International and National Problems in Fisheries Seabird By-Catch

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruo Ogi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
The North ◽  
Common Murre ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
By Catch ◽  
Fishing Fleets ◽  
Northern Territories ◽  
The Many ◽  
High Seas

Large-scale international fisheries have seen many developments, including the adoption of 200-mile fishing limits by many countries, including Japan, between 1976 and 1977. On the North Pacific high seas, the use of neon flying squid and large-mesh driftnets is expanding rapidly. The many kinds and large numbers of nontargeted species caught in such driftnets, however, influenced world public opinion and the United Nations to prohibit driftnet fishing on the high seas in 1991. The investigation on the consequences of such driftnets have been often failed to be conducted in Japan, because Japan’s fisheries have been downsized. Japan’s fishing industry has not addressed this problem appropriately, even though the authorities have recommended that fishing fleets minimize by-catch. Japan has no legislation designating sea surface conservation for sealife, and fisheries by-catch have dramatically reduced the number of breeding seabirds in isolated habitats. The Japanese murrelet (Synthliboramphus wumizusume) of Miyazaki Prefecture and the common murre (Uria aalge) and the tufted puffin (Lunda cirrhata) of Hokkaido face a serious situation. The number of the spectacled guillemot (Cepphus carbo) living along Tohoku-Hokkaido coast has rapidly decreased due to by-catch fishing. Russia has legislation designating breeding places for seabirds and animals and designating surroundings as conservation areas. The Northern Territory adjoining Hokkaido thus has extremely diverse sea species. Japan has no corresponding legislation to succeed the Russian conservation legislation if Russia should return the Northern Territories to Japan.

scholarly journals Fast and Comprehensive N- and O-glycoproteomics analysis with MSFragger-Glyco

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Polasky ◽  
Fengchao Yu ◽  
Guo Ci Teo ◽  
Alexey I. Nesvizhskii
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Search Strategies ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Computational Tool ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Fast Speed ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
The Many

AbstractGlycosylation is a ubiquitous and heterogeneous post-translational modification (PTM) used to accomplish a wide variety of critical cellular tasks. Recent advances in methods for enrichment and mass spectrometric analysis of intact glycopeptides have produced large-scale, high-quality glycoproteomics datasets, but interpreting this data remains challenging. In addition to being large, complex, and heterogeneous, glycans undergo fragmentation during vibrational activation, making common PTM search strategies ineffective for their identification. We present a computational tool called MSFragger-Glyco for fast and highly sensitive identification of N- and O-linked glycopeptides using open and glycan mass offset search strategies. Reanalysis of recently published N-glycoproteomics data resulted in annotation of 83% more glycopeptide-spectrum matches (glycoPSMs) than in previous results, which translated to substantial increases in the numbers of glycoproteins and glycosites that could be identified. In published O-glycoproteomics data, our method more than doubled the number of glycoPSMs annotated when searching the same peptides as the original search and resulted in up to a 6-fold increase when expanding searches to include large numbers of possible glycan compositions and other modifications. Expanded searches revealed trends in glycan composition and crosstalk with phosphorylation that remained hidden to the original search. With greatly improved spectral annotation, coupled with the fast speed of fragment ion index-based scoring, MSFragger-Glyco makes it possible to comprehensively interrogate glycoproteomics data and illuminate the many roles of glycosylation.

Race and the Origins of Plantation Slavery

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Racial Difference ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Plantation Slavery ◽  
Staple Crop ◽  
Academic Debate

“Twenty and odd” Africans arrived in Virginia aboard a Dutch vessel in 1619 shortly after permanent colonization of the English Americas began. There has been significant academic debate about whether the enslavement of peoples of African descent in England’s early 17th-century colonies was an inevitable or “unthinking decision” and about the nature and degree of anti-black racism during the 17th century. The legal and social status of African peoples was more flexible at first in the English colonies than it later became. Some Africans managed to escape permanent enslavement and a few Africans, such as Anthony Johnson, even owned servants of their own. There was no legal basis for enslavement in the British Americas for the first several decades of settlement and slave and servant codes emerged only gradually. Labor systems operated by custom rather than through any legal mechanisms of coercion. Most workers in the Americas experienced degrees of coercion. In the earliest years of plantation production, peoples from Africa, Europe, and the Americas often toiled alongside each other in the fields. Large numbers of Native Americans were captured and forced to work on plantations in the English Americas and many whites worked in agricultural fields as indentured and convict laborers. There were a wide variety of different kinds of coerced labor beyond enslavement in the 17th century and ideas about racial difference had yet to become as determinative as they would later be. As the staple crop plantation system matured and became entrenched on the North American mainland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries and planters required a large and regular supply of slaves, African laborers became synonymous with large-scale plantation production. The permeable boundaries between slavery and freedom disappeared, dehumanizing racism became more entrenched and U.S.-based planters developed slave codes premised on racial distinctions and legal mechanisms of coercion that were modeled on Caribbean precedents.

Clinical trials

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Haynes ◽  
Martin J. Landray ◽  
William G. Herrington ◽  
Colin Baigent
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Relevant Study ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Trial Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Questions ◽  
The Many

Randomized trials are the best method for identifying and quantifying the benefits and risks of interventions in clinical practice. Nephrology lags behind most specialties in medicine in its evidence base. Many commonly used therapies are untested and may be ineffective or even cause harm. For trials to provide reliable answers to important clinical questions they must first avoid two sources of error. Firstly, systematic error (or bias) can only be removed by proper randomization. Secondly, random error (the play of chance) can only be removed by the randomization of large numbers of patients (and therefore the accrual of large numbers of trial outcomes). Following successful large-scale randomization, it is critical that patients’ compliance with their allocated treatment is maintained, relevant study outcomes are systematically ascertained, and appropriate statistical analyses are performed. There is an urgent need to conduct such trials to address the many important clinical questions in nephrology.

scholarly journals Predicted hotspots of overlap between highly migratory fishes and industrial fishing fleets in the northeast Pacific

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. eaau3761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. White ◽  
Francesco Ferretti ◽  
David A. Kroodsma ◽  
Elliott L. Hazen ◽  
Aaron B. Carlisle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Northeast Pacific ◽  
Pelagic Fishes ◽  
The North ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Fishing Fleets ◽  
Electronic Tags ◽  
High Seas

Many species of sharks and some tunas are threatened by overexploitation, yet the degree of overlap between industrial fisheries and pelagic fishes remains poorly understood. Using satellite tracks from 933 industrial fishing vessels and predictive habitat models from 876 electronic tags deployed on seven shark and tuna species, we developed fishing effort maps across the northeast Pacific Ocean and assessed overlap with core habitats of pelagic fishes. Up to 35% of species’ core habitats overlapped with fishing effort. We identified overlap hotspots along the North American shelf, the equatorial Pacific, and the subtropical gyre. Results indicate where species require international conservation efforts and effective management within national waters. Only five national fleets (Mexico, Taiwan, China, Japan, and the United States) account for >90% of overlap with core habitats of our focal sharks and tunas on the high seas. These results inform global negotiations to achieve sustainability on the high seas.

The daily practice of seafaring: the ship as heterotopia par excellence

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Van de Noort
Keyword(s):  
Daily Practice ◽  
The North ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Fishing Fleets ◽  
The Many ◽  
Considerable Body

The previous chapters explored how communities living around the North Sea were connected, and the roles played by the different types of craft in establishing these connections. This has provided the starting point for developing an understanding of the practice of seafaring. A considerable body of literature exists on the non-functional aspects of seafaring, especially the many practices and rituals that surround the act of putting out to sea. From a historic perspective, Kirby and Hinkkanen (2000: 184–5) recall the numerous rituals that attended the departure of fishing fleets, and how in recent centuries, especially in Catholic regions such as Flanders, such rituals were often sanctioned by, and sometimes integrated within, the practice of the official church. For example, most four-legged animals, especially pigs but not cats, could bring bad luck once on board, and even the names of such animals were taboo. Christer Westerdahl has written extensively on aspects of taboos and noa, and the importance of ritualized practices and the role of liminal agents that are meant to ensure successful completion of journeys and fishing expeditions (2005). The survival of these practices in folklore, and in the practice and memories of older fishermen reminds us that the premodern–modern dichotomy so often invoked when interpreting terrestrial archaeology is not always applicable when investigating the sea. The arguments advanced in this chapter take a somewhat different approach. However, they have developed from the same understanding that to go to sea is a potentially life-threatening activity, unlike most undertakings on land, and something too that is surrounded by peculiar practices and beliefs that transgress the premodern–modern boundary. They aim to place the daily practice of seafaring at the centre of our understanding of socio-political developments through the use of Michel Foucault’s concept of the heterotopia (introduced in chapter 2). This chapter takes its title from Foucault’s presentation in which he argued that the ‘ship is the heterotopia par excellence’ (1966), and proposes that whereas the terrestrial sphere has often represented the world of the establishment, the sea has functioned at various points in the past as the space where the conventional is contested and inverted.

scholarly journals Economic Impact of Eliminating the Fuel Tax Exemption in the EU Fishing Fleet

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2719
Author(s):  
Natacha Carvalho ◽  
Jordi Guillen
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Socioeconomic Impacts ◽  
Fuel Tax ◽  
Fishing Fleet ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Fishing Fleets ◽  
The Eu

The EU-27 fishing fleet consumed 2.02 billion liters of fuel to catch 4.48 million tons of fish, valued at €6.7 billion in 2018. The profitability of the EU fishing fleet shows an increasing trend, partly due to the improvements in the energy efficiency and recovery of fish stocks in the North-east Atlantic. Fuel is one of the main expenses fishing fleets have, and therefore, their economic performance remains highly dependent on the fuel price, even if they benefit from a fuel tax exemption. The adoption of the European Green Deal, the revision of the Energy Taxation Directive (ETD), the ongoing World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiation to prohibit harmful fisheries subsidies, and general public opinion are putting pressure to eliminate this tax exemption. This analysis investigates the impacts of the potential elimination of the fuel tax exemption across the different EU fishing fleets and it is discussed to what extent the small-scale, large-scale and distant-water fleets could be affected. This analysis is useful to inform policy-makers and stakeholders on the consequences of the potential elimination of the fuel tax exemption, as well as to discuss potential measures to mitigate the socioeconomic impacts arising from this eventual change in the current regulatory framework.

The Wangjiabang cemetery of the Chenghe site of the Neolithic Age in Shayang County, Hubei Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Middle Reach ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Neolithic Age ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
The Neolithic Age ◽  
Prehistoric Burials

AbstractFrom March 2018 to January 2019, the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and other institutions excavated the Wangjiabang cemetery outside the north moat of the Chenghe ancient city site. They recovered 112 burials and three pottery ware pits and unearthed large numbers of artifacts, including pottery wares, jade and stone yue-battle-axes, ivory objects, bamboo-woven wares, lacquer wares, pig mandibles, and so on. These burials all belonged to the Qujialing culture, the large-scale ones mostly double- or triple-chamber burials in the same graves, and many burials were furnished with tree trunk coffins. Some pottery assemblages in the grave goods also had unique features. This discovery has filled a gap of the prehistoric burials in the middle reach of the Yangtze River, and provided valuable materials for further understanding the funeral customs and social structure of the Qujialing culture.

Computer Analyses in Preventive Health Research

1967 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Collen
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Preventive Medicine ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Preventive Health ◽  
New Era ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Normal Test ◽  
Computer Analyses

The utilization of an automated multitest laboratory as a data acquisition center and of a computer for trie data processing and analysis permits large scale preventive medical research previously not feasible. Normal test values are easily generated for the particular population studied. Long-term epidemiological research on large numbers of persons becomes practical. It is our belief that the advent of automation and computers has introduced a new era of preventive medicine.

Why Has There Been No People’s Power Rebellion in North Korea?

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Andrew Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Information Control ◽  
Al Jazeera ◽  
The North ◽  
New Information ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Right

One scenario put forward by researchers, political commentators and journalists for the collapse of North Korea has been a People’s Power (or popular) rebellion. This paper analyses why no popular rebellion has occurred in the DPRK under Kim Jong Un. It challenges the assumption that popular rebellion would happen because of widespread anger caused by a greater awareness of superior economic conditions outside the DPRK. Using Jack Goldstone’s theoretical expla-nations for the outbreak of popular rebellion, and comparisons with the 1989 Romanian and 2010–11 Tunisian transitions, this paper argues that marketi-zation has led to a loosening of state ideological control and to an influx of infor-mation about conditions in the outside world. However, unlike the Tunisian transitions—in which a new information context shaped by social media, the Al-Jazeera network and an experience of protest helped create a sense of pan-Arab solidarity amongst Tunisians resisting their government—there has been no similar ideology unifying North Koreans against their regime. There is evidence of discontent in market unrest in the DPRK, although protests between 2011 and the present have mostly been in defense of the right of people to support themselves through private trade. North Koreans believe this right has been guaranteed, or at least tacitly condoned, by the Kim Jong Un government. There has not been any large-scale explosion of popular anger because the state has not attempted to crush market activities outright under Kim Jong Un. There are other reasons why no popular rebellion has occurred in the North. Unlike Tunisia, the DPRK lacks a dissident political elite capable of leading an opposition movement, and unlike Romania, the DPRK authorities have shown some flexibility in their anti-dissent strategies, taking a more tolerant approach to protests against economic issues. Reduced levels of violence during periods of unrest and an effective system of information control may have helped restrict the expansion of unrest beyond rural areas.

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