scholarly journals Cases of Orthopoxviral Infections around the World over a Period of 2008–2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
T. V. Tregubchak ◽  
T. V. Bauer ◽  
R. A. Maksyutov ◽  
E. V. Gavrilova
Keyword(s):  
Human Infection ◽  
Health Science ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cowpox Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Smallpox Virus ◽  
Great Achievement ◽  
The World ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses

The eradication of smallpox has become one of the greatest successes of modern health science. This great achievement was made possible thanks to the widespread vaccination of the population. The last case of human infection with smallpox virus occurred in 1977. In 1980, at the 33rd session of the World Health Assembly, routine vaccination against that infection was recommended to be discontinued due to severe post-vaccination complications. However, humanity remains vulnerable to other orthopoxvirus infections closely related to smallpox virus. Recently, the cases of human infection with ortopoxviruses such as monkeypox virus, cowpox virus, vaccinia virus have become more frequent. Also, cases of infection of people with previously unknown orthopoxvirus species are recorded. Zoonotic orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans, circulating in nature, require a detailed study and monitoring of the emergence of new strains. Their occurrence against the background of the cessation of planned vaccination of the population against smallpox virus can lead to the emergence of new highly pathogenic viruses. This review contains information on cases of human infection with orthopoxviruses around the world for the period 2008–2018. It also describes epidemiological anamnesis and the relations between cases of human infection in different countries due to the spread of viruses over a wide area, the movement of people between countries, population contacts with domestic and wild animals. Also, this paper provides information on the infection of people with previously unknown strains of orthopoxviruses.

scholarly journals Investigation of Various Diseases Occurred in Poultry and Management Strategies for Eradication

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Sunil Patil ◽  
Chhanwal I.L
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
The World ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Poultry Disease

Poultry plays a significant role in the Indian economy. Around 60 billion chickens are raised per annum as a basis of food for both their eggs and meat. Poultry meat is in significant source of minerals, protein and various vitamins to balance the diet of human. Broiler farming is an important source of family income depending on size of the farm. Chicken farming in Commercial way is the most fruitful business in India and all around the world. Proper farm management practice and care of birds will result in decent profit in a short span of time. In this paper, we are discussing various diseases caused to poultry hen and their preventing or treating methods. Our results shows that some of disease cannot be cured and only it can be prevented. Spreading of disease with the help of contaminated equipment and infected poultry trade is measured as foremost means of spreading of poultry disease. In some countries migratory birds have also been foremost means of spreading of poultry disease like highly pathogenic viruses. 

Whither Goest Nutrition?

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marsden G. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Health Science ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Metabolism ◽  
The World ◽  
Reductionist Approach

Three aspects of nutrition are identified. They are food, its production and availability, eating, human metabolism. Nutrition is multifactorial. Medical men are not taught about nutrition. They are concerned with illness, not health. Science, caught up in a Cartesian dichotomy, is hampered by a reductionist approach. The World Health Organisation recommends that nutrition should be approached from the standpoint of health promotion. The implications of such an approach are expounded.

scholarly journals Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks, South East Asia: WHO response

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (29) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
World Health ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Press Releases ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
The World ◽  
International Attention ◽  
Health Organization

Two press releases from the World Health Organization (WHO) last week have refocused international attention on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1)

scholarly journals Rabies and Wildlife

Oryx ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 343-344
Author(s):  
Michael Woodford
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
World Health ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
The World

Rabies in human beings is always fatal. The commonest source of human infection is the domestic dog, which in turn is infected by wild carnivorous animals. As a result of the widespread outbreak of rabies in recent years in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas there have been demands for wholesale slaughter of certain wild animals. The recently published fifth report of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Expert Committee on Rabies recommends control of certain vector species. The danger, as Michael Woodford points out in this assessment of the report, is that the methods used will almost certainly involve the killing of other harmless wildlife.

scholarly journals Effectiveness and Efficacy of Vaccine on Mutated SARS-CoV-2 Virus and Post Vaccination Surveillance: A Narrative Review

Vaccines ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Ihsanul Hafiz ◽  
Didi Nurhadi Illian ◽  
Okpri Meila ◽  
Ahmad Rusdan Handoyo Utomo ◽  
Arida Susilowati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Real World ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, since December 2019, is a major health problem and concern worldwide. The pandemic has impacted various fields, from the social to the development of health science and technology. The virus has been mutating and thus producing several new variants, rushing research in the field of molecular biology to develop rapidly to overcome the problems that occur. Vaccine clinical studies are developing promptly with the aim of obtaining vaccines that are effective in suppressing the spread of the virus; however, the development of viral mutations raises concerns about the decreasing effectiveness of the resulting vaccine, which also results in the need for more in-depth studies. There have been 330 vaccines developed, including 136 clinical developments and 194 pre-clinical developments. The SARS-CoV-2 variant continues to evolve today, and it poses a challenge in testing the effectiveness of existing vaccines. This is a narrative review describing the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, development of vaccine platforms, identification of concerning mutations and virus variants in various countries of the world, and real-world monitoring of post-vaccination effectiveness and surveillance.

scholarly journals Airborne Transmission of Avian Origin H9N2 Influenza A Viruses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Joaquín Cáceres ◽  
Daniela S. Rajao ◽  
Daniel R. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
World Health ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
The World ◽  
Avian Origin ◽  
Health Organization

Influenza A viruses (IAV) are widespread viruses affecting avian and mammalian species worldwide. Outbreaks of IAV in poultry are usually associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, significantly affecting the poultry industry and food security. IAVs from avian species can be transmitted to mammals including humans and, thus, they are of inherent pandemic concern. Most of the efforts to understand the pathogenicity and transmission of avian origin IAVs have been focused on H5 and H7 subtypes due to their highly pathogenic phenotype in poultry. However, IAV of the H9 subtype that circulate endemically in poultry flocks in some regions of the world have also been associated with cases of zoonotic infections. As a result, the World Health Organization includes avian origin H9N2 IAV among the top in the list of IAVs of pandemic concern. In this review, we discuss the interspecies transmission of H9N2 between avian and mammalian species and the molecular factors that are thought relevant for this spillover. Additionally, we discuss factors that have been associated with the ability of these viruses to transmit through the respiratory route in mammalian species.

The nature of eculizumab monoclonal antibody and its potential against coronavirus infection COVID‑19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Д.А. Кудлай ◽  
Б.А. Бакиров ◽  
В.Н. Павлов
Keyword(s):  
Complement System ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Complement System

В настоящее время серьезной проблемой в мире остается продолжающееся распространение новой коронавирусной инфекции — COVID‑19. Всемирная организация здравоохранения 11.03.2020 объявила о пандемии COVID‑19. Возбудителем заболевания является SARS-CoV‑2 — оболочечный одноцепочечный (+) РНК-вирус из рода бета-коронавирусов. Активация системы комплемента, включая компонент С5а, принимает участие в развитии острого воспалительного процесса в легких, вызванного патогенными вирусами. В ходе доклинических исследований выявлен факт избыточной активации системы комплемента при коронавирусной инфекции. Экулизумаб полностью ингибирует C5‑опосредованную активность терминального комплекса комплемента, что позволило предположить его эффективность в лечении повреждения легких, тяжелых пневмоний и острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома у больных COVID‑19. Представлены клинические случаи эффективного применения экулизумаба у больных COVID‑19, начиная с первых дней лечения. В настоящее время одобрены клинические исследования эффективности и безопасности экулизумаба, а также аналогичного комплемент-блокирующего препарата в лечении больных с новой коронавирусной инфекцией. At present, the continuing spread of a new coronavirus infection, COVID‑19, remains a serious problem in the world. The World Health Organization announced the COVID‑19 pandemic on 11.03.2020. The causative agent of the disease is SARS-CoV‑2, a single- stranded (+) RNA virus from the genus of beta-coronaviruses. Activation of the complement system, including the C5а component, is involved in the development of acute inflammatory process in the lungs caused by pathogenic viruses. Preclinical studies have revealed the fact of excessive activation of the complement system in coronavirus infection. Eculizumab completely inhibits the C5‑mediated activity of the terminal complement complex that suggests its effectiveness in the treatment of lung damage, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID‑19 patients. Clinical cases of eculizumab effective use in patients with COVID‑19, starting from the first days of treatment, are presented. Currently, clinical studies of the efficacy and safety of eculizumab, as well as similar complement-blocking drug in the treatment of patients with a new coronavirus infection have been approved.

scholarly journals Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A/H5N1 – update and overview of 2006

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (51) ◽  
Author(s):  
Collective Influenza team (ECDC)
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
World Health ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Human H5n1

As of 29 November 2006, 258 human H5N1 infections that meet its strict laboratory criteria have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) since reporting began for 2003

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