scholarly journals Waste LED Lamp Characterization: A Call for More Consistent and Well-Documented Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sm Rahman ◽  
Bertrand Larratte ◽  
Stéphane Pompidou ◽  
Thècle Alix
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Bill Of Materials ◽  
Sample Representativeness ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Sample Characteristics ◽  
Characterization Studies ◽  
Characterization Procedure ◽  
Available Information

Solid-state lighting has been replacing conventional lighting in the market, raising concerns for implementing an efficient end-of-life management system. Since LED waste streams have not been quite dominant, characterization studies (product-level characteristics, component-wise information, bill of materials, diversity, and differences) are inconsistent and having substantial gaps. This study investigates the end-of-life LED lamp literature, focusing on the bill-of-materials, and reveals that the characterization procedure suffers from a severe lack of sample representativeness. Consequently, characterization results are widely varied and not generalizable. Moreover, most of the studies did not inform and document the detailed sample characteristics, precluding the possibility of identifying reasons for variation. Combining available information from the recent studies, we present a mass distribution at the component level, exemplifying the prospect for meeting EU regulatory limit and the need for more insight at the lamp and component level. To fill the disconnection between lamp level characteristics and component and material content, we propose a characterization protocol that carefully documents lamp, component, and material level information by establishing a lamp-component–material composition nexus. The protocol may help researchers, policymakers, and industrial stakeholders conduct a systematic characterization, analyze complexities and prepare for a sustainable solution.

scholarly journals Enabling Reuse in Extended Producer Responsibility Schemes for White Goods: Legal and Organisational Conditions for Connecting Resource Flows and Actors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Dalhammar ◽  
Emelie Wihlborg ◽  
Leonidas Milios ◽  
Jessika Luth Richter ◽  
Sahra Svensson-Höglund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Extended Producer Responsibility ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Pilot Projects ◽  
Waste Hierarchy ◽  
Producer Responsibility ◽  
White Goods

AbstractExtended producer responsibility (EPR) schemes have proliferated across Europe and other parts of the world in recent years and have contributed to increasing material and energy recovery from waste streams. Currently, EPR schemes do not provide sufficient incentives for moving towards the higher levels of the waste hierarchy, e.g. by reducing the amounts of waste through incentivising the design of products with longer lifespans and by enhancing reuse activities through easier collection and repair of end-of-life products. Nevertheless, several municipalities and regional actors around Europe are increasingly promoting reuse activities through a variety of initiatives. Furthermore, even in the absence of legal drivers, many producer responsibility organisations (PROs), who execute their members’ responsibilities in EPR schemes, are considering promoting reuse and have initiated a number of pilot projects. A product group that has been identified as having high commercial potential for reuse is white goods, but the development of large-scale reuse of white goods seems unlikely unless a series of legal and organisational barriers are effectively addressed. Through an empirical investigation with relevant stakeholders, based on interviews, and the analysis of two case studies of PROs that developed criteria for allowing reusers to access their end-of-life white goods, this contribution presents insights on drivers and barriers for the repair and reuse of white goods in EPR schemes and discusses potential interventions that could facilitate the upscale of reuse activities. Concluding, although the reuse potential for white goods is high, the analysis highlights the currently insufficient policy landscape for incentivising reuse and the need for additional interventions to make reuse feasible as a mainstream enterprise.

scholarly journals Multi-Granularity Feasibility Evaluation Method of the Partial Destructive Disassembly for an End-of-Life Product

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Guo ◽  
Xiufen ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Entropy Weight ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Feasibility Evaluation ◽  
Entropy Weight Method ◽  
Weight Method

Abstract Partial destructive disassembly (PDD) is essential for end-of-life products to improve their automatic disassembly efficiency and reduce disassembly cost. A feasibility evaluation of the PDD is the key step to evaluate whether the PDD can be implemented. However, it has not been studied previously to our knowledge. To deal with this problem, a multi-granularity feasibility evaluation method is proposed. A multi-granularity feasibility evaluation model of the PDD was constructed based on the complex product’s hierarchical structure, which not only described the evaluation indices from the product level to the component level but also presented methods and rules to quantify them. 1Thus, disassembly entropy was introduced into the target group’s coarse granularity evaluation. The feasibility of the fine-grained index of the PDD for the component layer was constructed based on the product’s failure characteristic. The fine-grained index was calculated by the fuzzy trigonometric function and its weighting was obtained based on the structure entropy weight method. Thus, the results of the evaluation were used as feedback to guide the PDD process. Finally, a Passat engine case study illustrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the method.

Dust and Water Resistance Testing Methodology for Environmental Sensors

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
pp. 000423-000427
Author(s):  
S. Kummerl ◽  
D. Mantle ◽  
N. Patel ◽  
R. Munje ◽  
P. Chen
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Humidity Sensor ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Wearable Electronics ◽  
Environmental Sensors ◽  
Component Level ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Testing Methodology ◽  
Mechanical Assemblies

Abstract This paper explores the “IEC standard 60529 International Protection Marking” also sometimes referenced as Ingress Protection Marking and how it applies to mobile and wearable electronics on a component level. The testing methodology used for an OCQFN (Open Cavity Quad Flatpack No-lead) humidity sensor will be evaluated including pass/fail criteria. The applicability of this standard has been developed to verify the robustness of finished mechanical assemblies intended to be put in static mounted applications but in this case has been adopted to verify the robustness of a semiconductor based sensor at a packaging level with accelerated pre-conditioning to predict the end of life performance.

Integrated Part Classification for Product Cost and Complexity Reduction

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babu K. Nagiligari ◽  
Jimish Shah ◽  
Zhenghui Sha ◽  
Sathishkumar Thirugnanam ◽  
Anurag Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Product Portfolio ◽  
Business Decision ◽  
Basic Part ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Modeling Strategy

The manufacturing industry is moving towards a truly global arena. Organizations are adopting the philosophy of “design anywhere, manufacture anywhere, and sell anywhere”. Global operations with local focus have become the core of an organization’s strategy. Organizations are trying to have a vast product portfolio with mass customization to meet the customers’ increasing demand for personalized products. While expanding the product portfolio and bringing new products to the market the aspect of product sustenance across its life cycle is often missed out. With regulatory standards becoming more stringent, product maintenance and retirement are becoming challenging and costly. The aspect of “circular economy” is extending the life of the product and individual parts beyond the traditional end of life with re-fabrication, reconditioning and recycling of parts. The part-level detailing is becoming very important at the design stage. This provides huge growth opportunities for organizations, but comes with challenges of increased complexity, variety and cost. One of the potential ways to address the challenges listed above is the availability and maintenance of part-level information and dynamic traceability across the lifecycle, enriched with cross functional inputs. This is important for business decision making during product portfolio planning and product design in both proactive and reactive scenarios. Based on the authors’ industry experience across multiple product development organizations, it is evident that there is limited awareness of the potential of classification and its impact beyond basic part search and reuse. In this paper, we discuss the need for an integrated, cross-functional model and a common database for part information management. We present an agent-based simulation to show the benefits of such an integrated modeling strategy. In the process, the approach has the potential to also bring configurability of the product till the end of life. Configurability is from the aspect of making a product that will perform to meet customer needs along with delivering profit for business and being compliant with various regulatory norms.

scholarly journals End-of-life upcycling of robust polyurethanes using a room temperature, mechanism-based degradation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ephraim Morado ◽  
Douglas Ivanoff ◽  
Hsuan-Chin Wang ◽  
Alayna Johnson ◽  
Mara Paterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Rapid Degradation ◽  
Oxocarbenium Ion

Abstract A major challenge in developing recyclable polymeric materials is the inherent conflict between the properties required during and after its life span. In particular, materials must be strong and durable when in use, but undergo complete and rapid degradation upon end-of-life. We report a new mechanism for degrading polyurethanes called CyclizAtion-Triggered CHain (CATCH) cleavage that achieves this duality. CATCH cleavage features a simple glycerol-based acyclic acetal unit as a kinetic and thermodynamic trap for gated chain-shattering. Thus, an organic acid induces transient chain breaks with oxocarbenium ion formation and subsequent intramolecular cyclization to depolymerize fully the polyurethane backbone at room temperature. With minimal chemical modification, the resulting degradation products can be repurposed into strong adhesives and photochromic coatings demonstrating the potential for upcycling. The CATCH cleavage strategy for low-energy input breakdown and subsequent upcycling may be generalizable to a broader range of synthetic polymers and their end-of-life waste streams.

scholarly journals Palliative care delivery across health sectors: A population-level observational study

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Tanuseputro ◽  
Suman Budhwani ◽  
Yu Qing Bai ◽  
Walter P Wodchis
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Care Home ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Administrative Databases ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Multiple Health

Background: Little population-level information exists about the delivery of palliative care across multiple health sectors, important in providing a complete picture of current care and gaps in care. Aim: Provide a population perspective on end-of-life palliative care delivery across health sectors. Design: Retrospective population-level cohort study, describing palliative care in the last year of life using linked health administrative databases. Setting/participants: All decedents in Ontario, Canada, from 1 April 2010 to 31 March 2012 ( n = 177,817). Results: Across all health sectors, about half (51.9%) of all decedents received at least one record of palliative care in the last year of life. Being female, middle-aged, living in wealthier and urban neighborhoods, having cancer, and less multi-morbidity were all associated with higher odds of palliative care receipt. Among 92,276 decedents receiving palliative care, 84.9% received care in acute care hospitals. Among recipients, 35 mean days of palliative care were delivered. About half (49.1%) of all palliative care days were delivered in the last 2 months of life, and half (50.1%) had palliative care initiated in this period. Only about one-fifth of all decedents (19.3%) received end-of-life care through publicly funded home care. Less than 10% of decedents had a record of a palliative care home visit from a physician. Conclusion: We describe methods to capture palliative care using administrative data. Despite an estimate of overall reach (51.9%) that is higher than previous estimates, we have shown that palliative care is infrequently delivered particularly in community settings and to non-cancer patients and occurs close to death.

Characterisation and material flow analysis of end-of-life portable batteries and lithium-based batteries in different waste streams in Austria

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 649-659
Author(s):  
Thomas Nigl ◽  
Therese Elisabeth Schwarz ◽  
Cornelia Walch ◽  
Mirjam Baldauf ◽  
Bettina Rutrecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Material Flow Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Packaging Waste ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
The Eu

Although separate collection systems for portable batteries (PBs) have been installed years ago, high amounts of batteries still do not enter the collection systems of the member states of the European Union (EU). In Austria, the collection rate has recently dropped to the EU target value of 45%. For the purposes of this study, a comprehensive survey was conducted to identify the destinations of the other end-of-life batteries. A literature survey and an assessment of different waste streams (WSs) were followed by sampling and sorting campaigns for highly relevant WSs (residual waste, lightweight packaging waste, metal packaging waste, and small waste electrical and electronic equipment). The results underwent material flow analysis, showing that more than 800 metric tonnes of portable batteries are misplaced into non-battery-specific collection systems, 718 metric tonnes of them entering residual waste collection. Considerable amounts of batteries are stockpiled, stored or hoarded in Austrian households. Lithium-based batteries, representing a serious risk of fire to the waste industry and making up for 30% of the marketed amount, are still scarcely arriving in waste management systems.

scholarly journals Utilization of Gaseous Carbon Dioxide and Industrial Ca-Rich Waste for Calcium Carbonate Precipitation: A Review

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6239
Author(s):  
Natalia Czaplicka ◽  
Donata Konopacka-Łyskawa
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Precipitation Process ◽  
Steelmaking Slag ◽  
Carbonate Precipitation ◽  
Calcium Carbonate Precipitation ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Gaseous Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Implementation Problems ◽  
Available Information

Technologies for the management of various types of waste and the production of useful products from them are currently widely studied. Both carbon dioxide and calcium-rich waste from various production processes are problematic wastes that can be used to produce calcium carbonate. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview about the state of the development of processes that use these two wastes to obtain a valuable CaCO3 powder. The paper reviews the current research on the use of post-distillation liquid from the Solvay process, steelmaking slag, concrete, cement, and gypsum waste as well as some others industrial Ca-rich waste streams in the calcium carbonate precipitation process via carbonation route. This work is an attempt to collect the available information on the possibility of influencing the characteristics of the obtained calcium carbonate. It also indicates the possible limitations and implementation problems of the proposed technologies.

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