scholarly journals Anatomical and Image Analysis of Grain Coloration in Rye

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel A. Zykin ◽  
Elena A. Andreeva ◽  
Natalia V. Tsvetkova ◽  
Anatoly V. Voylokov
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Maldi Imaging ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Grain Color ◽  
Color Coordinate ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Main Color ◽  
Intraspecies Variability ◽  
Individual Grains ◽  
Different Parts

In rye, there is a considerable variety of grain color which is determined by the diversity of compounds localized in different parts of the grain (caryopsis) - pericarp, testa, and aleurone. The localization of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins was analyzed in 26 rye samples with identified anthocyanin genes, along with the analysis of CIE color coordinates. The Grain Scan program [1] was used to analyze images of individual grains. The localization of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins was studied on longitudinal and cross sections of grains using light microscopy and MALDI-imaging. The violet-grained samples contain anthocyanins in the pericarp, and the green-grained samples contain anthocyanins in the aleurone layer. The green, violet and yellow-grained rye, with the exception of two anthocyaninless mutants vi3 and vi6, shows the presence of proanthocyanidins in the brown-colored testa. Four main color groups of the rye grains (yellow, green, brown, violet) could be differentiated using the color coordinate h° (hue angle). Interspecies and intraspecies variability for the localization of colored flavonoids in cereal grains is discussed.

Studies on the growth and longevity of the yellow-bellied toad, Bombina variegata, in natural environments

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Plytycz ◽  
Janusz Bigaj
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Bombina Variegata ◽  
Different Parts

AbstractYellow-bellied toads were studied in their natural environment in a mountain locality in southeastern Poland. 608 specimens were captured, marked by yellow skin autografts placed in different parts of their dorsal surface according to body length, and released. Some of them were recaptured and measured from one to nine years later to estimate their growth and longevity. Yellow-bellied toads grew rapidly in early life; thereafter their growth was very limited. Body size was not an accurate age indicator of an individual of this species. The body length 51-55 mm was maximal in this locality. Yellow-bellied toads were long-lived in nature, some individuals surviving for much more than ten years, and perhaps even more than 20 years. The skeletochronological technique (counting the growth lines in phalangeal cross-sections of the clipped toes of some marked individuals) underestimated the actual age of these animals.

Model Test Investigation of Rock-Fall Impaction to Cut-and-Cover Tunnel Arch Structure

2011 ◽  
Vol 90-93 ◽  
pp. 2492-2499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Suo Wang ◽  
Jian Hui Tang ◽  
Tao Yan ◽  
Ju Mei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Rock Fall ◽  
Similar Model ◽  
Slope Gradient ◽  
Slope Surface ◽  
Arch Structure ◽  
Test Investigation ◽  
Rock Weight ◽  
Different Parts

On conditions of different weight，height, shape, slope gradient and the property of slope surface, the tunnel portal structure’s strain evoked by rock-fall impaction has been researched in laboratory by using a 1/30 scale similar model. The study shows that there is a simple linear relationship between the structure’s strain , the rock weight and the rockfall height when the slope gradient is specific and the slope surface is slippery and the multiple linear relationship between the structure’s strain , the rock weight and the rockfall height has been obtained. Effect of the shape of the rockfall and the property of slope surface on structure’s strain has been analyzed; The distribution characteristics of the structure’s strain of different parts of one cross-section and the same parts of different cross-sections has been comparative analyed.

Characterization and Investigation of Deformation During Microextrusion Using X-Ray Texture Analyses

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunal Ahmet Parasız ◽  
Brad L. Kinsey ◽  
Neil Krishnan ◽  
Jian Cao
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Shear Deformation ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Inhomogeneous Deformation ◽  
Axially Symmetric ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Individual Grains

In microforming scaling down the size of the process while the grain size is kept relatively constant usually results in inhomogeneous deformation. In most works, the inhomogeneous deformation of miniaturized samples is presented and evaluated by microstructure analyses of the deformed grains. However, in certain microforming processes, such as microextrusion, where the final texture of the conventional macro size samples is well known, texture analyses can provide useful information about the deformation. In our past research, extrusion experiments were performed to produce sub-millimeter sized pins having a base diameter of 0.76 mm and an extruded diameter of 0.57 mm. Curvature of differing degrees and directions was observed in workpieces with a coarse grain size of 211 μm. However, a similar effect did not occur in workpieces with a fine grain size of 32 μm. Microstructure analyses showed that when the sample size approaches the grain size, the deformation becomes inhomogeneous and the properties of individual grains can dominate the overall deformation of their cross-sections. Moreover, microhardness measurements revealed that deformation size effects are present and as a result the coarse grained pins strain hardened more than the fine grained pins during microextrusion. This result along with microstructure analyses suggested that the coarse grains in the central region possibly undergo more shear deformation. In this paper, X-ray texture analyses of the pins were performed to validate that there is penetration of shear deformation into the central regions of the coarse grained pins. Also, the texture analyses point to the possibility that the deformation in the curved region of the coarse grained pins is not axially symmetric which causes the curvature observed.

scholarly journals Associated Charmonium-Bottomonium Production in a Single Boson e+e− Annihilation

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1262
Author(s):  
Ilia Belov ◽  
Alexander Berezhnoy ◽  
Evgeny Leshchenko
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Production Cross ◽  
Color Singlet ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Color ◽  
The One

The production cross sections of J/ψηb, Yηc pairs in a single boson e+e− annihilation have been studied in a wide range of energies, which will be achieved at future e+e− colliders. The main color singlet contributions to the production processes are taken into account, including the one loop QCD contribution.

scholarly journals Duplicated flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3’, 5’-hydroxylase genes in barley genome

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Vikhorev ◽  
Ksenia V. Strygina ◽  
Elena K. Khlestkina
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Barley Genome ◽  
Tissue Specific Expression ◽  
Different Parts

Background Anthocyanin compounds playing multiple biological functions can be synthesized in different parts of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plant. The diversity of anthocyanin molecules is related with branching the pathway to alternative ways in which dihydroflavonols may be modified either with the help of flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) or flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H)—the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases. The F3′H and F3′5′H gene families are among the least studied anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes in barley. The aim of this study was to identify and characterise duplicated copies of the F3′H and F3′5′H genes in the barley genome. Results Four copies of the F3′5′H gene (on chromosomes 4HL, 6HL, 6HS and 7HS) and two copies of the F3′H gene (on chromosomes 1HL and 6HS) were identified in barley genome. These copies have either one or two introns. Amino acid sequences analysis demonstrated the presence of the flavonoid hydroxylase-featured conserved motifs in all copies of the F3′H and F3′5′H genes with the exception of F3′5′H-3 carrying a loss-of-function mutation in a conservative cytochrome P450 domain. It was shown that the divergence between F3′H and F3′5′H genes occurred 129 million years ago (MYA) before the emergence of monocot and dicot plant species. The F3′H copy approximately occurred 80 MYA; the appearance of F3′5′H copies occurred 8, 36 and 91 MYA. qRT-PCR analysis revealed the tissue-specific activity for some copies of the studied genes. The F3′H-1 gene was transcribed in aleurone layer, lemma and pericarp (with an increased level in the coloured pericarp), whereas the F3′H-2 gene was expressed in stems only. The F3′5′H-1 gene was expressed only in the aleurone layer, and in a coloured aleurone its expression was 30-fold higher. The transcriptional activity of F3′5′H-2 was detected in different tissues with significantly higher level in uncoloured genotype in contrast to coloured ones. The F3′5′H-3 gene expressed neither in stems nor in aleurone layer, lemma and pericarp. The F3′5′H-4 gene copy was weakly expressed in all tissues analysed. Conclusion F3′H and F3′5′H-coding genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis in H. vulgare were identified and characterised, from which the copies designated F3′H-1, F3′H-2, F3′5′H-1 and F3′5′H-2 demonstrated tissue-specific expression patterns. Information on these modulators of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway can be used in future for manipulation with synthesis of diverse anthocyanin compounds in different parts of barley plant. Finding both the copies with tissue-specific expression and a copy undergoing pseudogenization demonstrated rapid evolutionary events tightly related with functional specialization of the duplicated members of the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases gene families.

scholarly journals A CIELAB Color Classification Scheme for Poinsettias

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 456F-456
Author(s):  
Bernard B. Bible ◽  
Richard J. McAvoy
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Single Plant ◽  
Color Classification ◽  
Consumer Ratings ◽  
Color Coordinate ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
L Value ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Similar Evaluation ◽  
Cielab Color

Forty-two poinsettia cultivars were grown as a 15-cm single-plant pinched crop at 21/16.5°C (day/night) temperatures during Fall 1995 with standard commercial practices for irrigating, fertilizing, and pest control. On 7 Dec., 156 consumers rated the cultivars for their overall appeal. On 11 Dec., color coordinate (CIELAB) readings for bracts and leaves were taken with a Minolta 200b colorimeter. The colorimeter was set to illuminate C and has a 8-mm aperture. Bracts and leaves were placed on a white tile background for colorimetric readings. In 1996, a similar evaluation was conducted with 55 poinsettia cultivars. Using the L-value of leaves as a criterion, cultivars were separated into medium green-leafed and dark green-leafed groupings. For bracts among the red types, hue angle values were used to separate cultivars into cool red types (hue angle ≈20–22°) and warm red types (hue angle ≈24–25°). Based on the 1995 study, cultivars within the cool red bracts and dark green foliage group—those that were darker, duller red (lower L and chroma)—were less attractive (lower consumer ratings) than lighter, more-vivid red cultivars. For cultivars within the cool red bracts and medium green foliage group, consumers preferred the darker duller red cultivars. Perhaps dark foliage gives a more pleasing contrast with the more vivid cool reds than does the medium green foliage. In general, consumers rated red cultivars hire than non-red cultivars.

Hardness and elastic properties of dehydrated cuticle from the lobster Homarus americanus obtained by nanoindentation

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1987-1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Sachs ◽  
H. Fabritius ◽  
D. Raabe
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
American Lobster ◽  
Powerful Method ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Nanoindentation Testing ◽  
Different Parts

The mechanical properties of biological materials are well adjusted to their function. An excellent example for such materials is the cuticle or exoskeleton of arthropods. In this study, dehydrated cuticle of the American lobster Homarus americanus was examined as a model for a mineralized biological composite material. Nanoindentation testing is a powerful method for revealing gradients and anisotropy in the hardness and the elastic properties of such materials. The air-dried test specimens stem from different parts of the crusher claw with different biological functions. Both the exocuticle and the endocuticle were probed in normal and in the transverse direction to the cuticle surface. For estimating variations in the grade of mineralization, the samples which were tested as cross-sections of the cuticle were analyzed by the use of energy dispersive x-ray mapping. The microstructure of fracture surfaces of the test specimens was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Due to the use of dehydrated samples, our results do not reflect the exact properties of lobster cuticle in the natural hydrated state, but they can be regarded as a fairly good approximation to the in vivo state.

scholarly journals Rust Fungi Forming Aecia on Berberis spp. in Sweden

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 1281-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Berlin ◽  
J. Kyaschenko ◽  
A. F. Justesen ◽  
J. Yuen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Sequence Analyses ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Clear Differentiation ◽  
Different Parts

Barberry (Berberis spp.) hosts the aecial stage of several rust species, including Puccinia graminis, which causes stem rust on grasses and cereals. The aecial stage of this pathogen has received less attention because it is not as economically important compared with the uredinial and telial stages. The main objective of this study was to identify and describe the rust species that were found on Berberis spp. collected in different parts of Sweden. A morphological study, including spore measurements and aecia descriptions, was conducted, as well as DNA sequence analyses (using the internal transcribed spacer region and the EF1-α gene). Based on spore and aecia morphology as well as the genetic analyses, three different taxa could be distinguished on barberry: P. graminis f. sp. avenae, P. graminis f. sp. tritci/secalis, and P. arrhenatheri. The genetic analysis revealed little or no differentiation between P. graminis f. sp. tritici and P. graminis f. sp. secalis and, thus, this group of samples was denominated P. graminis f. sp. tritici/secalis. Aecial morphology may be used to differentiate between different taxa. In particular, examination of aecial cross-sections may be used to distinguish between P. graminis f. sp. avenae and P. graminis f. sp. tritici/secalis. A clear differentiation in the mode of growth on barberry was also found; P. arrhenatheri always appeared systemic whereas P. graminis always appeared localized.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Wilt Disease Caused by Verticillium dahliae on Ailanthus glandulosa in Greece

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Skarmoutsos ◽  
H. Skarmoutsou
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Vascular Wilt ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Globular Cells ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Different Parts

Ailanthus glandulosa is an introduced tree species in Greece used as ornamental and is considered resistant to both fungal and insect attacks. However, since 1992, a great number of A. glandulosa plants of different ages and in different parts of northern Greece have been dying. The phenomenon appeared either in single trees or in groups, and the number of affected plants increased from year to year. The symptoms were characteristic of a wilt disease. Dieback started on one or more branches and gradually spread, or whole trees were affected from the beginning. Death may occur during spring when trees do not resume their activity or later in the summer. Leaves wilt, turn yellow and fall in a short time. Trees may die in 1 to 3 years depending on their age. In cross sections of branches a continuous discoloured ring or arc was present in the outermost sapwood. Isolations made from dying trees from 25 different locations have yielded V. dahliae, a pathogen known to cause vascular wilt on many plant hosts, including Ailanthus (1). Isolations made from healthy trees did not yield the fungus. Abundant mycelium developed in the host vessels of infected trees; the hyphae were cylindrical, hyaline, and septate. On malt agar fungal cultures developed quickly and were initially a whitish to cream color that later turned black due to the formation of microsclerotia. In culture, microsclerotia started to form centrally and were dark brown to black, consisting of swollen globular cells that formed irregular masses variable in shape. The fungus also produced abundant verticillate conidiophores with phialides and conidia. This is a first report of Verticillium wilt on A. glandulosa in Greece. Reference: (1) G. Arnaud et al. Rev. Pathol. Veg. Entomol. Agric. Fr. 17:227, 1930.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity in peach cultivars

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosana Gonçalves Pires Matias ◽  
Cláudio Horst Bruckner ◽  
João Alison Alves Oliveira ◽  
Pedro Crescêncio Souza Carneiro ◽  
Danielle Fabíola Pereira Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Color Coordinate ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Fruit Mass ◽  
Diversity Evaluation

This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity among 28 peach cultivars and two nectarine cultivars, describing the most important characters in the diversity evaluation. The study was developed at the Federal University of Viçosa - Brazil, and the following characteristics were evaluated: fruit mass, suture, equatorial and polar diameters, firmness, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA, ascorbic acid and carotenoids contents, skin and flesh color (coordinate b* and hue angle - °h). Genetic diversity in peach and nectarine cultivars enabled the formation of seven, six and six groups in the 2011, 2012 and 2013 crop years, respectively. The features that most contributed to this diversity were fruit mass, skin and flesh °h and firmness. The greatest genetic divergence was observed between ‘Marli’ and ‘Rubrosol’, ‘Josefina’ and ‘Maciel’ and ‘Maciel’ and ‘Rubrosol’ during the 2011, 2012 and 2013 crop years, respectively.

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