northeast of Beijing. WLG, hosting the longest record of measured CO2 mole fractions in China, is a high-altitude site in northwestern China recording background CO2 concentration. The CO2 growth rates are 3.7 ± 1.2 ppm yr−1 for LAN, 2.7 ± 0.8 ppm yr−1 for LFS, 3.5 ± 1.6 ppm yr−1 for SDZ, and 2.2 ± 0.8 ppm yr−1 (1σ) for WLG during the period of 2009 to 2011. The highest annual mean CO2 mole fraction of 404.2 ± 3.9 ppm was observed at LAN in 2011. A comprehensive analysis of CO2 variations, their diurnal and seasonal cycles as well as the analysis of the influence of local sources on the CO2 mole fractions allows a characterization of the sampling sites and of the key processes driving the CO2 mole fractions. These data form a basis to improve our understanding of atmospheric CO2 variations in China and the underlying fluxes using atmospheric inversion models.

scholarly journals In-situ measurement of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> at the four WMO/GAW stations in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 27287-27326 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. X Fang ◽  
L. X. Zhou ◽  
P. P. Tans ◽  
P. Ciais ◽  
M. Steinbacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
North East ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Wind Regimes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The City ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) mole fractions were continuously measured from January 2009 to December 2011 at 4 atmospheric observatories in China ((Lin'an, LAN), (Longfengshan, LFS), (Shangdianzi, SDZ), and (Waliguan, WLG)) using Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy instruments. All sites are regional (LAN, LFS, SDZ) or global (WLG) measurement stations of the World Meteorological Organization/Global Atmosphere Watch program (WMO/GAW). LAN is located near the megacity of Shanghai, in China's most economically developed region. LFS is in a forest and rice production area, close to the city of Harbin in the northern east of China. SDZ is located 150 km north east of Beijing. WLG, hosting the longest record of measured CO2 mole fractions in China, is a high altitude site in northwest China recording background CO2 values. The CO2 growth rates are 2.2 ± 0.2 ppm yr−1 for LAN, 2.3 ± 0.2 ppm yr−1 for LFS, 2.0 ± 0.2 ppm yr−1 for SDZ, and 1.2 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1 (1σ) for WLG, during the period of 2009 to 2011. The growth rate at WLG may be underestimated due to the data gaps during the observation period. The highest annual mean CO2 mole fraction of 404.1 ± 4.1 ppm was observed at LAN in 2011. A comprehensive analysis of CO2 variations, their diurnal and seasonal cycles as well as the analysis of the influence of different wind regimes on the CO2 mole fractions allows a thorough characterization of the sampling sites and of the key processes driving the CO2 mole fractions. These data form a basis to improve our understanding of atmospheric CO2 variations in China and the underlying fluxes, using atmospheric inversion models.

scholarly journals The Exploitation of Local Vitis vinifera L. Biodiversity as a Valuable Tool to Cope with Climate Change Maintaining Berry Quality

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
María Carmen Antolín ◽  
María Toledo ◽  
Inmaculada Pascual ◽  
Juan José Irigoyen ◽  
Nieves Goicoechea
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Berry Quality ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

(1) Background: The associated increase in global mean surface temperature together with raised atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is exerting a profound influence on grapevine development (phenology) and grape quality. The exploitation of the local genetic diversity based on the recovery of ancient varieties has been proposed as an interesting option to cope with climate change and maintaining grape quality. Therefore, this research aimed to characterize the potential fruit quality of genotypes from seven local old grapevine varieties grown under climate change conditions. (2) Methods: The study was carried out on fruit-bearing cuttings (one cluster per plant) that were grown in pots in temperature gradient greenhouses (TGG). Two treatments were applied from fruit set to maturity: (1) ambient CO2 (400 ppm) and temperature (T) (ACAT) and (2) elevated CO2 (700 ppm) and temperature (T + 4 °C) (ECET). (3) Results: Results showed that some of the old genotypes tested remained quite stable during the climate change conditions in terms of fruit quality (mainly, total soluble solids and phenolic content) and of must antioxidant properties. (4) Conclusion: This research underlines the usefulness of exploiting local grapevine diversity to cope with climate change successfully, although further studies under field conditions and with whole plants are needed before extrapolating the results to the vineyard.

scholarly journals Multi-Year Comparison of CO2 Concentration from NOAA Carbon Tracker Reanalysis Model with Data from GOSAT and OCO-2 over Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2498
Author(s):  
Farhan Mustafa ◽  
Lingbing Bu ◽  
Qin Wang ◽  
Md. Arfan Ali ◽  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Good Agreement

Accurate knowledge of the carbon budget on global and regional scales is critically important to design mitigation strategies aimed at stabilizing the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. For a better understanding of CO2 variation trends over Asia, in this study, the column-averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction (XCO2) derived from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) CarbonTracker (CT) was compared with that of Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) from September 2009 to August 2019 and with Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) from September 2014 until August 2019. Moreover, monthly averaged time-series and seasonal climatology comparisons were also performed separately over the five regions of Asia; i.e., Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Western Asia. The results show that XCO2 from GOSAT is higher than the XCO2 simulated by CT by an amount of 0.61 ppm, whereas, OCO-2 XCO2 is lower than CT by 0.31 ppm on average, over Asia. The mean spatial correlations of 0.93 and 0.89 and average Root Mean Square Deviations (RMSDs) of 2.61 and 2.16 ppm were found between the CT and GOSAT, and CT and OCO-2, respectively, implying the existence of a good agreement between the CT and the other two satellites datasets. The spatial distribution of the datasets shows that the larger uncertainties exist over the southwest part of China. Over Asia, NOAA CT shows a good agreement with GOSAT and OCO-2 in terms of spatial distribution, monthly averaged time series, and seasonal climatology with small biases. These results suggest that CO2 can be used from either of the datasets to understand its role in the carbon budget, climate change, and air quality at regional to global scales.

scholarly journals Indoor air quality and health in schools

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Maria da Conceição Ferreira ◽  
Massano Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The City

Objective: To determine whether indoor air quality in schools is associated with the prevalence of allergic and respiratory diseases in children. Methods: We evaluated 1,019 students at 51 elementary schools in the city of Coimbra, Portugal. We applied a questionnaire that included questions regarding the demographic, social, and behavioral characteristics of students, as well as the presence of smoking in the family. We also evaluated the indoor air quality in the schools. Results: In the indoor air of the schools evaluated, we identified mean concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) above the maximum reference value, especially during the fall and winter. The CO2 concentration was sometimes as high as 1,942 ppm, implying a considerable health risk for the children. The most prevalent symptoms and respiratory diseases identified in the children were sneezing, rales, wheezing, rhinitis, and asthma. Other signs and symptoms, such as poor concentration, cough, headache, and irritation of mucous membranes, were identified. Lack of concentration was associated with CO2 concentrations above the maximum recommended level in indoor air (p = 0.002). There were no other significant associations. Conclusions: Most of the schools evaluated presented with reasonable air quality and thermal comfort. However, the concentrations of various pollutants, especially CO2, suggest the need for corrective interventions, such as reducing air pollutant sources and improving ventilation. There was a statistically significant association between lack of concentration in the children and exposure to high levels of CO2. The overall low level of pollution in the city of Coimbra might explain the lack of other significant associations.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Validation of AIRS CO2 Observations Using GAW, HIPPO and TCCON

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 3583
Author(s):  
Hui Yang ◽  
Gefei Feng ◽  
Ru Xiang ◽  
Yunjing Xu ◽  
Yong Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Temporal Validation ◽  
Satellite Sensors ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a significant atmospheric greenhouse gas and its concentrations can be observed by in situ surface stations, aircraft flights and satellite sensors. This paper investigated the ability of the CO2 satellite observations to monitor, analyze and predict the horizontal and vertical distribution of atmospheric CO2 concentration at global scales. CO2 observations retrieved by an Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) were inter-compared with the Global Atmosphere Watch Program (GAW) and HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPOs), with reference to the measurements obtained using high-resolution ground-based Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) in the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) from near-surface level to the mid-to-high troposphere. After vertically integrating the AIRS-retrieved values with the column averaging kernels of TCCON measurements, the AIRS observations are spatio-temporally compared with HIPPO-integrated profiles in the mid-to-high troposphere. Five selected GAW stations are used for comparisons with TCCON sites near the surface of the Earth. The results of AIRS, TCCON (5–6 km), GAW and TCCON (1 km) CO2 measurements from 2007 to 2013 are compared, analyzed and discussed at their respective altitudes. The outcomes indicate that the difference of about 3.0 ppmv between AIRS and GAW or other highly accurate in situ surface measurements is mainly due to the different vertical altitudes, rather than the errors in the AIRS. The study reported here also explores the potential of AIRS satellite observations for analyzing the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of CO2 concentration at global scales.

scholarly journals Long-term continuous atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> measurements at Baring Head, New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 3109-3117 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Brailsford ◽  
B. B. Stephens ◽  
A. J. Gomez ◽  
K. Riedel ◽  
S. E. Mikaloff Fletcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
The North ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Ocean Region ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Instrumental Precision

Abstract. We present descriptions of the in situ instrumentation, calibration procedures, intercomparison efforts, and data filtering methods used in a 39-yr record of continuous atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) observations made at Baring Head, New Zealand. Located on the southern coast of the North Island, Baring Head is exposed to extended periods of strong air flow from the south with minimal terrestrial influence resulting in low CO2 variability. The site is therefore well suited for sampling air masses that are representative of the Southern Ocean region. Instrumental precision is better than 0.015 ppm (1-σ) on 1-Hz values. Comparisons to over 600 co-located flask samples, as well as laboratory based flask and cylinder comparison exercises, suggest that over recent decades compatibility with respect to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) and World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) CO2 scales has been 0.3 ppm or better.

scholarly journals A Fiber-Integrated CRDS Sensor for In-Situ Measurement of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide in Seawater

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6436
Author(s):  
Mai Hu ◽  
Bing Chen ◽  
Lu Yao ◽  
Chenguang Yang ◽  
Xiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Equilibrium Condition ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
In Situ Measurement ◽  
Integrated Sensor ◽  
Dissolved Carbon ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Research on carbon dioxide (CO2) geological and biogeochemical cycles in the ocean is important to support the geoscience study. Continuous in-situ measurement of dissolved CO2 is critically needed. However, the time and spatial resolution are being restricted due to the challenges of very high submarine pressure and quite low efficiency in water-gas separation, which, therefore, are emerging the main barriers to deep sea investigation. We develop a fiber-integrated sensor based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy for in-situ CO2 measurement. Furthermore, a fast concentration retrieval model using exponential fit is proposed at non-equilibrium condition. The in-situ dissolved CO2 measurement achieves 10 times faster than conventional methods, where an equilibrium condition is needed. As a proof of principle, near-coast in-situ CO2 measurement was implemented in Sanya City, Haina, China, obtaining an effective dissolved CO2 concentration of ~950 ppm. The experimental results prove the feasibly for fast dissolved gas measurement, which would benefit the ocean investigation with more detailed scientific data.

scholarly journals Present state of global wetland extent and wetland methane modelling: methodology of a model inter-comparison project (WETCHIMP)

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wania ◽  
J. R. Melton ◽  
E. L. Hodson ◽  
B. Poulter ◽  
B. Ringeval ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wetland Extent ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. The Wetland and Wetland CH4 Intercomparison of Models Project (WETCHIMP) was created to evaluate our present ability to simulate large-scale wetland characteristics and corresponding methane (CH4) emissions. A multi-model comparison is essential to evaluate the key uncertainties in the mechanisms and parameters leading to methane emissions. Ten modelling groups joined WETCHIMP to run eight global and two regional models with a common experimental protocol using the same climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) forcing datasets. We reported the main conclusions from the intercomparison effort in a companion paper (Melton et al., 2013). Here we provide technical details for the six experiments, which included an equilibrium, a transient, and an optimized run plus three sensitivity experiments (temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric CO2 concentration). The diversity of approaches used by the models is summarized through a series of conceptual figures, and is used to evaluate the wide range of wetland extent and CH4 fluxes predicted by the models in the equilibrium run. We discuss relationships among the various approaches and patterns in consistencies of these model predictions. Within this group of models, there are three broad classes of methods used to estimate wetland extent: prescribed based on wetland distribution maps, prognostic relationships between hydrological states based on satellite observations, and explicit hydrological mass balances. A larger variety of approaches was used to estimate the net CH4 fluxes from wetland systems. Even though modelling of wetland extent and CH4 emissions has progressed significantly over recent decades, large uncertainties still exist when estimating CH4 emissions: there is little consensus on model structure or complexity due to knowledge gaps, different aims of the models, and the range of temporal and spatial resolutions of the models.

In Vivo In Situ Experimentation Projects by Innovative Cleantech Start-Ups in Paris

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alborz Bekhradi ◽  
Bernard Yannou ◽  
François Cluzel ◽  
Frédérique Chabbert ◽  
Romain Farel
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
The City ◽  
Important Purpose

Cities play an essential role in facilitating and supporting the real-world experimentations (for instance in public spaces with real users) of innovative products and services in the field of clean technologies. In this respect, the City of Paris has implemented an experimentation mechanism to help innovative start-ups improving their solutions and robustifying their business models in a multi-stakeholder eco-system. Nonetheless, a primary investigation demonstrated that the efficiency of these in vivo in situ experimentations have means of being improved. To deal with this issue, the current paper proposes a critical review and a characterization of the existing projects related to clean technology and sustainability themes. A study over 25 experimentation projects results in identifying matches and mismatches between the expectations and the obtained results of tests by innovative start-ups. We have statistically demonstrated that the most important purpose of running experimentation projects by start-ups is to test and build a relevant “stakeholders network” around their businesses. Furthermore, we have assessed the influence of these experimentations on the design of innovative products.

scholarly journals Validation of GOSAT and OCO-2 against In Situ Aircraft Measurements and Comparison with CarbonTracker and GEOS-Chem over Qinhuangdao, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 899
Author(s):  
Farhan Mustafa ◽  
Huijuan Wang ◽  
Lingbing Bu ◽  
Qin Wang ◽  
Muhammad Shahzaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Air Column ◽  
Good Agreement

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important greenhouse gas and several satellites have been launched to monitor the atmospheric CO2 at regional and global scales. Evaluation of the measurements obtained from these satellites against accurate and precise instruments is crucial. In this work, aircraft measurements of CO2 were carried out over Qinhuangdao, China (39.9354°N, 119.6005°E), on 14, 16, and 19 March 2019 to validate the Greenhous gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) and the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) CO2 retrievals. The airborne in situ instruments were mounted on a research aircraft and the measurements were carried out between the altitudes of ~0.5 and 8.0 km to obtain the vertical profiles of CO2. The profiles captured a decrease in CO2 concentration from the surface to maximum altitude. Moreover, the vertical profiles from GEOS-Chem and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) CarbonTracker were also compared with in situ and satellite datasets. The satellite and the model datasets captured the vertical structure of CO2 when compared with in situ measurements, which showed good agreement among the datasets. The dry-air column-averaged CO2 mole fractions (XCO2) retrieved from OCO-2 and GOSAT showed biases of 1.33 ppm (0.32%) and −1.70 ppm (−0.41%), respectively, relative to the XCO2 derived from in situ measurements.

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