scholarly journals Numerical Analysis of Bicycle Helmet under Blunt Behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sepulveda-Lopez ◽  
Jacobo Antona-Makoshi ◽  
Ignacio Rubio ◽  
Marcos Rodríguez-Millán
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Bicycle Helmet ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Head Injury Criterion ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
Serious Injuries ◽  
Total Impact

This study evaluates various safety aspects of standardized impacts that cyclists may suffer while wearing a bicycle helmet, by combining a partially validated finite element model of the cranio-cervical region and a newly developed bicycle helmet model. Under EN 1078 standardized impact conditions, the results of simulated impact tests show that the helmet can absorb 40% to 50 % of the total impact energy at impact velocities above 4 m/s. Further, based on a relationship between Head Injury Criterion and the risk of injury from field data, the results of the simulations suggest that minor injuries may occur at impact velocities of 10 km/h, serious injuries at 15 km/h, and severe injuries at 20 km/h. Fatal injuries will likely occur at impact velocities of 30 km/h and higher.

scholarly journals Numerical Analysis of Bicycle Helmet under Blunt Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3692 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sepulveda-Lopez ◽  
Jacobo Antona-Makoshi ◽  
Ignacio Rubio ◽  
Marcos Rodríguez-Millán
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Bicycle Helmet ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Head Injury Criterion ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
Serious Injuries ◽  
Total Impact

This study evaluates various safety aspects of standardized impacts that cyclists may suffer while wearing a bicycle helmet, by combining a partially validated finite element model of the cranio-cervical region and a newly developed commercial bicycle helmet model. Under EN 1078 standardized impact conditions, the results of simulated impact tests show that the helmet can absorb 40% to 50% of the total impact energy at impact velocities above 4 m/s. Further, based on a relationship between the head injury criterion and the risk of injury from field data, the results of the simulations suggest that minor injuries may occur at impact velocities of 10 km/h, serious injuries at 15 km/h, and severe injuries at 20 km/h. Fatal injuries will likely occur at impact velocities of 30 km/h and higher.

The Likelihood of Injury Among Bias Crimes

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank S. Pezzella ◽  
Matthew D. Fetzer
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Bias Crimes ◽  
Physical Injuries ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
Sex Orientation ◽  
Serious Injuries

In 2009, President Barack Obama signed the Mathew Sheppard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Protection act and thereby extended the list of previously protected classes of victims from actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, disability and sex orientation to gender and gender identity. Over 45 states, the District of Columbia and the federal government now include hate crime statutes that increase penalties when offenders perpetrate hate crimes against protected classes of victims. Penalty enhancement statutes sanction unlawful bias conduct arguably because they result in more severe injuries relative to non-bias conduct. We contend that physical injuries vary by bias type and are not equally injurious. Data on bias crimes was analyzed from the National Incident Based Reporting System. Descriptive patterns of bias crimes were identified by offense type, bias motivation and major and minor injuries. Using Multivariate analyses, we found an escalating trend of violence against racial minorities. Moreover, relative to non-bias crimes, only anti-White and anti-lesbian bias crimes experienced our two prong “animus” criteria of disproportionate prevalence and severity of injury. However, when compared to anti-White bias, anti-Black bias crimes were more prevalent and likely to suffer serious injuries. Implications for hate crime jurisprudence are discussed.

Disk Battery Ingestion: A Simple User-Guide

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmine Petruzziello ◽  
Paolo Maurizio Soave
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Physician ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Flow Chart ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
Stable Patient ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Serious Injuries

Introduction: Disk Battery Ingestion (DBI) is a cause of access to the emergency department (ED), especially in pediatric age. This problem, if not well managed, may lead to serious injuries, with several complications involving the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract. Objective: Aim of this review is to analyze the literature of the last 25 years to make a decisional flow-chart that may help the emergency physician. Methods: For this review 36 articles have been analyzed (8 articles and 28 case reports), from 1995 to 2019. Data considered from each study were: year of publication, type of study, population studied, type of battery, timing of ingestion, treatment, outcomes, complications. Results: A decisional flow-chart has been configured. X-ray should be performed as a first step in every stable patient, meanwhile CT scan should be performed in unstable patients. When the battery is still localized in the esophagus, endoscopy should be performed as soon as possible, meanwhile, when the battery is beyond the esophagus, it should be noted its diameter before taking a decision. Conclusion: The use of the flow-chart proposed may reduce the risk of consequences and severe injuries for the patients, helping the emergency physician in his decisional process.

Trampoliny – czy są bezpieczne? Skoki na batucie jako przyczyna urazów narządu ruchu w materiale dziecięcego oddziału urazowo-ortopedycznego

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Zając
Keyword(s):  
Distal Tibia ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Locomotor System ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Limb Injuries ◽  
Supracondylar Humerus Fractures ◽  
Forearm Bones ◽  
Humerus Fractures

Introduction. Skilful marketing and accessible prices are main causes of popularity of garden trampolines. Increasingly often the improper and unwise use of them leads to severe injuries of the locomotor system. Aim. An analysis of the above-mentioned injuries in children using materials of the Orthopaedics and Trauma Unit. Material and methods. Using the hospital IT system emergency admittances were analysed for the years 2016-2017. A selected group of patients was evaluated in terms of epidemiology and treatment methods. Results. Treatment was provided to 41 patients (21 boys, 20 girls), aged 2 to 16 years (mean age: 7.3 years). 85.4% of the admitted patients used the trampoline together with other children, 70.7% children bounced on the trampoline unsupervised by adults. Upper limb injuries represented 82.9% (34 children) of all cases, the majority of injuries involved the elbow joint and the forearm. Supracondylar humerus fractures and fractures of the shaft of both forearm bones were most frequently diagnosed. Lower limb injuries represented 17.1% (7 children) of all cases, related to the knee joint and ankle area, the most frequently diagnosed injuries were distal tibia and fibula fractures. Twenty eight (68.3%) children required surgical treatment, and 13 (31.7%) patients received conservative treatment. Conclusions. There are a growing number of children with locomotor system injuries related to playing on a trampoline and requiring hospitalisation and surgical interventions. Own experience and quoted references allow formulating principles reducing the risk of injury, including prohibiting the youngest children to play, reduction of the simultaneous use of a trampoline by more than one child, and a requirement of a constant supervision.

scholarly journals Effects of body protection vests and experience levels in prevention of equestrian injuries

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A Andres ◽  
Adrienne M Bushau-Sprinkle ◽  
Michael E Brier ◽  
Yvette R Seger
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Safety Equipment ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Experience Levels ◽  
Equestrian Sports ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Serious Injuries ◽  
Show Jumping

ObjectivesTo investigate the risk reduction and benefit of wearing body protection/safety vests in equestrian sports.MethodsA comparison of equestrians wearing body protective vests and those not wearing vests was performed using incident report data of 718 participants in the United States Pony Clubs during 2011–2017. Data obtained included age, gender, certification level of member, type of activity, description of incident, description of injuries, what protective equipment was worn and other possible contributing factors.ResultsWhile wearing body protective vests when riding on the flat or for show jumping was not correlated with a decrease in injuries, wearing vests for cross country was correlated with decrease in reported injuries (p=0.036) and showed a trend towards a lower incident severity level (p=0.062). Wearing body protection during cross country reduced the relative risk of injury by 56%. While the volume of incidents varied with a rider’s experience level, the number of serious injuries did not appear to correlate with lesser equestrian experience.ConclusionsWhile equestrian sports are considered to have a certain degree of risk associated with them, there are ways to make them safer. Wearing safety equipment, such as helmets and body protection, and obtaining education and experience can lessen the chance of incurring serious injuries.

Stress Analysis at Cervical Region of Human Teeth

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Han Chang ◽  
Chun-Li Lin ◽  
Chau-Hsiang Wang ◽  
Huey-Er Lee
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Restorative Material ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
Restorative Materials ◽  
Dimensional Finite Element ◽  
Three Dimensional Finite Element

Abstract The concept of stress-induced cervical lesions has been discussed widely in recent years. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model was established to analyze the stress distribution at cervical region and evaluate the stresses on the interface of different restorative materials. The results indicated that tensile stress might be the major cause for tooth cervical lesion. For different restorative materials, the elastic modulus was not the key issue in premature loss of restorative material. The bonding strength between the restorative material and lesions could be the important factor for the retention failure.

Occupational safety

2020 ◽  
pp. 1652-1656
Author(s):  
Lawrence Waterman
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Work Health ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Serious Injuries

Any approach to occupational health must acknowledge that accidents in the workplace result in many injuries. Construction, agriculture, and primary extraction are the main causes of fatalities and serious injuries, but many more minor injuries result from all types of work. Health and safety law has developed with an emphasis on accident prevention that is based on designing and managing the working environment. Establishing this approach to safety management begins with an organization committing itself to a policy influenced by legal obligations and current good practice. While this chapter draws heavily on the UK situation, where there has been considerable experience and development of approaches to health and safety, it is incumbent on any physician to consider the work environment and whether changes to the workplace might improve not only the lot of their patients, but others potentially at risk in the workplace.

scholarly journals Simulation Analysis of Knee Ligaments in the Landing Phase of Freestyle Skiing Aerial

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 3713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanming Fu ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Tianbiao Yu
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Medium Risk

The risk of knee injuries in freestyle skiing athletes that perform aerials is high. The internal stresses in the knee joints of these athletes cannot easily be directly measured. In order to ascertain the mechanical response of knee joints during the landing phase, and to explore the mechanism of damage to the cartilage and ligaments, a finite element model of the knee joint was established. Three successful landing conditions (neutral, backward, or forward landing) from a triple kicker were analyzed. The results demonstrate that the risk of cruciate ligament damage during a neutral landing was lowest. A forward landing carried medium risk, while backward landing was of highest risk. Backward and forward landing carried risk of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), respectively. The magnitude of stress on the meniscus and cartilage varied for all three landing scenarios. Stress was largest during neutral landing and least in backward landing, while forward landing resulted in a medium level of stress. The results also provide the basis for training that is scientifically robust so as to reduce the risk of injury and assist in the development of a professional knee joint protector.

The Analysis of Horizontal Extension Capability in Horizontal Wells

2014 ◽  
Vol 1010-1012 ◽  
pp. 1745-1749
Author(s):  
Wei Kai Liu ◽  
Ming Xing Song ◽  
Zi Yi Xu ◽  
Xue Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Drag Force ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Horizontal Wells ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Force Analysis ◽  
Gap Element ◽  
Field Works ◽  
Set Up

It is critical to understand whether the available drilling assembly could meet the requirements of drilling design during the design and drilling of horizontal wells. This paper pointed out several limitations on horizontal extension capability of horizontal wells and provided judging criteria of the limit of horizontal extension based upon the characteristics of horizontal wells, and set up the gap element model analyzing torque and dragged of whole drill strings in horizontal wells. According to the force analysis of drill strings in bores given the foundation for regularities in the distribution of torque and drag force along the axis, on the basis of those above mentioned models and theories, a software was made to calculate the torque and drag force of a well, which compared with the field data, the average discrepancies of theoretical values are below 20% that could meet the needs in field works.

Numerical investigation into the effect of ballast properties on buckling of continuously welded rail (CWR)

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440972096579
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Khatibi ◽  
Morteza Esmaeili ◽  
Saeed Mohammadzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Discrete Element Method ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Track Stiffness ◽  
Dem Analysis ◽  
Continuously Welded Rail

In this paper, the effect of ballast properties including ballast depth, shoulder width, shoulder height, inter particle friction angle and ballast porosity on track buckling capacity are investigated numerically using discrete element method (DEM) analysis. First, a Single Tie Push Test (STPT) is simulated using DEM and the results are validated with field data. Then a sensitivity analyses is carried out. To investigate the effect of ballast properties on buckling capacity, the STPT responses according to the DEM analysis are introduced as a lateral track stiffness into a finite element model of continuously welded rail track, and a thermal buckling simulation is performed. The results show a significant effect of ballast porosity on buckling temperature.

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