scholarly journals Shale Compaction Kinetics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Smith ◽  
Edward Smith-Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Pressure Solution ◽  
Pore Fluid Pressure ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Fractional Reduction ◽  
Matrix Spaces ◽  
Horizontal Area ◽  
Good Agreement

1 Abstract The grain-to-grain stress vertically in sediments is given by the overburden less the pore fluid pressure, σ, divided by the fraction of the horizontal area which is the supporting matrix , (1 − φ), φ being the porosity. It is proposed that the fractional reduction of this ratio, Λ, with time is given by the product of φ 4m/3) , (1 − φ) 4n/3 , and one or more Arrhenius functions A exp(−E/RT ) with m and n close to 1. This proposal is tested for shale sections in six wells from around the world for which porosity-depth data are available. Good agreement is obtained above 30-40 C. A single activation energy of 23+-5 kJ/mole, indicating pressure solution of quartz, 24 kJ/mol, was obtained. The average value of m is 1, indicating fractal pore-matrix spaces and water-wet interfaces. Grain-to -grain interfaces may be fractal with m close to 1, but can have lower values suggesting smooth surfaces and even grain-to-grain welding. Results are independent of over- or under-pressure of pore water. This model explains shale compaction quantitatively.

scholarly journals Shale Compaction Kinetics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Smith ◽  
Edward Smith-Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Pressure Solution ◽  
Pore Fluid Pressure ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Fractional Reduction ◽  
Matrix Spaces ◽  
Horizontal Area ◽  
Good Agreement

The grain-to-grain stress vertically in sediments is given by the overburden less the pore fluid pressure, σ, divided by the fraction of the horizontal area which is the supporting matrix , (1 − φ), where φ is the porosity. It is proposed that the fractional reduction of this ratio, Λ, with time is given by the product of φ 4m/3 , (1 − φ) 4n/3 , and one or more Arrhenius functions A exp(−E/RT ) with m and n close to 1. This proposal is tested for shale sections in six wells from around the world for which porosity-depth data are available. Good agreement is obtained above 30-40 C and porosities less than 0.5. Single activation energies for each well are obtained in the range 15-33 kJ/mole, close to pressure solution of quartz, 24 kJ/mol. Values of m and n are in the range 1 to 0.8, indicating nearly fractal pore-matrix spaces and water-wet interfaces. Results are independent of over- or under-pressure of pore water. This model explains shale compaction quantitatively. Given porosity-depth data and accurate activation energy, E, one can infer paleo-geothermal-gradient and from that organic maturity, thus avoiding unnecessary drilling.

scholarly journals Proposed Model for Shale Compaction Kinetics

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
James Edward Smith ◽  
Edward Millard Smith-Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Pressure Solution ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Fractional Reduction ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Shales are the most abundant class of sedimentary rocks, distinguished by being very fine-grained, clayey, and compressible. Their physical and chemical properties are important in widely different enterprises such as civil engineering, ceramics, and petroleum exploration. One characteristic, which is studied here, is a systematic reduction of porosity with depth of burial. This is due increases in grain-to-grain stress and temperature. Vertical stress in sediments is given by the overburden less the pore fluid pressure, σ, divided by the fraction of the horizontal area which is the supporting matrix, (1−φ), where φ is the porosity. It is proposed that the fractional reduction of this ratio, Λ, with time is given by the product of φ4m/3, (1−φ)4n/3, and one or more Arrhenius functions Aexp(−E/RT) with m and n close to 1. This proposal is tested for shale sections in six wells from around the world for which porosity-depth data are available. Good agreement is obtained above 30–40 °C and fractional porosities less than 0.5. Single activation energies for each well are obtained in the range 15–33 kJ/mole, close to the approximate pressure solution of quartz, 24 kJ/mol. Values of m and n are in the range 1 to 0.8, indicating nearly fractal water-wet pore-to-matrix interfaces at pressure solution locations. Results are independent of over- or under-pressure of pore water. This model attempts to explain shale compaction quantitatively. For the petoleum industry, given porosity-depth data for uneroded sections and accurate activation energy, E, paleo-geothermal-gradient can be inferred and from that organic maturity, indicating better drilling prospects.

scholarly journals Fluid pressure evolution during the earthquake cycle controlled by fluid flow and pressure solution crack sealing

2002 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1139-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Gratier ◽  
Pascal Favreau ◽  
François Renard ◽  
Eric Pili
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Pressure Solution ◽  
Earthquake Cycle ◽  
Crack Sealing ◽  
Pressure Evolution

scholarly journals Correction to: Stress and pore fluid pressure control of seismicity rate changes following the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kodai Nakagomi ◽  
Toshiko Terakawa ◽  
Satoshi Matsumoto ◽  
Shinichiro Horikawa
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Pore Fluid ◽  
2016 Kumamoto Earthquake ◽  
Pore Fluid Pressure ◽  
Seismicity Rate ◽  
Kumamoto Earthquake ◽  
The 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake ◽  
Seismicity Rate Changes

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Features of relativistic charged particles produced in catastrophic destruction of heavy emulsion nuclei at 4.5 A GeV

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 559-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Singh ◽  
M S Khan ◽  
H Khushnood
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Distribution ◽  
Linear Dependence ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Average Multiplicity ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Multiplicity Distributions ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Fireball Model

Total disintegration events produced in 4.5 A GeV/c 12C--AgBr reactions are analysed to investigate the characteristics of secondary charged particles produced in such collisions. The results reveal that multiplicity distributions of grey, black, and relativistic charged particles agree with the Poisson distribution. The average multiplicity of grey particles is found to increase with the increasing mass of projectile, while the average value of black particles is found to decrease with the increasing mass of projectile. This result is in good agreement with the prediction of fireball model. Finally, the linear dependence of grey and compound multiplicities on black, heavy, and relativistic charged particles is also observed. PACS No.: 25.70

Technically Classified Rubber—The Non-Rubber Content and the Measurement of Cure Rate

1953 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Veith
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Astm Method ◽  
Viscosity Increase ◽  
Strain Testing ◽  
Time Test ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract The nonrubber content of typical samples of all grades of technically classified rubber has been determined. It is found that the nonrubber content increases in the order: red, yellow, and blue. The chemical analyses performed to determine the nonrubber content were as follows: per cent ash, per cent nitrogen, per cent acetone extract, and per cent fatty acid. The pH of both a slurry of the ash and the aqueous digest indicates that blue rubber is more basic in these respects than are red and yellow rubbers. The measurement of the cure rate of these samples of technically classified rubber has been carried out by means of (1) conventional stress-strain testing, (2) the present ASTM method utilizing the Mooney viscometer, (3) the National Bureau of Standards strain test, (4) a new and more quantitative approach developed by Gee and coworkers, and (5) a utilization of the Mooney viscometer to determine two of the parameters of Gee's equation which gives the time dependence of modulus. All of these methods place the rubbers in the same relative order. The use of the viscometer to determine two of the parameters of Gee's equation was prompted by the degree of correlation between the rate parameter obtained with the present ASTM method and the rate constant k calculated by Gee's methods. As a result of a preliminary investigation as to the causes of viscosity increases at curing temperatures, it was found that, within limits of experimental error, all of the viscosity increase is due to the formation of a cross-linked network, with a linear relationship existing between viscosity increase ΔVc and modulus (at 100 per cent elongation) f. The results of a comparison of the rate constants obtained by the viscometer and by Gee's method indicate that for MBT mixes at 260° F there is good agreement between the methods. Statistical analysis shows that the samples employed for this study are significantly different in their rate of cure. The variance, range, and mean of some of the parameters obtained with the viscometer over a 10-week period are also given. It is suggested that the Mooney viscometer be employed to classify natural rubber according to its cure rate. If this is done, it will be necessary to define the degree of accuracy desired. To determine accurately the cure rate, it is necessary that the viscometer be used in conjunction with a press cure for the estimation of the parameter f∞. If it is not feasible to carry out press cures, an average value for f∞ can be assumed, and then only a short time test with the viscometer is required.

The structure of the Cincinnati arch as determined by short period Rayleigh waves

1969 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 399-407
Author(s):  
Robert B. Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Rayleigh Waves ◽  
Layer Model ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract The propagation of Rayleigh waves with periods of 0.4 to 2.0 seconds across the Cincinnati arch is investigated. The region of investigation includes southern Indiana and Ohio and northern Kentucky. The experimental data for all paths are fitted by a three-layer model of varying layer thickness but of fixed velocity in each layer. The resulting inferred structural picture is in good agreement with the known basement trends of the region. The velocities of the best fitting theoretical model agree well with velocity-depth data from a well in southern Indiana.

scholarly journals MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND ELECTROPHORESIS OF CRYSTALLINE RIBONUCLEASE

1940 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Rothen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Isoelectric Point ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Diffusion Measurement ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Rate Of Sedimentation ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Good Agreement

Electrophoretic studies on purified crystalline ribonuclease showed the absence of any impurities differing in mobility from the bulk of material. The isoelectric point of ribonuclease was found by electrophoresis to be at about pH 7.8. Ultracentrifuge studies indicated fair homogeneity of ribonuclease in solution. Only one moving component has been observed. The molecular weight of ribonuclease was found to be 12,700 from rate of sedimentation (S25 = 1.85 x 10–13 in 0.5 M (NH4)2SO4) and diffusion measurement (D = 1.36 x 10–6 in 0.5 M (NH4)2SO4), in good agreement with the average value of 13,000 found from equilibrium measurements. This low value for the molecular weight of a protein would seem to discredit the value 17,600 as representing a universal unit weight for proteins in general.

scholarly journals The Chamomile Aromatherapy Reduce The Scale of Nausea

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
ima putri
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Complementary Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Delayed Nausea ◽  
The World ◽  
Chemotherapy Patients ◽  
Analyze Data

The incidence of cervical cancer in the world is 17 per 100,000 women, while the mortality rate ranges from 8.2 per 100,000 women. One therapy for cancer treatment is chemotherapy. The side effects caused by chemotherapy are nausea and vomiting. In addition to drugs, complementary therapy given to chemotherapy patients is chamomile aromatherapy. This study aims to determine the effect of chamomile aromatherapy on reducing the scale of nausea after chemotherapy of cervical cancer patients in Dr. Moewardi Hospital. The type of research used is quasy experiment, using a research design non equivalent with the control group pretest and posttest design. The sample used was 30 patients with the criteria of patients who experienced Acute & Delayed Nausea. Analyze data used Paired Samples Test and Independent T-Test. The results showed that the average scale of nausea before chamomile aromatherapy intervention was 15.40. And the average scale of nausea after intervention was 2.87 as evidenced by the value p=0.000 (p<0.05). The average value of the nausea after treatment scale in the control group was 7.33, and the nausea scale average value in the intervention group was 2.87. So that it can be concluded that there is an effect after being given chamomile aromatherapy to reduce the scale of nausea after chemotherapy with p=0.000

scholarly journals Impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth in the world during 1975–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (91) ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
B. B. Brychka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The study is concentrated on examination the impact of FDI on economic growth in the World during 1975–2015. The study consists of four consecutive parts, including introduction, literature review, model and methodology, data, empirical results and conclusion. Each part of the study is focused on its own goals. According to the results of the literature review, there is positive influence of FDI on economic growth in various countries. Economic growth is one of the most important goals of any country. The country image on the international level is dependent on its economic power. Economic growth provides an opportunity to improve the living standards in the country. Most researchers conclude that there is a positive influence of FDI on the countries’ economic growth. However, the impact of FDI is strong in developing countries. Moreover, this relationship is stronger in countries with higher educational and technological level, trade openness and development of the countries’ stock markets. Economists often build regression models to estimate the relationship between the variables. In order to find the impact of FDI on economic growth, we are going to apply linear regression models. We take two variables as indicators of the countries’ economic growth, including current GDP expressed in U.S dollars, and annual GDP growth rate. Taking into account that the World’s GDP in current U.S dollar is a factor variable with the mentioned resulting variables, the regression equation looks as follows: The R-squared of the built model is 0.99, indicating that roughly 100% of changes in the World’s GDP is caused by the chosen factors. As it is seen from the SAS output, the residuals of dependent variable and factors variables are distributed normally among its average value. Thus, non-normality is not observed in the model. Taking into account the coefficients of the factor variables, the log GDP is most sensitive to the changes in trade as a percent of GDP. The log GDP is not quite sensitive to the changes in FDI, since the coefficient of 0.000128 means that increasing of FDI by one unit increase the logarithmic value of GDP by $ 0.000128.

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