scholarly journals Variation of Patulin Levels in Citrus Fruits from Central Cities of Punjab and Northern Cities of Pakistan, and Estimation of Dietary Intake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahzad Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Northern Cities

The research aims to discover the natural occurrence of patulin (PAT) in selected citrus fruits from the central cities of Punjab and Pakistan's Northern cities. Total 2970 samples of twelve citrus fruits; kinnow, orange, grapefruits, bitter orange, mausami, red blood, pineapple, sweet orange, rough lime, sweet lime, kagzi lime and lemon were examined using liquid chromatography fitted with UV detector. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification limit was 0.04 and 0.12 µg/kg, respectively. The results have shown that 56% of samples of citrus fruits from Punjab's central cities, Pakistan, were discovered to be infected from PAT. The elevated amounts of PAT ranging from 0.04 to 1150 µg/kg were found in citrus fruit samples from Multan cities. Furthermore, 31.7% of samples of citrus fruits from Northern cities of Pakistan were discovered to be infected with PAT, and the elevated amounts were found ranging from 0.04-320 µg/kg from Swat city. About 22.1% of samples of citrus fruits have levels of PAT greater than the suggested limits established by the European Union (EU). PAT's dietary intake levels ranged from 0.10-1.11 µg/kg bw/day from the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan, and 0.13-1.93 µg/kg bw/day were documented from Northern cities of Pakistan

scholarly journals Variation of Patulin Levels in Citrus Fruits From Central Cities of Punjab and Northern Cities of Pakistan, and Estimation of Dietary Intake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinza Aslam ◽  
Shahzad Zafar Iqbal ◽  
Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis ◽  
Sunusi Usman ◽  
Nada Basheir Ali
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Northern Cities

The research aims to discover the natural occurrence of patulin (PAT) in selected citrus fruits from the central cities of Punjab and Pakistan's Northern cities. Total 2970 samples of twelve citrus fruits; kinnow, orange, grapefruits, bitter orange, mausami, red blood, pineapple, sweet orange, rough lime, sweet lime, kagzi lime and lemon were examined using liquid chromatography fitted with UV detector. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification limit was 0.04 and 0.12 µg/kg, respectively. The results have shown that 56% of samples of citrus fruits from Punjab's central cities, Pakistan, were discovered to be infected from PAT. The elevated amounts of PAT ranging from 0.04 to 1150 µg/kg were found in citrus fruit samples from Multan cities. Furthermore, 31.7% of samples of citrus fruits from Northern cities of Pakistan were discovered to be infected with PAT, and the elevated amounts were found ranging from 0.04-320 µg/kg from Swat city. About 22.1% of samples of citrus fruits have levels of PAT greater than the suggested limits established by the European Union (EU). PAT's dietary intake levels ranged from 0.10-1.11 µg/kg bw/day from the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan, and 0.13-1.93 µg/kg bw/day were documented from Northern cities of Pakistan.

scholarly journals Patulin Contamination of Citrus Fruits from Punjab and Northern Pakistan and Estimation of Associated Dietary Intake

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2270
Author(s):  
Kinza Aslam ◽  
Shahzad Zafar Iqbal ◽  
Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis ◽  
Sunusi Usman ◽  
Nada Basheir Ali
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Northern Pakistan ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Northern Cities

This research aims to assess the natural occurrence of patulin (PAT) in selected citrus fruits from central cities of Punjab and Pakistan’s northern cities. A total of 2970 fruit samples from 12 citrus cultivars were examined using liquid chromatography fitted with a UV detector. The detection limit (LOD) and quantification limit were 0.04 and 0.12 µg/kg, respectively. About 56% of samples of citrus fruits from Punjab’s central cities, Pakistan, were found to be contaminated with PAT, with values ranging from 0.12 to 1150 µg/kg in samples from central Punjab cities. Furthermore, 31.7% of samples of citrus fruits from northern cities of Pakistan were contaminated with PAT, with values ranging from 0.12 to 320 µg/kg. About 22.1% of citrus fruit samples had PAT levels greater than the suggested limits established by the European Union (EU). The dietary intake levels of PAT ranged from 0.10 to 1.11 µg/kg bw/day in the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan, and 0.13 to 1.93 µg/kg bw/day in the northern cities of Pakistan.

Degradation of Fenoxaprop-p-Ethyl and Its Metabolite in Soil and Wheat Crops

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1959-1964
Author(s):  
SHISHIR TANDON
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Soil Wheat

ABSTRACT The dissipation kinetics of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and its metabolite (fenoxaprop acid) at two application rates under wheat field conditions for two seasons was investigated. Herbicides were extracted by solid liquid extraction, cleaned up, and analyzed by a liquid chromatography–UV detector. Dissipation followed first-order kinetics; in soil, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl dissipated rapidly with an average half-life of 1.45 to 2.30 days, while fenoxaprop acid persisted for more than 30 days. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, linearity, specificity, and precision. Linearity was in the range of 5 to 5,000 ng, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2 and 1 ng for fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and fenoxaprop acid, respectively. The quantitation limits in soil, grain, and straw were 5, 8, and 10 ng g−1 for fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and 5, 10, and 10 ng g−1 for fenoxaprop acid, respectively. Recovery in soil, grains, and straw ranged from 85.1 to 91.25%, 72.5 to 84.66%, and 77.64 to 82.24% for fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and 80.56 to 86.5%, 78 to 81.88%, and 75.2 to 79.68% for fenoxaprop acid, respectively. At harvest, no detectable residues of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl or acid were observed in soil, wheat grain, and straw samples. Owing to the short persistence under field conditions, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl is safe for use because parent and metabolite residues were below the European Union maximum residue limit and would not pose an adverse effect on the environment and human or animal foods.

scholarly journals The presence of pesticide residue in farmer market produce

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
RuJun Zhou ◽  
BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽  
Dale Chen ◽  
Hsin Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residue ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Maximum Residue Level ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Health Canada

Background: Thiabendazole is a pesticide that is mainly used after harvesting and directly applied to produce such as citrus fruits, apples, pears, bananas, mangos, corn, carrots and potatoes in the form of a spray or dip. The most common and most likely route of exposure to pesticide for the average person is through their diet. Studies have shown that the health risk of regular consumption of pesticide residue through produce is linked with disruption to various functions in the body, such as reproductive, developmental and hormone irregularity. The following study tests whether fruits and vegetables sold at farmers markets contain Thiabendazole and if they are below the acceptable Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) set by Health Canada. Methods: A QuEChERS method and solid phase extraction was used to recover Thiabendazole from various fruits and vegetables. The gas chromatography was used to analyze all samples and a calibration curve was produced to identify the concentration of Thiabendazole. Results: Thiabendazole was detected in all of the citrus fruit samples, but was below detectable limits for all other fruits and vegetables. All Thiabendazole levels were below the Maximum Residue Level allowed by Health Canada. Conclusion: The various fruits and vegetables analyzed are all below the MRL, with only the citrus fruits having detectable concentrations. However, since the citrus fruits were imported, further studies are required on different pesticide compounds to determine if locally grown produce meet the MRL for other pesticide compounds.  

Development and Validation of A Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the Quantitative Estimation of Ramipril Drug Content from Formulated Dosage Form

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raju Chandra ◽  
Manisha Pant ◽  
Harchan Singh ◽  
Deepak Kumar ◽  
Ashwani Sanghi
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Drug Content

A reliable and reproducible reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was developed for the quantitative determination of Remipril drug content from marketed bulk tablets. The active ingredient of Remipril separation achieved with C18 column using the methanol water mobile phase in the ratio of 40:60 (v/v). The active ingredient of the drug content quantify with UV detector at 215 nm. The retention time of Remipril is 5.63 min. A good linearity relation (R2=0.999) was obtained between drug concentration and average peak areas. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of the instrument were calculated 0.03 and 0.09 µg/mL, respectively. The accuracy of the method validation was determined 102.72% by recoveries method.

Optimum HPLC Conditions for Determination of Dibucaine HCL, Fluocortolone Pivalate and Fluocortolone Caproate by Using Experimental Design

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bürge Aşçı ◽  
Mesut Koç
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Solution Stability ◽  
Uv Detector

Introduction:This paper presents the development and validation of a novel, fast, sensitive and accurate high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of dibucaine HCl, fluocortolone pivalate and fluocortolone caproate in pharmaceutical preparations.Experiment:Development of the chromatographic method was based on an experimental design approach. A five-level-three-factor central composite design requiring 20 experiments in this optimization study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of three independent variances including mobile phase ratio, flow rate and amount of acid in the mobile phase.Conclusion:The optimum composition for mobile phase was found as a methanol:water:acetic acid mixture at 71.6 : 26.4 : 2 (v/v/v) ratio and optimum separation was acquired by isocratic elution with a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min. The analytes were detected using a UV detector at 240 nm. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection/quantitation and solution stability and successfully applied to the determination of dibucaine HCl, fluocortolone pivalate and fluocortolone caproate in pharmaceutical topical formulations such as suppositories and ointments.

scholarly journals Application of a roller conveyor type plasma disinfection device with fungus-contaminated citrus fruits

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akikazu Sakudo ◽  
Yoshihito Yagyu
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Viable Cell Number ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Decimal Reduction Time ◽  
Gas Plasma ◽  
Plasma Device ◽  
Time Required

AbstractEfficient methods to achieve the safe decontamination of agricultural products are needed. Here, we investigated the decontamination of citrus fruits to test the antifungal potential of a novel non-thermal gas plasma apparatus, termed a roller conveyer plasma instrument. This instrument generates an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (APDBP) plasma on a set of rollers. Penicillium venetum was spotted onto the surface of the fruit or pericarps, as well as an aluminium plate to act as a control, before performing the plasma treatment. The results showed that viable cell number of P. venetum decreased with a decimal reduction time (D value or estimated treatment time required to reduce viable cell number by 90%) of 0.967 min on the aluminium plate, 2.90 min and 1.88 min on the pericarps of ‘Kiyomi’ (Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis) and ‘Kawano-natsudaidai’ (C. natsudaidai) respectively, and 2.42 min on the surface of ‘Unshu-mikan’ (C. unshiu). These findings confirmed a fungicidal effect of the plasma not only on an abiotic surface (aluminium plate) but also on a biotic surface (citrus fruit). Further development of the instrument by combining sorting systems with the plasma device promises an efficient means of disinfecting citrus fruits during food processing.

scholarly journals Single-Run Separation and Quantification of 14 Cannabinoids Using Capillary Electrophoresis

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Emil A. Zaripov ◽  
Tiah Lee ◽  
Yuchu Dou ◽  
Cory S. Harris ◽  
Artem Egorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Capillary Electrophoresis ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Good Separation ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative

Quantification of major cannabinoids in cannabis products is normally performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods. We propose a cost-effective alternative method that successfully separates and quantifies 14 cannabinoids in a single run using capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with a UV detector in 18 min. The separation is carried out in 60% acetonitrile in the presence of 6.5 mM sodium hydroxide and 25 µM β-cyclodextrin, resulting in good separation of cannabinoids. Our CE method demonstrated the limit of detection between 1.2–1.8 µg/mL, with the linear range reaching up to 50 µg/mL. We validated the method performance by testing a plant extract and quantifying cannabinoid content. This method is the first to separate 14 cannabinoids in one run using a CE system with UV detection.

scholarly journals Nonpathogenic Isolates of the Citrus Black Spot Fungus, Guignardia citricarpa, Identified as a Cosmopolitan Endophyte of Woody Plants, G. mangiferae (Phyllosticta capitalensis)

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 464-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Baayen ◽  
P. J. M. Bonants ◽  
G. Verkley ◽  
G. C. Carroll ◽  
H. A. van der Aa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Citrus Black Spot ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

The population structure of Guignardia citricarpa sensu lato (anamorph: Phyllosticta citricarpa), a fungus of which strains pathogenic to citrus are subject to phytosanitary legislation in the European Union and the United States, was investigated. Internal transcribed spacer sequences revealed two phylogenetically distinct groups in G. citricarpa. This distinction was supported by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis that also supported the exclusion of two isolates that had apparently been misclassified as G. citricarpa. On cherry decoction agar, but not on other media, growth rates of group I isolates were lower than those of group II isolates. Conidial dimensions were similar, but group I isolates formed conidia with barely visible mucoid sheaths, whereas those of group II formed conidia with thick sheaths. Cultures of isolates belonging to group I produced rare infertile perithecia, whereas fertile perithecia were formed by most isolates of group II. Colonies of isolates belonging to group I were less dark than those of group II, with a wider translucent outer zone and a lobate rather than entire margin. On oatmeal agar, exclusively group I isolates formed a yellow pigment. Group I harbored strains from citrus fruits with classical black spot lesions (1 to 10 mm in diameter) usually containing pycnidia. Group II harbored endophytic strains from a wide range of host species, as well as strains from symptomless citrus fruits or fruits with minute spots (<2-mm diameter) without pycnidia. These observations support the historic distinction between slowly growing pathogenic isolates and morphologically similar fast-growing, nonpathogenic isolates of G. citricarpa. The latter proved to belong to G. mangiferae (P. capitalensis), a ubiquitous endophyte of woody plants with numerous probable synonyms including G. endophyllicola, G. psidii, P. anacardiacearum, and P. theacearum. G. mangiferae occurs in the European Union and the United States on many host species including citrus, and does not cause symptoms of citrus black spot, justifying its exclusion from quarantine measures.

scholarly journals CITRUS FRUIT QUALITY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SIZE USING DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
Ulzii-Orshikh Dorj ◽  
Uranbaigal Dejidbal ◽  
Hongseok Chae ◽  
Lkhagvadorj Batsambuu ◽  
Altanchimeg Badarch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Quality Classification ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Vision Algorithm ◽  
Tree Fruits ◽  
Actual Size

A new computer vision algorithm for citrus fruit quality classification based on the size of a single tree fruits was developed in this study. The image properties of area, perimeter, and diameter for the citrus fruits were measured by pixels. In order to estimate citrus fruit size in a realistic manner, the ratios of diameter, perimeter and area in pixel values in relation to the actual size of one fruit were determined. The total of 1860 citrus fruits were grouped based on diameter, perimeter, and area in pixels. The results of the grouping of citrus fruits by diameter, perimeter and area were compared with the results of the survey research into citrus fruit size as conducted by the Jeju Citrus Commission. Comparative results reveal that the image of the citrus fruit diameter in pixels demonstrate a more accurate size than the other two pixel values, i.e. perimeter and area.

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