scholarly journals “To Build Out of a New Material with a New Form”. The Arrival of Concrete in Icelandic Architecture and the Rhetoric of Guðmundur Hannesson

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Nannini
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Medical Doctor ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Common People ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Material ◽  
New Form ◽  
Definition Of

The quick modernisation of Iceland, that rapidly took place from the first decades of the 20th century onwards, did not only bring fishing trawlers and cars into the country. Among all the techniques of modernity, concrete [steinsteypa] was to become the key material that changed the built landscape of the island and was soon adopted by the first Icelandic architects, such as Rögnvaldur Ólafsson (1874–1914) and Guðjón Samúelsson (1887–1950). Interestingly, the main supporter of this material was Guðmundur Hannesson (1866–1946), a medical doctor and town planner who wrote several articles and even a guidebook published in 1921 and titled Steinsteypa. Leiðarvísir fyrir alþýðu og viðvaninga [Concrete. Guidebook for Common People and Beginners]. In a country that was seeking an architectural self-representation, he understood the technical and formal possibilities that concrete could offer: he claimed, “people [...] were trying to change, to build out of a new material with a new form” (Guðmundur Hannesson 1926, 14). This essay aims thus to retrace the rhetoric of Guðmundur Hannesson and his role in writing an Icelandic chapter of the history of concrete, from its early stage of unmodern trial-and-error to the definition of a modern Icelandic architecture.

scholarly journals From Reception to Invention: The Arrival of Concrete to Iceland and the Rhetoric of Guðmundur Hannesson

Arts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Sofia Nannini
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Medical Doctor ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Common People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The quick modernisation of Iceland, which took place rapidly from the first decades of the 20th century onwards, brought not only fishing trawlers and cars into the country. Among all the techniques of modernity, steinsteypa [concrete] was to become the key material that changed the built landscape of the island and was soon adopted by the first Icelandic architects, such as Rögnvaldur Ólafsson (1874–1914) and Guðjón Samúelsson (1887–1950). Interestingly, the main supporter of this material was Guðmundur Hannesson (1866–1946), a medical doctor and town planning enthusiast who wrote several articles and even a guidebook published in 1921, Steinsteypa. Leiðarvísir fyrir alþýðu og viðvaninga [Concrete: A Guidebook for Common People and Beginners]. In a country that was seeking an architectural self-representation, he understood the technical and formal possibilities that concrete could offer. By analysing his articles and publications, this essay aims to discuss the rhetoric of Guðmundur Hannesson and his role in writing an Icelandic chapter of the history of concrete, from its early stage of unmodern trial-and-error to the definition of a modern Icelandic architecture.

scholarly journals Patterns of Memory in Askold Melnyczuk’s Novels as an Example of Ukrainian-American Émigré Fiction

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-137
Author(s):  
Marta Koval
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
European History ◽  
Family Stories ◽  
Traumatic Memories ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Definition Of

Although Ukrainian emigration to North America is not a new phenomenon, the dilemmas of memory and amnesia remain crucial in Ukrainian-American émigré fiction. The paper focuses on selected novels by Askold Melnyczuk (What is Told and Ambassador of the Dead) and analyzes how traumatic memories and family stories of the past shape the American lives of Ukrainian emigrants. The discussion of the selected Ukrainian-American émigré novels focuses on the dilemmas of remembering and forgetting in the construction of both Ukrainian and American narratives of the past. The voluntary amnesia of the Ame- rican-born Ukrainians in Melnyczuk’s novels confronts their parents’ dependence on the past and their inability to abandon it emotionally. Memories of ‘the old country’ make them, similarly to Ada Kruk, ambassadors of the dead. The expression becomes a metaphoric definition of those wrapped by their repressed, fragmentary and sometimes inaccessible memories. Crucial events of European history of the 20th century are inscribed and personalized in the older generation’s stories which their children are reluctant to hear. For them, their parents’ memories became a burden and a shame. Using the concept of transgenerational memory, the paper explores the challenges of postmemory, and eventually its failure. 

The Place of G. F. Stout’s “Thought and Language” (1891) in the History of English Semantics

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 335-347
Author(s):  
Brigitte Nerlich
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Sentence Meaning ◽  
Meaning Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

Summary This article is intended to fill a gap in the history of semantics and the history of the psychology of language in England at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century. The work of the psychologist and philosopher George Frederick Stout (1860–1944) is analysed, focusing on an article on ‘thought and language’, published in 1891. In this article Stout proposes a new theory and typology of signs – his contribution to semiotics. He also puts forward a new definition of language as a system of signs and an instrument of communication. Finally, he develops a new conception of word meaning, sentence meaning and meaning in discourse, based on the notion of ‘apperception’. He compares his concept of meaning and meaning change with that of Hermann Paul and uses it to criticize the latters definitions of usual and occasional meaning.

TOURISM AS A NEW FORM OF LEISURE IN LIGHT OF ”WĘDROWIEC” [“THE WANDERER”] WEEKLY MAGAZINE (1863-1906)

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 149-181
Author(s):  
Iwona Cybula
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Historical Methodology ◽  
New Form ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
The Wanderer

Purpose. This issue attempts to identify “Wędrowiec” [The Wanderer] as a source of knowledge about the history of tourism and to define the editorial team’s approach to this subject. Method. The study covers the information related to tourism in general, its types and development, and promotion among the Polish society published in “Wędrowiec” [The Wanderer] for 44 years when the magazine was being published, i.e. from 1863 until 1906. 2,289 issues of the magazine were published. Historical methodology has been applied. Findings. Analysis of the material led to the conclusion that “Wędrowiec” [The Wanderer] proved to be an appreciated and involved witness of the emergence and development of tourism. For 44 years, the subject was handled with varying levels of intensity. Nevertheless, the publications helped restore the picture of the conditions and problems faced by the tourism of those days. Research limitations and conclusions. Conclusions were based on analysis of the collected source material. An interesting complement would be to compare the collected material with the remaining contents of the magazine (as indicated in the article, topics related to tourism are just a small part of the issues presented in “Wędrowiec” [The Wanderer]). Practical implications. Conclusions from analysis of the collected material are very important for the existing knowledge about the history of tourism in the latter part of the second half of the 19th and early beginnings of the 20th century. Originality. Approaching the subject from the perspective of a specialist magazine and analysis of the collected material included in “Wędrowiec” [The Wanderer] that has not been analysed within the context of the influence it could have on the development and promotion of tourism among the Polish society in the second half of the 19th and the early part of the 20th century. Type of paper. Monographic article.

Constituting Freedom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Raimondi
Keyword(s):  
Free State ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Main Thesis ◽  
First Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Form ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City ◽  
Mode A

This work begins with a question posed by Machiavelli: ‘In what mode a free state, if there is one, can be maintained in corrupt cities; or, if there is not, in what mode to order it.’ The book analyses the different solutions proposed by Machiavelli starting with the hypothesis of the ‘civil principality’, passing through both the definition of the republican ‘civil and free way of life’ and the examination of the history of the Florentine institutions, to two short writings from the years 1520–22. In the Discursus florentinarum rerum and the Minuta di provisione per la riforma dello Stato di Firenze, Machiavelli exposed publicly for the first time, his proposals to bring back republican freedom to Florence after the fall of the first republic and the Medici’s return. The main thesis put forward in this work is that Machiavelli, when he worked for the Medici, was always a committed republican, even if he believed that the city’s constitution needed to change after the fall of Soderini. In the Discursus and in the Minuta Machiavelli proposed a constitution in which the ‘humours’ were forced to mix together in order to generate a new form of ‘equality’ that according to Machiavelli is the main characteristic of a free, just, and stable republic. The aim was not to obtain equilibrium among the parts of the city leaving them unaltered, but to mix them.

scholarly journals Alchemy and Creation in the Work of Albertus Magnus

Conatus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Athanasios Rinotas
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

Albertus Magnus’ alchemy is a subject that has attracted the attention of the scholars since the early decades of the 20th century. Yet, the research that has been conducted this far is characterised by its non philosophical character. As a matter of fact, the previous studies approached Albertus’ alchemy either in terms of history of science or of intellectual history. In this paper, I focus on Albertus’ definition of alchemical transmutation that is found in his De mineralibus and I analyze it in terms of his theory of creation and of his theory of matter. Therefore, I show whether a re-creation of a metal is in accordance with Albertus’ philosophy and congruently I bring forth the Aristotle Graecus and the Aristotle Latinus that are found as background in his alchemical theory of transmutation. Ultimately this paper aims to show that the aforementioned theory is not an arbitrary statement from Albertus’ part, but the result of a serious philosophical endeavour

scholarly journals Między światami. Rzeczywistość w literaturze – literatura w rzeczywistości – rzeczywistość literatury

2018 ◽  
pp. 21-75
Author(s):  
Danuta Ulicka
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Short History ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
Cultural Themes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Theory Of Literature

The author attempts to reconstruct a short history of modern Polish literary studies not from the perspective of schools or methodological orientations that are usually applied, but from the perspective of what is known in sociology as cultural themes. This point of view offers the opportunity to (re)construct the process of continuity /discontinuity in the whole field of research focused on the problem of reference, which has been recognized as the most important one in Polish studies (as well as in Polish literature, and art) since its beginning in the first decade of the 20th century. In the broader scope the article attempts to rearticulate the definition of the discipline conventionally called “the theory of literature”, and to propose a new way of writing its history.

scholarly journals Turning Point at the UNESCO Headquarters. Crossed Influences between Pier Luigi Nervi and Marcel Lajos Breuer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Martin Fuentes
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Important Material ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Material ◽  
History Of Architecture ◽  
Architectural Language

The history of architecture is closely linked to the evolution and the use of materials. Concrete was the most important material of the 20th century, becoming the medium for a new architecture. Many different architects not only relied on the use of concrete as their main mode of expression but also got involved in the quest for a new architectural language for the so-called new material. Pier Luigi Nervi and Marcel Breuer are not only among the great architects of the last century, but above all, they are masters of concrete, both developing extensive bodies of work based on the use of the material. Nervi and Breuer worked together in a virtuosic piece of architecture, the building for the UNESCO Headquarters in Paris. Built mainly in concrete and inaugurated in 1958, it occupies a relevant place in the history of architecture. This paper wants to highlight how during that process, both architects underwent a radical change in their careers and in relation to the use of concrete, turning this project in a milestone for the history of architecture as a whole. 

Criminology and the “Essence” of Crime

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce DiCristina
Keyword(s):  
Social Evolution ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Emile Durkheim ◽  
History Of ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Ideological Dimension ◽  
Human Social Evolution ◽  
Definition Of

The first and perhaps most fundamental problem of criminology, when practiced as a science, is the challenge of defining crime, of identifying a stable, empirical “essence” of crime that can guide data collection. In this article, an early stage in the history of this problem—represented by the competing views of Raffaele Garofalo, Émile Durkheim, and Willem Bonger—is examined to illustrate its complexity and its seemingly unavoidable ideological dimension. All three of these scholars embraced inductive scientific research and, to a degree, attempted to construct an empirically grounded definition of crime. Nonetheless, they “discovered” three very different essences of crime. These essences represent contradictory reality claims concerning human/social evolution, imply significantly different images of criminals, and serve as important historical reference points for several ideological currents that continue to flow through the field of criminology.

scholarly journals Review of semantic research of adverbs of place in Lithuanian

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Gintarė Judžentytė
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Semantic investigations of adverbs of place in Lithuanian started in 1653, when in the first grammar of the Lithuanian language Danielius Kleinas offered a classification of adverbs of place that consisted of four semantic groups: 1) In Loco; 2) De Loco; 3) Per Locum; 4) Ad Locum. This semantic division remained unchanged for over two centuries, i.e. 17th – 18th century.The comparative-historical method that was introduced in the 19th century influenced Lithuanian linguistics and, as a result, such figures as A. Šleicheris, the author of the first theoretical Lithuanian language grammar and F. Kuršaitis, another author of an important grammar volume focused more on the origin of adverbs (of place) rather than their semantics.The 20th century in Lithuanian linguistics had still retained some reverberations of the 19th century, the author of the first standard Lithuanian grammar J. Jablonskis still pays more attention to the origin of adverbs of place and not its meanings.The most significant semantic research of adverbs of place in this century is considered to be K. Ulvydas’ analysis in the academic “grammar of the Lithuanian language” as it was the first one to provide a comprehensive description of what an adverb is in general as well as a definition of an adverb of place. In comparison to other grammars written earlier, this work provides the most extensive semantic classification of adverbs of place; in addition, it provides a detailed account of the meanings of adverbs of place, the overlaps of those meanings, etc. Along with grammars of Lithuanian, adverbs of place were extensively investigated in other scholarly works. The most important of them is B. Forsman’s monograph “Das baltische Adverb” which, in comparison to other works devoted to Lithuanian adverbs of place, provides a detailed analysis and description of the semantics of adverbs of place in Lithuanian: 1. B. Forssman was the first one to apply the notion of space in the investigation of Lithuanian adverbs of place; he was the first one to research Lithuanian adverbs of place by naming an object in relation to which the place/location is described; he was the first one to include the notion of deixis into the history of semantic research of Lithuanian adverbs of place; he was the first one to distinguish the meanings of Lithuanian adverbs of place according to the manner of localisation and division of space.

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