scholarly journals The Impact of Microbes in Plant Immunity: Sustainable Approach for Crop Protection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Singh
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Fitness Cost ◽  
Defense Priming ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Plant Microbiome

One of the biggest demanding situations for food security in the 21st century is to enhance crop yield stability through the improvement of diseases-resistant crops. Managing plant health is a major challenge for modern food production and compounded by the lack of common ground among the many disease control disciplines involved. All plants simultaneously engage with billions of microbes which can be collectively referred to as the plant microbiome. Most microbes inside the plant microbiome are harmless or even beneficial to the plant as they promote plant growth or provide protection in opposition to diseases. However, some of these microbes also cause disease with devastating effects on crop yields. To prevent pathogen infection, plants have evolved an advanced innate immune system that recognizes conserved cell surface molecules that most pathogen possesses. Activation of the plant immune system stops the invading pathogen, however this comes with fitness cost that significantly reduces plant growth and leads to yield penalty. Apart from their innate immune system controlling pre-programmed defense reactions, plants can also increase the responsiveness of their immune system in response to selected environmental signals. This phenomenon is known as “defense priming”. Although defense priming rarely provides full protection, its broad-spectrum effectiveness, low-fitness cost, long‐lasting durability and inherited to future generations make it attractive for sustainable crop protection.

scholarly journals The innate immune system and neurogenesis as modulating mechanisms of electroconvulsive therapy in pre-clinical studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1086-1097
Author(s):  
Juliette Giacobbe ◽  
Carmine M Pariante ◽  
Alessandra Borsini
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
System Response ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a powerful and fast-acting anti-depressant strategy, often used in treatment-resistant patients. In turn, patients with treatment-resistant depression often present an increased inflammatory response. The impact of ECT on several pathophysiological mechanisms of depression has been investigated, with a focus which has largely been on cellular and synaptic plasticity. Although changes in the immune system are known to influence neurogenesis, these processes have principally been explored independently from each other in the context of ECT. Objective: The aim of this review was to compare the time-dependent consequences of acute and chronic ECT on concomitant innate immune system and neurogenesis-related outcomes measured in the central nervous system in pre-clinical studies. Results: During the few hours following acute electroconvulsive shock (ECS), the expression of the astrocytic reactivity marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and inflammatory genes, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), were significantly increased together with the neurogenic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cell proliferation. Similarly, chronic ECS caused an initial upregulation of the same astrocytic marker, immune genes, and neurogenic factors. Interestingly, over time, inflammation appeared to be dampened, while glial activation and neurogenesis were maintained, after either acute or chronic ECS. Conclusion: Regardless of treatment duration ECS would seemingly trigger a rapid increase in inflammatory molecules, dampened over time, as well as a long-lasting activation of astrocytes and production of growth and neurotrophic factors, leading to cell proliferation. This suggests that both innate immune system response and neurogenesis might contribute to the efficacy of ECT.

Effect of plinabulin, a novel late-clinical stage immunotherapeutic agent on the adaptive and innate immune system.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (5_suppl) ◽  
pp. 8-8
Author(s):  
Ramon W. Mohanlal ◽  
Lan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Post Dose ◽  
The Impact

8 Background: Plinabulin (Plin) is a small molecule Dendritic Cell modulator, which in the presence of antigen, increases T-cell proliferation in an antigen-dependent manner marrow. The addition of Plin to Docetaxel (Doc) improved mOS with 4.6 months vs Docetaxel monotherapy, and prolonged DoR with more than 1 year (p < 0.05), which is indicative of an immune-mediated mechanism of action (Mohanlal, ASCO-SITC 2017). Neutrophils are our first line of innate immune defense against foreign invaders. We previously reported that Plinabulin prevents chemotherapy (Chemo) Induced Neutropenia (CIN) in patients receiving Doc or TAC throughout the cycle (Doc, Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide) (Blayney ASH 2018, St Gallen 2019). Here we analyzed the onset time of neutrophil increase following Plin administration. In addition, we analyzed the impact of Plin on plasma haptoglobin, which is an acute phase protein with anti-inflammatory effects together with immune-enhancing effects and is an integral part of innate immunity (Kristiansen Nature 2001). Methods: Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and haptoglobin data were analyzed from Phase 2 study BPI-2358-106 (NCT03294577) with 10 (n = 15), 20 (n = 15) and 30 mg/m2 (n = 12) Plin in Breast Cancer patients receiving TAC. Plin was administered on Day 1. ANC and Haptoglobin were analyzed by a Central Laboratory (Covance), from blood draws at predose, and post-dose Plin at Day 2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 and 15, and changes relative to predose value were evaluated. Results: Plin dose-dependently increased ANC within 1 day (P < 0.001) and Haptoglobin within 3 days (P < 0.03) of dosing. Mean haptoglobin (P < 0.0005) and ANC (P < 0.001) levels increased with ~two-fold vs baseline levels. ANC levels remained increased for approximately 1 week and haptoglobin levels for > 3 weeks. Conclusions: Based on Plinabulin’s ability to stimulate the innate system, together with its previously reported evidence as a potent activator of the adaptive immune system (Mohanlal, ASCO-SITC 2017), it is concluded that Plinabulin is a potent stimulator of the adaptive and innate immune system. Clinical trial information: NCT03294577.

scholarly journals The Impact of Lactobacillus casei on the Composition of the Cecal Microbiota and Innate Immune System Is Strain Specific

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e0156374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Busra Aktas ◽  
Travis J. De Wolfe ◽  
Nasia Safdar ◽  
Benjamin J. Darien ◽  
James L. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cecal Microbiota ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Is Strain

scholarly journals Immune cells—A curse and a blessing!

2021 ◽  
Vol 218 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valbona Mirakaj
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
The Impact

Innate immune cells are crucial in the development and regulation of cardiovascular disease. In this issue, two groups, Davis et al. (2021. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20201839) and Li et al. (2021. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20210008) describe the impact of the innate immune system on the development of cardiovascular disease.

The Impact of Intramedullary Nailing of Tibia Fractures on the Innate Immune System

Shock ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Falco Hietbrink ◽  
Leo Koenderman ◽  
Karlijn J. P. van Wessem ◽  
Luke P. H. Leenen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intramedullary Nailing ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Tibia Fractures ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Mastitis Increases Mammary mRNA Abundance of β-Defensin 5, Toll-Like-Receptor 2 (TLR2), and TLR4 but Not TLR9 in Cattle

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Goldammer ◽  
H. Zerbe ◽  
A. Molenaar ◽  
H.-J. Schuberth ◽  
R. M. Brunner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Mrna Abundance ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Tlr4 Mrna ◽  
Coordinated Regulation ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Coordination of the primary defense mechanisms against pathogens relies on the appropriate expression of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) triggering the early release of effector molecules of the innate immune system. To analyze the impact of this system on the counteraction of infections of the mammary gland (mastitis), we characterized the bovine gene encoding the key PRR Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and mapped its precise position on chromosome BTA22. The sequence information was used to establish real-time PCR quantification assays to measure the mRNA abundances of TLR9, TLR2, and TLR4 together with those of β-defensin 5 (BNBD5), an early bactericidal effector molecule of the innate system, in healthy and infected mammary glands. Mastitis strongly increased (4- to 13-fold) the mRNA abundances of all of these genes except TLR9. Slight subclinical infections already caused a substantial increase in the copy numbers, though they did so the least for TLR9. Induction was not systemic, since mRNA abundance was low in uninfected control quarters of the udder but high in the severely infected quarters of the same animal. The number of TLR2 copies correlated well with those of TLR4, indicating coordinated regulation of these two PRRs during infection of the udder. Their coordinated regulation explains our unexpected observation that pure Staphylococcus aureus infections caused a strong increase also in TLR4 mRNA abundance. In situ hybridizations revealed that BNBD5 is expressed predominantly in the mammary epithelial cells (MEC) of the infected gland. Our data therefore suggest a significant contribution of the innate immune system to counteract mastitis and attribute a prominent effector function to the MEC.

scholarly journals A new perspective for mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection: priming the innate immune system for viral attack

Open Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 200138
Author(s):  
Oren Kolodny ◽  
Michael Berger ◽  
Marcus W. Feldman ◽  
Yoav Ram
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Infectious Period ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The course of infection by SARS-CoV-2 frequently includes a long asymptomatic period, followed in some individuals by an immune dysregulation period that may lead to complications and immunopathology-induced death. This course of disease suggests that the virus often evades detection by the innate immune system. We suggest a novel therapeutic approach to mitigate the infection's severity, probability of complications and duration. We propose that priming an individual's innate immune system for viral attack shortly before it is expected to occur may allow pre-activation of the preferable trajectory of immune response, leading to early detection of the virus. Priming can be carried out, for example, by administering a standard vaccine or another reagent that elicits a broad anti-viral innate immune response. By the time that the expected SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs, activation cascades will have been put in motion and levels of immune factors needed to combat the infection will have been elevated. The infection would thus be cleared faster and with less complication than otherwise, alleviating adverse clinical outcomes at the individual level. Moreover, priming may also mitigate population-level risk by reducing need for hospitalizations and decreasing the infectious period of individuals, thus slowing the spread and reducing the impact of the epidemic. In view of the latter consideration, our proposal may have a significant epidemiological impact even if applied primarily to low-risk individuals, such as young adults, who often show mild symptoms or none, by shortening the period during which they unknowingly infect others. The proposed view is, at this time, an unproven hypothesis. Although supported by robust bio-medical reasoning and multiple lines of evidence, carefully designed clinical trials are necessary.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Impact of Isoquinoline Alkaloids, Derived fromMacleaya cordataExtract, on the Development and Innate Immune Response in Swine and Poultry

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hengjia Ni ◽  
Yordan Martínez ◽  
Guiping Guan ◽  
Román Rodríguez ◽  
Dairon Más ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Oral Antibiotics ◽  
Isoquinoline Alkaloids ◽  
Feed Supplement ◽  
Macleaya Cordata ◽  
The Impact

Medicinal extract has been chronicled extensively in traditional Chinese medicine. Isoquinoline alkaloids, extract ofMacleaya cordata(Willd.) R. Br., have been used as feed additive in both swine and poultry. Dietary supplementation with isoquinoline alkaloids increases feed intake and weight gain. In addition, recent researches have demonstrated that isoquinoline alkaloids can regulate metabolic processes, innate immune system, and digestive functioning in animals. This review summarizes the latest scientific researches on isoquinoline alkaloids which are extracted fromMacleaya cordata(Willd.) R. Br. This review specifically focuses on its role as a feed supplement and its associated impact on growth performance and innate immune system, as well as its capacity to act as a substitute for oral antibiotics.

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