scholarly journals Exploring the ‘Rolling Unmasking Effect’ of Downwind Odor Dispersion from Model Plant and Animal Sources

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Wright ◽  
Jacek A. Koziel ◽  
David B. Parker ◽  
Anna Iwasinska ◽  
Thomas G. Hartman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Products ◽  
Odor Source ◽  
Body Odor ◽  
Know How ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Priority Ranking ◽  
Single Character ◽  
Odor Character ◽  
Odor Dispersion ◽  
Frontal Boundary

Solving environmental odor issues can be confounded by many analytical, technological, and socioeconomic factors. Considerable know-how and technologies can fail to properly identify odorants responsible for the downwind nuisance odor and mitigate it for the affected citizenry. We propose enabling solutions to environmental odor issues by utilizing troubleshooting techniques developed for the food, beverage, and consumer products industries. We showed that the downwind odorant impact-priority ranking process can be definable and relatively simple. The initial challenge is the prioritization of environmental odor character from the perspective of the impacted citizenry downwind. In this research, we aim at summarizing three natural models of the rolling unmasking effect (RUE) and discuss them more systematically in the context of the proposed downwind environmental odor prioritization approach. Regardless of the size and reach of an odor source, a simplification of odor character and composition typically develops with downwind dilution. The extreme odor simplification-upon-dilution was demonstrated for two plant varieties, prairie verbena and Virginia pepperweed. Their downwind odor frontal boundaries were dominated by single, character-defining odorants; p-cresol-dominated ‘barnyard’ odor, and benzyl mercaptan-dominated ‘burnt match’ odor, respectively. The P.T. porcupine downwind odor frontal boundary was dominated by two potent, character-defining odorants: (1) ‘onion’/‘body odor’ odorant #1 and (2) ‘onion’/‘grilled’ odorant #2. In contrast with their downwind boundary simplicities, each odor source presented considerable compositional complexity and composite character difference near the source. The proposed RUE approach’s ultimate significance is the illustration of naturally occurring phenomena that explain why some environmental odors and their sources can be challenging to identify and mitigate using the analytical only approach (focused on compound identities and concentrations). These approaches rarely move beyond comprehensive lists of compounds being emitted by the source.

scholarly journals Qualitative Exploration of the ‘Rolling Unmasking Effect’ for Downwind Odor Dispersion from a Model Animal Source

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13085
Author(s):  
Donald W. Wright ◽  
Jacek A. Koziel ◽  
David B. Parker ◽  
Anna Iwasinska ◽  
Thomas G. Hartman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outer Boundary ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Prioritization Process ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Priority Ranking ◽  
Model Animal ◽  
Odor Character ◽  
Qualitative Exploration ◽  
Odor Dispersion

Solving environmental odor issues can be confounded by many analytical, technological, and socioeconomic factors. Considerable know-how and technologies can fail to properly identify odorants responsible for the downwind nuisance odor and, thereby, focus on odor mitigation strategies. We propose enabling solutions to environmental odor issues utilizing troubleshooting techniques developed for the food, beverage, and consumer products industries. Our research has shown that the odorant impact-priority ranking process can be definable and relatively simple. The initial challenge is the prioritization of environmental odor character from the perspective of the impacted citizenry downwind. In this research, we utilize a natural model from the animal world to illustrate the rolling unmasking effect (RUE) and discuss it more systematically in the context of the proposed environmental odorant prioritization process. Regardless of the size and reach of an odor source, a simplification of odor character and composition typically develops with increasing dilution downwind. An extreme odor simplification-upon-dilution was demonstrated for the prehensile-tailed porcupine (P.T. porcupine); its downwind odor frontal boundary was dominated by a pair of extremely potent character-defining odorants: (1) ‘onion’/‘body odor’ and (2) ‘onion’/‘grilled’ odorants. In contrast with the outer-boundary simplicity, the near-source assessment presented considerable compositional complexity and composite odor character difference. The ultimate significance of the proposed RUE approach is the illustration of naturally occurring phenomena that explain why some environmental odors and their sources can be challenging to identify and mitigate using an analytical-only approach (focused on compound identities and concentrations). These approaches rarely move beyond comprehensive lists of volatile compounds emitted by the source. The novelty proposed herein lies in identification of those few compounds responsible for the downwind odor impacts and requiring mitigation focus.

scholarly journals Exploring Natural Models for the ‘Rolling Unmasking Effect’ of Downwind Odor Dispersion; Prairie Verbena, Prehensile-Tailed Porcupine and Virginia Pepperweed

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Wright ◽  
Jacek A. Koziel ◽  
David B. Parker ◽  
Anna Iwasinski ◽  
Thomas G. Hartman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Outer Boundary ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
South American ◽  
Scaling Factors ◽  
Single Character ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Odor Character ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Odor Dispersion

As natural scale-models for community environmental odor issues, these odorant prioritization results illustrate an important consideration: … ‘with respect to focusing an environmental odor issue, it is possible to look too closely at the source’… Although simple odor dilution, as measured by odor concentration and intensity, certainly occurs during downwind dispersive migration from the source, these authors propose that the term dynamic dilution is limiting with respect to environmental odor impact. The results presented herein suggest that the odor character from an environmental source can vary dramatically, depending upon the distance of the human receptors from that source. It is further suggested that the process of downwind environmental odorant prioritization can best be characterized as a rolling unmasking effect or RUE. The RUE is exhibited by the masking odors nearest the source sequentially ‘falling away’ with distance from the source, revealing a succession of increasingly simplified odor characteristic and composition. Because of scaling factors and meteorological unpredictability, the logistics involved in carrying-out odorant prioritization studies can be very challenging when targeting large-scale odor sources. However, for these authors’ illustrative purposes, these challenges were reduced significantly by selecting natural, ‘scale-model’ odor-sources which represented significant reductions in the primary scaling factors; especially, reductions in the size of the odor sources and the distance of their downwind reach. Driven by odorant prioritization and the RUE, extremes of odor simplification-upon-dilution were demonstrated for two Central Texas plant varieties, prairie verbena and virginia pepperweed. Their ‘odor frontal boundaries’ were shown to be dominated by single, character-defining odorants; prairie verbena presenting with a p-cresol dominated ‘barnyard’ odor and virginia pepperweed with a benzyl mercaptan dominated ‘burnt match’ odor. Similar odor simplification was also shown for the South American prehensile-tailed porcupine (i.e., pt porcupine); its downwind ‘odor frontal boundary’ dominated by two potent, character-defining odorants (i.e. as yet unidentified): (1) ‘onion’/‘body odor’ odorant #1 and (2) ‘onion’/‘grilled’ odorant #2. In contrast to their outer-boundary simplicities, each of these sources also presented, at the source, with odor compositions reflecting considerable complexity and corrresponding composite odor characters that were distinctly different from those reflected at their respective ‘odor frontal boundaries’.  

Effects of some Amino-acid and Purine Antagonists on Chick Embryos

Development ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-372
Author(s):  
C. H. Waddington ◽  
Margaret Perry
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Purine Analogue ◽  
Know How ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Strong Action

Several authors have studied the effects on developing embryos of substances which are analogues of naturally occurring amino-acids and purines, and known to act, in other systems, as metabolic inhibitors. It was emphasized by Waddington, Feldman, & Perry (1955) that any particular substance may exhibit very different effects in embryos of different types. They found, for instance, that the purine analogue 8-azaguanine has a very strong action in the chick and a much lesser one in the newt embryo. It is therefore necessary to consider the various classes of embryos separately. In this communication we shall be concerned only with chick embryos. Substances under test can be administered to such embryos by injection through the shell, as was done in the paper cited above With this technique it is impossible to know how much diffusion takes place of the substance injected, and one cannot therefore be certain of the effective concentration which actually reaches the embryo.

scholarly journals A mathematical model of odor dispersion from a wastewater treatment plant

2019 ◽  
Vol 138 ◽  
pp. 01029
Author(s):  
Valerii Azarov ◽  
Tat’yana Solov’eva ◽  
Sergei Svitskov
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Straight Line Passing ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Odor Character ◽  
Line Passing ◽  
Kaliningrad Region ◽  
Odor Dispersion

Smell is an important criterion of the quality of atmospheric air. The paper looks at quantitative and qualitative methods of odor assessment and describes the method of field olfactometry. Studies were carried out on the spread of odor from the WWTP OAO OKOS in the Kaliningrad region of Russia which resulted in 817 measurements. For each measurement, the following parameters were recorded: odor strength (D/T), odor character, atmospheric pressure (mmHg), temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), wind speed (m/s), wind direction and the the point where a measurement was taken. A mathematical model is given of the dependence of odor strength on the distance to two sources s1 (m) and s2 (m) and the wind direction from a straight line passing through a given point and a source 1 — a1 or a source 2 — a2.

scholarly journals Differential toxicological effects of natural and synthetic sources and enantiomeric forms of limonene on mosquito larvae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perran A. Ross ◽  
Neda Nematollahi ◽  
Anne Steinemann ◽  
Spas D. Kolev ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Chiral Compounds ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Human Health Effects ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract Common fragranced consumer products, such as cleaning supplies and personal care products, emit chiral compounds such as limonene that have been associated with adverse effects on human health. However, those same compounds abound in nature, and at similar concentrations as in products, but without the same apparent adverse human health effects. We investigated whether different types of limonene may elicit different biological effects. In this study, we investigated the mortality rate of mosquito larvae in response to changes in their environment. Specifically, we tested different sources of naturally occurring R-limonene and chemically synthetized limonene, containing one of its enantiomeric forms (R-, S-) in mortality bioassays with Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. We found that a natural source of limonene extracted from oranges induced lower mortality of mosquito larvae compared to synthetic sources at the same concentration. However, enantiomeric forms did not differ in their effects on mortality. Our results provide novel evidence that natural sources of a chemical can cause lower rates of mortality than synthetic sources.

METABOLISM OF SYNTHETIC STEROIDS BY ANIMALS AND MAN

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (1_Suppla) ◽  
pp. S119-S147 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Fotherby
Keyword(s):  
Close Similarity ◽  
Insufficient Information ◽  
Know How ◽  
Metabolic Studies ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Synthetic Steroids

ABSTRACT The metabolism of naturally occurring oestrogens in humans is outlined and compared with that in other species and with the metabolism of synthetic oestrogens. There is a close similarity in humans between the metabolism of the naturally occurring oestrogens and that of ethynyl-oestradiol with the exception that the latter is less extensively metabolised than the former. With the exception of the baboon, the metabolism of oestrone and oestradiol appears to differ significantly in other species from that of the human. Our knowledge of the metabolism of oestrone and oestradiol and the synthetic oestrogens in the baboon is still meagre and much more information is required before one can ascertain to what extent metabolism in this species can serve as a model for that in humans. Little information is available concerning the metabolism of synthetic progestogens in species other than man and rabbits. There are many similarities between these two species both in the metabolism of progesterone and of synthetic progestogens related both to 19-nortestosterone and to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. Insufficient information is available to know how far these similarities extend. Little is known about the in vitro metabolism of either the synthetic oestrogens or synthetic progestogens. Such information as is available does not suggest that in vitro metabolic studies, with their well-known limitations, are likely to be helpful.

scholarly journals Radiological Dose Assessment to Members of the Public Using Consumer Products Containing Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7337
Author(s):  
Soja Reuben Joseph ◽  
Juyoul Kim
Keyword(s):  
Activity Concentration ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Dose Assessment ◽  
Internal Exposure ◽  
Dose Limit ◽  
Radioactive Materials ◽  
The Public ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials

Various products containing a small number of added radionuclides are commonly available for use worldwide. However, frequent use of such products puts the public at risk of radiation exposure. In this study, dose assessments to members of the public using consumer products containing naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) were conducted for various usage scenarios to evaluate the external and internal exposure dose. Data for this study were obtained from previous literature and were statistically analyzed using Boxplot to determine the input data for assessment. A normalized value of activity concentration was used for dose evaluation. In addition to other external and internal dose calculation codes, analytical calculations were used to perform age-dependent. Based on analytical calculations, the highest total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) received from necklace products at the upper whiskers with an activity concentration of 4.21 Bq/g for 238U, 24.4 Bq/g for 232Th, and 0.55 Bq/g for 40K for various age groups is 2.03 mSv/y for 1 year old, 1.24 mSv/y for 10 years old and 1.11 mSv/y for adult, which are above the international commission for radiation protection (ICRP) recommended public dose limit of 1 mSv/y. Results of external and internal exposure dose obtained using Microshield code, IMBA code and Visual Monte Carlo (VMC) code are all below the recommended public dose limit of 1 mSv/y.

scholarly journals Radiological Dose Assessment of the Landfill Disposal of Consumer Products Containing Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7172
Author(s):  
Mercy Nandutu ◽  
Juyoul Kim
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Competent Authority ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Dose Assessment ◽  
Radioactive Materials ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials ◽  
Landfill Sites ◽  
Radiological Dose

Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) are long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium, and potassium, and theirdecay products. They are abundant in natural rocks and minerals. In this study, we conducted a radiological dose assessment of the disposal of consumer products (CPs) containing NORMs at landfills and incinerators in South Korea. Household wastes were categorized as combustible and noncombustible on the basis of activity concentrations (ACs) ranging below and above 1 Bq/g, respectively. Analysis data were obtained from previous literature and the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC) of South Korea, and statistical analysis was performed using an interval plot and 95% confidence interval of mean for each category as an input. Using RESRAD computer codes for noncombustible CPs with AC below and above 1 Bq/g, we found out that the dose rate was below and above 1 mSv/y, respectively. The RESRAD-OFFSITE results showed that the dose incurred during the study period for both ranges of AC was all below the public dose limit of 1 mSv/y. NORM and LegacY Site Assessment (NORMALYSA) code was used to validate the result of the RESRAD-ONSITE code, and the results showed that the dose was equal to and above 1 mSv/y for ACs below and above 1 Bq/g, respectively. HotSpot code was used for dose evaluation to offsite residents from incineration of combustible CPs, and the resulting dose was below 1 mSv/y. These findings can be used as a guideline for managing public exposure from landfill sites with varying ACs ranges. Therefore, the competent authority should ensure that criteria and protection measures are established for people who live within a distance of 10 km from incinerators and landfill sites that are contaminated with consumer products containing NORMs.

scholarly journals La distancia psíquica en el ámbito de la selección de mercados internacionales: propuesta de definición y presencia en las PYMEs españolas exportadoras de bienes de consumo = The psychic distance in the field of the international market selection: definition and presence in Spanish SMEs exporters of consumer products

2016 ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Pedro María Martínez Villar
Keyword(s):  
Business Strategy ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Psychic Distance ◽  
Market Selection ◽  
Spanish Economy ◽  
Know How ◽  
Definition Of

<p>Dos cuestiones relevantes en el ámbito de la selección de mercados de exportación (SME en lo sucesivo) confluyen en este artículo: profundizar sobre la decisión de SME, identificando la presencia de distancia psíquica como factor limitativo de la decisión; y ante la ausencia de una definición generalmente aceptada de la distancia psíquica, ofrecer un constructo ecléctico debidamente contrastado.</p><p>La encuesta de cuestionario es el recurso empleado para obtener la información necesaria para lograr los objetivos establecidos, y la estadística descriptiva es la técnica empleada para validar el constructo propuesto y conocer las limitaciones del mismo.</p><p>La decisión de SME es compleja, por la intervención de la propia estrategia de negocio y la percepción de la distancia psíquica que los mercados potenciales transmiten a los decisores. En el caso de la muestra analizada, pymes españolas exportadoras de bienes de consumo, la distancia psíquica actúa en las primeras etapas de exportación, circunscribiendo la SME a países psíquicamente próximos. Se ha identificado un patrón psíquico-gradualista que se estabiliza cuando la experiencia modera la percepción de distancia. A partir de ese momento, las empresas se encuentran con el know-how preciso para abordar mercados potenciales más complejos.</p><p class="Formatolibre">Two relevant issues in the area of export market selection (EMS hereafter) converge in this article: to delve into how the decision is constructed, identifying the presence of psychic distance as a limiting factor, and in the absence of a generally accepted definition of psychic distance, offer an eclectic construct duly contrasted.</p><p>The questionnaire survey is the resource used to obtain the necessary information to achieve the established objectives, and descriptive statistics is the technique used to validate the proposed construct and to know the limitations. </p><p>The research focuses on small and medium-sized Spanish exporters of consumer goods because of the relevance they have in the Spanish economy as a whole. Exporters of services or large companies are not included in this study, in one case because of the product and in the other, their resource availability needed a differentiated approach.</p><p>The decision of SME is complex, by the intervention of the own business strategy and the perception of the psychic distance that the potential markets transmit to the decision makers. In the case of the analyzed sample, the psychic distance acts in the first stages of export circumscribing the EMS to psychically close countries. A psychic-gradualist pattern has been identified that stabilizes when experience moderates the perception of psychic distance. From then on, companies have the precise know-how to address more complex potential markets</p><p> </p>

Mass production of shrimp seed in Bangladesh: status and potential.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
White Spot Syndrome Virus ◽  
Shrimp Farming ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Shrimp Culture ◽  
Know How ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Shrimp Industry

Abstract Naturally occurring shrimp fry, carried by tidal action, has been collected on the beach in estuarine areas and in some rivers in Cox's Bazar and Khulna for a long time. Many rural poor people trap the fry using 'behundi' (bag nets) and different kinds of nets and supply them to the shrimp grow-out farmers at a reasonable price. As the year-by-year demand for fry increased, and naturally occurring fry decreased as a result of overfishing, the price of shrimp seed increased. Production of shrimp seed therefore became important for shrimp farming in Bangladesh. Presently about 50 hatcheries produce shrimp seed and their hatchery capacity is not being fully utilised. Limited technical know-how and viral infected (white spot syndrome virus) seed are the major constraints for the shrimp industry in the country. Despite this, shrimp culture is increasing in popularity in Bangladesh because of the potential profitability.

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