scholarly journals Proposed Model for Shale Compaction Kinetics

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
James Edward Smith ◽  
Edward Millard Smith-Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Pressure Solution ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Fractional Reduction ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Shales are the most abundant class of sedimentary rocks, distinguished by being very fine-grained, clayey, and compressible. Their physical and chemical properties are important in widely different enterprises such as civil engineering, ceramics, and petroleum exploration. One characteristic, which is studied here, is a systematic reduction of porosity with depth of burial. This is due increases in grain-to-grain stress and temperature. Vertical stress in sediments is given by the overburden less the pore fluid pressure, σ, divided by the fraction of the horizontal area which is the supporting matrix, (1−φ), where φ is the porosity. It is proposed that the fractional reduction of this ratio, Λ, with time is given by the product of φ4m/3, (1−φ)4n/3, and one or more Arrhenius functions Aexp(−E/RT) with m and n close to 1. This proposal is tested for shale sections in six wells from around the world for which porosity-depth data are available. Good agreement is obtained above 30–40 °C and fractional porosities less than 0.5. Single activation energies for each well are obtained in the range 15–33 kJ/mole, close to the approximate pressure solution of quartz, 24 kJ/mol. Values of m and n are in the range 1 to 0.8, indicating nearly fractal water-wet pore-to-matrix interfaces at pressure solution locations. Results are independent of over- or under-pressure of pore water. This model attempts to explain shale compaction quantitatively. For the petoleum industry, given porosity-depth data for uneroded sections and accurate activation energy, E, paleo-geothermal-gradient can be inferred and from that organic maturity, indicating better drilling prospects.

scholarly journals Shale Compaction Kinetics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Smith ◽  
Edward Smith-Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Pressure Solution ◽  
Pore Fluid Pressure ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Fractional Reduction ◽  
Matrix Spaces ◽  
Horizontal Area ◽  
Good Agreement

The grain-to-grain stress vertically in sediments is given by the overburden less the pore fluid pressure, σ, divided by the fraction of the horizontal area which is the supporting matrix , (1 − φ), where φ is the porosity. It is proposed that the fractional reduction of this ratio, Λ, with time is given by the product of φ 4m/3 , (1 − φ) 4n/3 , and one or more Arrhenius functions A exp(−E/RT ) with m and n close to 1. This proposal is tested for shale sections in six wells from around the world for which porosity-depth data are available. Good agreement is obtained above 30-40 C and porosities less than 0.5. Single activation energies for each well are obtained in the range 15-33 kJ/mole, close to pressure solution of quartz, 24 kJ/mol. Values of m and n are in the range 1 to 0.8, indicating nearly fractal pore-matrix spaces and water-wet interfaces. Results are independent of over- or under-pressure of pore water. This model explains shale compaction quantitatively. Given porosity-depth data and accurate activation energy, E, one can infer paleo-geothermal-gradient and from that organic maturity, thus avoiding unnecessary drilling.

scholarly journals Shale Compaction Kinetics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Smith ◽  
Edward Smith-Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Pressure Solution ◽  
Pore Fluid Pressure ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Fractional Reduction ◽  
Matrix Spaces ◽  
Horizontal Area ◽  
Good Agreement

1 Abstract The grain-to-grain stress vertically in sediments is given by the overburden less the pore fluid pressure, σ, divided by the fraction of the horizontal area which is the supporting matrix , (1 − φ), φ being the porosity. It is proposed that the fractional reduction of this ratio, Λ, with time is given by the product of φ 4m/3) , (1 − φ) 4n/3 , and one or more Arrhenius functions A exp(−E/RT ) with m and n close to 1. This proposal is tested for shale sections in six wells from around the world for which porosity-depth data are available. Good agreement is obtained above 30-40 C. A single activation energy of 23+-5 kJ/mole, indicating pressure solution of quartz, 24 kJ/mol, was obtained. The average value of m is 1, indicating fractal pore-matrix spaces and water-wet interfaces. Grain-to -grain interfaces may be fractal with m close to 1, but can have lower values suggesting smooth surfaces and even grain-to-grain welding. Results are independent of over- or under-pressure of pore water. This model explains shale compaction quantitatively.

Analyzing the Impact of Using Biodiesel in the Parameters of a 30 kW Micro-Turbine Control Model

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel A. Rendo´n ◽  
Marco A. R. Do Nascimento ◽  
Pedro P. C. Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Power ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
Micro Turbine ◽  
Turbine Speed ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact

This work presents the modifications in a 30 kW gas micro-turbine speed control model, when it was supplied with castor bean biodiesel in several proportions. The concern about using biodiesel as an alternative fuel is increasing in the Brazilian distributed generation market. For this analytics, a complete study was developed considering the effects of using this new fuel. Characteristics like chemical composition, physical and chemical properties of the different mixtures were analyzed, especially focusing on the kinematic viscosity of the fuel. The tests results performed with the micro-turbine, originally projected for diesel, are shown. Mixtures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 50 e 100% of biodesel were used, and several variables were measured in the whole range of power. The influence of the biodiesel characteristics in the model parameters are commented in the conclusions. The possible application of the proposed model in studies of electrical power network is suggested in the end of the article.

scholarly journals Physical and chemical properties of natural clay deposits

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
B.M. Kussainova ◽  
◽  
G.K. Tazhkenova ◽  
I.A. Kazarinov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Practical Importance ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Carbon Sorbent ◽  
High Wear Resistance ◽  
High Mechanical Strength ◽  
Clay Deposits ◽  
High Fluid ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The problem of creating and using sorption materials is relevant for the practice of modern chemistry, biotechnology, medicine and agriculture. Knowledge of the physical and chemical laws of the processes of carbonation, activation, as well as sorption and desorption is of particular importance in the case of nanostructured carbon sorbent for highly effective treatment of water contaminated with pesticides, as well as for reducing the concentration of cytokines in the blood of patients with sepsis. It is of great practical importance to obtain adsorbents using a carbon sorbent to significantly reduce the concentrations of heavy substances, which is very important for the Western regions of Kazakhstan. Thus, it is currently relevant to develop such sorbents that would have high mechanical strength and withstand high fluid pressure during operation, have a large capacity and high wear resistance, allowing them to work for a year or more. Based on the above, the goal of our research is to create new modified carbon sorbents for industrial use for wastewater treatment.

scholarly journals Kinetics and Mechanism of Bulk Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride in a Polymerization Reactor

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
A. S. Ibrahim ◽  
Y. A. Ali ◽  
H. M. Saad ◽  
I. H. Amur
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Bulk Polymerization ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Plant Data ◽  
Solid Phases ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the third most commonly produced polymer and is important because of its mechanical characteristics. The most common method of PVC manufacturing is the process of suspension. Although, there are several benefits associated with suspension, this study will focus on the bulk polymerization of vinyl chloride; highlight the physical and chemical properties of PVC, which can be changed through an estimation of the optimum ratio that exists between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of the polymer’s surface, and propose a new mathematical model which will be helpful for the conversion of PVC into a useful form. The result will be the proposal of a new dynamic mathematical model for the three-phase structure model. All particles have been taken into account in the proposed model, which helped contribute to the reaction in gel, solid, and liquid phases, emphasizing the use of mercury (Hg) as a catalyst. The proposed mathematical model considers the heat and mass transfer between the liquid, gel, and solid phases with chemical reactions that occur between the liquid and solid phases, and between the gel and solid phases. The effect of the catalyst and volumetric flow rates of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) on the system have been evaluated through the proposed mathematical model. Furthermore, the study’s experimental data have been compared with the findings of the suggested model in the context of concentration and temperature reaction. Obtained results show good agreement between the proposed mathematical model and the actual plant data.  

scholarly journals Meta-learning Prediction of Physical and Chemical Properties of Magnetized Water and Fertilizer Based on LSTM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Nie ◽  
Nianyi Wang ◽  
Jingbin Li ◽  
Kang Wang ◽  
Hongkun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Model ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Magnetized Water ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Meta Learning ◽  
Update Rules ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstract BackgroundDue to the high cost of data collection and labeling for magnetization detection of medium, the sample size is limited, it is not suitable to use deep learning method to predict its change trend. The prediction of physical and chemical properties of magnetized water and fertilizer(PCPMWF) by meta-learning can help to explore the effects of magnetized water and fertilizer irrigation on crops. MethodIn this article, we propose a meta-learning optimization model based on the meta-learner LSTM in the field of regression prediction of PCPMWF. In meta-learning, LSTM is used to replace MAML's gradient descent optimizer for regression tasks, enables the meta-learner to learn the update rules of the LSTM, and apply it to update the parameters of the model. The proposed method is compared with the experimental results of MAML and LSTM to verify the feasibility and correctness.ResultsThe average absolute percentage error of the meta-learning optimization model of meta-learner LSTM is reduced by 0.37% compared with the MAML model, and by 4.16% compared with the LSTM model.ConclusionsIn the case of few sample, the proposed model is superior to the traditional LSTM model and the basic MAML model.

scholarly journals The Effect of pH on Stability of an Isolation Barrier Made of Dolomite Post-Floatation Waste

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1384
Author(s):  
Jolanta Sobik-Szołtysek
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Filtration Coefficient ◽  
Grain Composition ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Column Material ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Alternative Material ◽  
Leaching Solution ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Dolomite post-floatation waste has been proposed as an alternative material for the construction of separation barriers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the pH of leaching solutions on the stability of such barriers. The present research included the determination of selected physical and chemical properties of waste, i.e., density, grain composition, and filtration coefficient. Column tests of leaching by solutions of different pH values modeling varying environmental conditions were performed. Selected ions were determined in the eluates. Grain analyses were carried out for the column material after leaching to determine the changes in grain composition of dolomite due to washing with leaching solutions. The determined value of the filtration coefficient is 6.52 × 10−9 m∙s−1, which confirms the impermeability of the waste. The material is fine-grained, with a grain diameter of d ≤ 200 µm. During leaching, a decrease in the content of the analyzed ions and the diameter of grains and their movement down the barrier, resulting in its sealing, was observed. The central part of all columns showed more grains with a diameter of 7 μm, which is probably due to secondary precipitation of CaSO4. Irrespective of the initial pH of the leaching solution, the reaction of all eluates obtained was slightly alkaline (pH 7.52–8.20). Dolomite post-floatation waste has properties that ensure the tightness and durability of the separation barrier, which, combined with its ability to alkalize solutions and the sealing process, ensures its effectiveness.

Textural and Optical Properties of Ce-Doped YAG/Al2O3 Melt Growth Composite Grown by Micro-Pulling-Down Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rayko Simura ◽  
Tetsuo Taniuchi ◽  
Kazumasa Sugiyama ◽  
Tsuguo Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Spectra ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Blue Laser ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Melt Growth ◽  
White Leds ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Blue Laser Diode ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

AbstractCe-doped YAG/Al2O3 melt-growth composite (MGC) samples were grown by the micro-pulling-down (μ-PD) method, and their physical and chemical properties were investigated. The grown MGC samples exhibit fine-grained granophyric texture at the micron scale. Fluorescence spectra, excited by a blue laser diode, were recorded, and, in particular, the finely textured granophyric MGC sample doped with 0.1 at% Ce and prepared with a growth rate of 3 mm/min shows superior fluorescence properties without high-temperature deterioration of fluorescence intensity. The μ-PD method is demonstrated to be applicable for manufacturing finely textured MGC samples with improved luminous efficiency as phosphors for white LEDs.

scholarly journals Study of physical and chemical properties of iron oxides-containing man-caused raw materials sinter production

2018 ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
A. Е. Аnikin ◽  
G. V. Galevsky ◽  
V. V. Rudneva
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Powder Materials ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Gas Cleaning ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Size Grade ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Results of studies of physical and chemical properties of rolling scale and dewatered sludge from gas-cleaning system of BOF plant quoted, carried out for estimation of technological advisability of application them in metallization processes. The studies carried out by application of standard methodics of determination of chemical, phase, grain-sized contents and density of fine and powder materials. It was determined, that content of total iron, FeO and Fe2O3oxides, Sulphur and Phosphor in the scale makes figures 73.3, 75.5, 20.9, 0.036 and 0.019 % correspondently, in the sludge – 41.2, 4.7, 53.7, 0.21 and 0.15 % correspondently. The sludge contains also up to 20.9% of CAO and 4.3% of total carbon. Grain-size contents of the scale and the sludge are considerably different: content of size grade +1.0 mm and –0.016 mm is in the scale 63.3% and 0%, in the sludge – 14.8 and 44.5 % correspondently. Real density of the scale is 4.6–4.9 g/sm3. The results obtained confirm a technological advisability of application of fine-grained scale and powdered sludge in metallization processes, including their preliminary briquetting comprising carbonic reduction agent.

Modeling Changes in Internal Pressure During the Solidification of Hydrous Granitic Intrusives: Implications for the Crystallization of Miarolitic Pegmatites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issac J. Jacques ◽  
Alan J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Alkali Feldspar ◽  
Aqueous Fluid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Melt And Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Host Rocks ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Residual Melt

ABSTRACT Volatile exsolution is widely recognized as an important trigger for eruptions from shallow magma reservoirs, but relatively few studies quantify the effects of exsolution on internal pressure within deeper-seated intrusive bodies. We present a model to predict internal pressure changes during the crystallization of a haplogranite melt containing 3 and 5 mass % H2O and with an emplacement pressure of 200 MPa. Mass and volume relations between phases are used to determine internal pressure assuming a closed, constant-volume system. The results indicate that initial crystallization of alkali feldspar and quartz causes a decrease in pressure prior to the exsolution of an aqueous fluid from the residual melt (i.e., resurgent boiling). Further crystallization toward the core of the body in the presence of a separate volatile phase results in a sharp increase in internal pressure. Our model shows that in closed, isochoric systems, the crystallization of the H2O-saturated melt will generate internal pressures that greatly exceed emplacement pressures typical of miarolitic pegmatites. Extreme overpressure modifies the physical and chemical properties of the residual melt and coexisting aqueous fluid, which in turn influences crystallization kinetics and the development of primary textures. Primary melt and fluid inclusions in pocket minerals thus likely represent samples trapped at various pressures in a rapidly evolving melt–fluid system. In most pegmatites, increasing fluid pressure and the formation of large pockets is regulated by the permeability and tensile strength of the enclosing rock. This explains why many miarolitic pegmatites occur within rigid host rocks such as granite, gabbro, and gneiss.

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