The Advancement of Research on Inland Earthquake Generation 2014–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-105
Author(s):  
Satoshi Matsumoto ◽  
Tomomi Okada ◽  
Toshiko Terakawa ◽  
Makoto Uyeshima ◽  
Yoshihisa Iio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismogenic Zone ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Earthquake Occurrence ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Inland Earthquake ◽  
Earthquake Generation ◽  
Potential Evaluation ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Important Progress

The 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake (M9.0) significantly affected inland areas of Japan. The crust and mantle response to the magathrust earthquake induced changes in the mechanical conditions of the seismogenic zone. Here we present important progress in the research into the seismogenesis of inland earthquakes. Stress, strain, strength, and structures are key parameters affecting the occurrence of earthquakes. In particular, both the spatial and temporal changes in these parameters around the focal areas of the large inland earthquakes have been detected and modeled. These results have provided spatial potential evaluation in terms of future inland earthquake occurrence. However, we clearly recognize that, in order to understand and predict the inland earthquake generation process, it will inevitably be necessary to unify the research on various spatial and temporal scales, from problems related to long-term stress loading from plate-relative motion to instant fault response.

scholarly journals On the depth-dependent stress accumulation for earthquake generation process

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Aochi ◽  
Kenichi Tsuda
Keyword(s):  
Ground Surface ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Seismogenic Zone ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Dynamic Rupture ◽  
Earthquake Generation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dynamic Rupture Simulation ◽  
Stress Accumulation

<p>Dynamic rupture simulation of an earthquake mostly aims at a characteristic event, which may rupture the entire seismogenic zone of a fault system, perhaps reaching the ground surface. However, hazardous earthquakes sometimes occur along a part of the depths of a fault. Many questions arise why only this particular depth does rupture and whether the surrounding part remains hazardous. Previously, Aochi (GJI, 2018) has considered a depth-dependent stress accumulation for emphasizing the difference of reverse and normal faults under the hypothesis that stress is sufficiently and uniformly charged at all depths. We probably need to revise this hypothesis and the partially charged fault along depth would be more suitable for explaining the given question. By developing the previous simulations by Aochi (GJI, 2018), we carry out numerical simulations for demonstrating the importance of the depth-dependent stress accumulation.   </p>

Registered Report: Transcriptional Analysis of Savings Memory Suggests Forgetting Is Due to Retrieval Failure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Calin-Jageman ◽  
Irina Calin-Jageman ◽  
Tania Rosiles ◽  
Melissa Nguyen ◽  
Annette Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Aplysia Californica ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Retrieval Failure ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Rigorous Test ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Induced Changes

[[This is a Stage 2 Registered Report manuscript now accepted for publication at eNeuro. The accepted Stage 1 manuscript is posted here: https://psyarxiv.com/s7dft, and the pre-registration for the project is available here (https://osf.io/fqh8j, 9/11/2019). A link to the final Stage 2 manuscript will be posted after peer review and publication.]] There is fundamental debate about the nature of forgetting: some have argued that it represents the decay of the memory trace, others that the memory trace persists but becomes inaccessible due to retrieval failure. These different accounts of forgetting lead to different predictions about savings memory, the rapid re-learning of seemingly forgotten information. If forgetting is due to decay, then savings requires re-encoding and should thus involve the same mechanisms as initial learning. If forgetting is due to retrieval failure, then savings should be mechanistically distinct from encoding. In this registered report we conducted a pre-registered and rigorous test between these accounts of forgetting. Specifically, we used microarray to characterize the transcriptional correlates of a new memory (1 day after training), a forgotten memory (8 days after training), and a savings memory (8 days after training but with a reminder on day 7 to evoke a long-term savings memory) for sensitization in Aplysia californica (n = 8 samples/group). We found that the re-activation of sensitization during savings does not involve a substantial transcriptional response. Thus, savings is transcriptionally distinct relative to a newer (1-day old) memory, with no co-regulated transcripts, negligible similarity in regulation-ranked ordering of transcripts, and a negligible correlation in training-induced changes in gene expression (r = .04 95% CI [-.12, .20]). Overall, our results suggest that forgetting of sensitization memory represents retrieval failure.

WING MOVEMENTS AND LIFT REGULATION IN THE FLIGHT OF DESERT LOCUSTS

1993 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wortmann ◽  
W. Zarnack
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Unsteady Aerodynamics ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Body Angle ◽  
Wing Movement ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Lift Body

1. We simultaneously recorded lift/body weight, flight speed, body angle and 12 variables of wing movement for locusts performing tethered long-term flight with low movement scatter. The movements of the forewings and hindwings were recorded in three dimensions by means of miniature induction coils. 2. By adjusting the body angle, we could reproducibly manipulate lift generation as a consequence of induced changes in the wings' movement patterns. We were therefore able to analyse various relationships between the movement patterns and lift. 3. The most prominent variations of kinematic variables were observed for the forewing movements. The relative lift and the steady angle of pitch were positively correlated but there was a negative correlation between relative lift and pitching amplitude. We found no correlation between relative lift and flapping amplitude. Our results seem to correspond to a new theory about unsteady aerodynamics of oscillating aerofoils. 4. We sometimes observed variations in lagging. 5. The forewing downstroke was delayed by 0–8 ms following the hindwing downstroke. Relative lift was positively correlated to this delay.

Geomorphological numerical modelling of woody dams in CAESAR-Lisflood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Wolstenholme ◽  
Christopher Skinner ◽  
David Milan ◽  
Daniel Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
River Channels ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Natural Wood ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Morphology Influence

<p>Natural flood management (NFM) promotes the sustainable enhancement of natural fluvial processes to reduce flooding (SEPA, 2015; Wilkinson et al., 2019), and is increasingly popular for use by community groups, contractors and governments (Kay et al., 2019). Reintroduction of wood to a river channel is a popular form of NFM often achieved through seeding natural logjams, or with an emphasis on engineering through installing woody dams (WDs). WDs are currently installed or being installed in catchments in an effort to reduce flood risk, through hydrograph attenuation, increase biodiversity and improve geomorphic heterogeneity (Wenzel et al., 2014; Burgess-Gamble et al., 2017; Grabowski et al., 2019). A further objective is to emulate the effect of natural wood found in river channels by partially, or completely, blocking the channel to accelerate the recruitment of natural wood as part of the natural wood cycle (Addy & Wilkinson, 2016).</p><p>There is a growing body of evidence supporting the benefits of NFM, however, the hydrogeomorphic effects of WDs are less well understood (Dadson et al., 2017). There is little scientific underpinning concerning the long-term impact of these features upon hydrogeomorphology at reach and catchment-scales. Very few numerically based studies consider the influence of sediment transport on WDs, and how changes in local bed morphology influence their effectiveness. Most NFM research to date has focused upon modelling the effectiveness of local NFM measures in small catchments (<10 km<sup>2</sup>) (Dadson et al., 2017), with less work evident at larger spatial and temporal scales (Kay et al., 2019; Wilkinson et al., 2019).</p><p>There is a need for a verified tool that is able to represent WDs accounting for geomorphic processes and interactions between the dams and morphodynamics, different design specifications of dams, and changing efficacy due to geomorphic evolution. We present the new CAESAR-Lisflood (Coulthard et al., 2013) “Working with Natural Processes” toolkit, capable of representing WDs across a digital experimental environment. Global sensitivity testing was conducted using the Morris method (Morris, 1991) to assess the sensitivity of five aspects of the toolkit, and their potentially influences on geomorphology and flood risk reduction.</p>

scholarly journals The SCALEX Campaign: Scale-Crossing Land Surface and Boundary Layer Processes in the TERENO-preAlpine Observatory

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1217-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Wolf ◽  
C. Chwala ◽  
B. Fersch ◽  
J. Garvelmann ◽  
W. Junkermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Soil Variables ◽  
Boundary Layer Processes ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
June July

Abstract ScaleX is a collaborative measurement campaign, collocated with a long-term environmental observatory of the German Terrestrial Environmental Observatories (TERENO) network in the mountainous terrain of the Bavarian Prealps, Germany. The aims of both TERENO and ScaleX include the measurement and modeling of land surface–atmosphere interactions of energy, water, and greenhouse gases. ScaleX is motivated by the recognition that long-term intensive observational research over years or decades must be based on well-proven, mostly automated measurement systems, concentrated in a small number of locations. In contrast, short-term intensive campaigns offer the opportunity to assess spatial distributions and gradients by concentrated instrument deployments, and by mobile sensors (ground and/or airborne) to obtain transects and three-dimensional patterns of atmospheric, surface, or soil variables and processes. Moreover, intensive campaigns are ideal proving grounds for innovative instruments, methods, and techniques to measure quantities that cannot (yet) be automated or deployed over long time periods. ScaleX is distinctive in its design, which combines the benefits of a long-term environmental-monitoring approach (TERENO) with the versatility and innovative power of a series of intensive campaigns, to bridge across a wide span of spatial and temporal scales. This contribution presents the concept and first data products of ScaleX-2015, which occurred in June–July 2015. The second installment of ScaleX took place in summer 2016 and periodic further ScaleX campaigns are planned throughout the lifetime of TERENO. This paper calls for collaboration in future ScaleX campaigns or to use our data in modelling studies. It is also an invitation to emulate the ScaleX concept at other long-term observatories.

scholarly journals Long-term bedrest study and astronaut training

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Mulder ◽  
Alexandra Noppe ◽  
Ulrich Limper
Keyword(s):  
Bed Rest ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Planetary Environments ◽  
Exercise Regimen ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Astronaut Training ◽  
Health Support ◽  
Art Research ◽  
Induced Changes

In the context of space physiology, research is being conducted to understand the physiological effects from radiation, hypogravity, spaceflight and planetary environments. The goal is to identify new methods to address the unique challenges in medical treatment, human factors, and behavioral health support on future exploration missions. As crew size is small and time is limited during actual missions, space agencies resort to addressing the effects of space travel in analog environments that have features similar to those of spaceflight. Head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR), for instance, is one of the established terrestrial models used to simulate some of the physiological changes experienced during spaceflight under weightless conditions and is therefore considered a valuable testbed to prepare for future long-duration exploration missions. HDBR studies are performed in extremely-well controlled laboratory settings, offering the possibility to test the effects of – what is in essence - physical inactivity and fluid shift. However, HDBR studies have a dual purpose, as they are also invaluable for the development, testing and validation of countermeasures aimed at mitigating microgravity-induced changes to the human body. With respect to the latter, the consensus is that short-term bed rest studies (< 14 days) serve foremost as a first screening of potential promising countermeasures, particularly for the cardiovascular system. Screening of preventative procedures and protocols for the muscular system requires at least mid-term (14 -28 days), whereas studies aiming to validate countermeasures for bone require long-term HDBR studies, in the order of 60-90 days. Hitherto the preferred countermeasure during spaceflight has been physical exercise. The presentation will therefore provide a short overview of the current onboard exercise regimen and will, in light of this, outline the scientific background and aims of the ongoing 60-day HDBR study at the :envihab (from the words ‘Environment’ and ‘Habitat’), the DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine’s state-of-the-art research facility.

scholarly journals Effects of long-term anti-ischemic drug treatment on Na,K-ATPase isoforms in cardiomyopathic hamsters

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
Jean Michel Maixent ◽  
Sandrine V. Pierre ◽  
Stéphane Sadrin ◽  
Régis Guieu ◽  
Franck Paganelli
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Membrane Expression ◽  
Syrian Golden Hamsters ◽  
Selective Modulation ◽  
Cardiomyopathic Hamsters ◽  
Induced Changes

We investigated the effects of long-term anti-ischemic therapy with trimetazidine on Na,K-ATPase (NKA) activity and protein expression in cardiomyopathy. NKA isoforms in membrane fractions from cardiomyopathic hamsters of the BIO 14.6 strain were studied and compared with those from healthy Syrian golden hamsters (F1B). Trimetazidine was orally administered to a subset of cardiomyopathic hamsters in the early stage of active disease (30 days) until the congestive stage (350 days). In the congestive stage of cardiac failure, the cardiomyopathic hamsters displayed altered NKA activity (-55 % vs. F1B; p<0.01), which was related to a specific decrease in abundance of the membrane NKA ?1 isoform (-27 % vs. F1B). Trimetazidine partially prevented the cardiomyopathy-induced changes in NKA activity (+38 %) and ?1 membrane expression (+ 66 %) without inducing changes in the expression of the ?2 isoform or 1 isoform of NKA. Cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling were reduced after trimetazidine treatment. Additionally, the abundance of NKA ?1 in membranes was negatively correlated with the ventricular weight/body weight ratio (an index of cardiac hypertrophy) (r2 = 0.99; p<0.0015). These findings suggest that some of the cardioprotective effect of trimetazidine during long-term cardiomyopathy may be achieved via regulation of cardiac remodeling and selective modulation cardiac NKA isoforms.

scholarly journals Stability of temperatures from TIMED/SABER v1.07 (2002–2009) and Aura/MLS v2.2 (2004–2009) compared with OH(6-2) temperatures observed at Davis Station, Antarctica

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 21547-21565 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. R. French ◽  
F. J. Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Cold Bias ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Ground Station ◽  
Volume Emission ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Miss Distance ◽  
Hydroxyl Layer ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Long Term Studies

Abstract. Temperature profiles from two satellite instruments – TIMED/SABER and Aura/MLS – have been used to calculate hydroxyl-layer equivalent temperatures for comparison with values measured from OH(6-2) emission lines observed by a ground-based spectrometer located at Davis Station, Antarctica (68° S, 78° E). The profile selection criteria – <500 km from the ground station and solar zenith angles >97° – yielded a total of 2359 SABER profiles over 8 years (2002–2009) and 7407 MLS profiles over 5.5 years (2004–2009). The availability of simultaneous OH volume emission rate (VER) profiles from the SABER (OH-B channel) enabled an assessment of the impact of several different weighting functions in the calculation of OH-equivalent temperatures. The maximum difference between all derived hydroxyl layer equivalent temperatures was less than 3 K. Restricting the miss-distance and miss-time criteria showed little effect on the bias, suggesting that the OH layer is relatively uniform over the spatial and temporal scales considered. However, a significant trend was found in the bias between SABER and Davis OH of ~0.7 K/year over the 8-year period with SABER becoming warmer compared with the Davis OH temperatures. In contrast, Aura MLS exhibited a cold bias of 9.9 ± 0.4 K compared with Davis OH, but importantly, the bias remained constant over the 2004–2009 year period examined. The difference in bias behaviour of the two satellites has significant implications for multi-annual and long-term studies using their data.

scholarly journals Precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes in six regions of China: the possible relation to the crustal heterogeneity

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2605-2618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Li ◽  
G.-M. Xu
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Prediction ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Earthquake Forecasting ◽  
Earthquake Occurrence ◽  
Crustal Rocks ◽  
Tidal Triggering ◽  
Crustal Heterogeneity ◽  
Tidal Variations ◽  
Prediction Efficiency

Abstract. We found the possible correlation between the precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes and the crustal heterogeneities, which is of particular importance to the researchers in earthquake prediction and earthquake hazard prevention. We investigated the connection between the tidal variations and earthquake occurrence in the Liyang, Wunansha, Cangshan, Wenan, Luquan and Yaoan regions of China. Most of the regions show a higher correlation with tidal triggering in several years preceding the large or destructive earthquakes compared to other times, indicating that the tidal triggering may inherently relate to the nucleation of the destructive earthquakes during this time. In addition, the analysis results indicate that the Liyang, Cangshan and Luquan regions, with stronger heterogeneity, show statistically significant effects of tidal triggering preceding the large or destructive earthquakes, while the Wunansha, Wenan and Yaoan regions, with relatively weak heterogeneity, show statistically insignificant effects of it, signifying that the precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes in these six regions is possibly related to the heterogeneities of the crustal rocks. The above results suggest that when people try to find the potential earthquake hazardous areas or make middle–long-term earthquake forecasting by means of precursory pattern of the tidal triggering, the crustal heterogeneity in these areas has to be taken into consideration for the purpose of increasing the prediction efficiency. If they do not consider the influence of crustal heterogeneity on the tidal triggering of earthquakes, the prediction efficiency might greatly decrease.

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